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ECOSYSTEM And its characteriisticspptx
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- 2. Content What IsAn Ecosystem Types Components Ecosystem and interactions among organisms Food chain and food web Energy flow
- 3. ECOSYSTEM The self-sustainingstructural and functional interaction between living and non-living components.
- 4. What Is AnEcosystem An ecosystem is a natural unit consisting of all plants, animals and micro-organisms (biotic factors) in an area functioning together with all of the non-living physical (abiotic) factors of the environment.
- 5. Types Of Ecosystem Natural 1.Terrestrial ecosystems (grasslands, forests, desert ecosystems) 2.Aquatic ecosystem a. Lentic (Stagnant water) like lake, ponds b. Lotic (Flowing water) like river, ocean. Artificial 1.A crop land, garden, aquarium, park, kitchen garden.
- 6. Components Abiotic orNon-living components. 1. Inorganic substances 2. Organic compounds 3. Climatic factors Biotic or Living components. 1. Autotrophs or Producers 2. Heterotrophs or Consumers 3. Decomposers or Saprotrophs
- 7. Ecosystem and OrganismInteractions An ecosystem is a defined space in which interactions take place between a community, with all its complex interrelationships, and the physical environment. A community is an assemblage of all interacting species of organisms in an area. Organisms Populations Community Comuni
- 8. The particularplace where a population of a living thing lives is called its habitat. A population is a group of animals from the same species that lives in the same space, such as a population of gorillas in a mountain range. A habitat can be as big as a rainforest or as small as a burrow, depending on how much space the population needs. A niche is a set of conditions within which an organism can maintain a viable popultion
- 9. Competition Predation Symbiosis
- 10. It isa struggle between organisms as they attempt to use the same limited resource Occurs when two species occupy the same niche Why can’t two species occupy the same niche? If two species occupy the same niche, they will compete directly against each other and one species will eventually die off
- 11. Competition It occurswhen two or more individuals seek to utilize the same limited resource An example is the African driver ants (Hymenoptera) that out compete and consume everything that crosses its path.
- 12. Competition Competition isa kind of interaction in which two organisms strive to obtain the same limited resource. Intraspecific competition is competition between members of same species. Interspecific competition is competition between members of different species.
- 13. Competition The competitive exclusionprinciple holds that no two species can occupy the same ecological niche in the same place at the same time. Less-fit species must evolve into a slightly different niche.
- 14. Complete competitors cannotcoexist Competitive exclusion is reached more slowly with higher resource abundances Stable coexistence requires niche differentiation, such that members of each species compete more strongly among themselves than with members of the other species. Therefore the level of intraspecific competition is always greater than interspecific competition
- 15. Symbiosis Symbiosis isa close ecological relationship between the individuals of two or more species. Sometimes a symbiotic relationship benefits both species Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, cooperation Bees (Hymenoptera) and Plants
- 16. Symbiotic Relationships Symbiosisis a close, long-lasting, physical relationship between two different species. At least one species derives benefit from the interaction. There are three categories of symbiotic relationships: Parasitism Commensalism Mutualism
- 17. Symbiotic Relationships Parasitismis a relationship in which one organism (parasite) lives in or on another organism (host), from which it derives nourishment. Ecto-parasites live on the host’s surface. Fleas, lice, molds, mildews Endo-parasites live inside the body of the host. Tapeworms, malaria parasites, bacteria, fungi
- 18. Symbiotic Relationships Commensalismis a relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected. Remoras and sharks Mutualism is a relationship in which both species benefit. The relationship is obligatory in many cases, as neither can exist without the other. Mycorrhizae
- 19. Mutualism and Symbiosis Mutualism is an association between organisms of two different species in which each member benefits. Ants (Hymenoptera) protect the aphids (Aphididae) and the aphids provide honeydew for the ants
- 20. Commensalism and Symbiosis Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship between two organisms of different species in which one derives some benefit while the other is unaffected. E.g. remoras and shark
- 21. Parasitism and Symbiosis Parasitismis a form of symbiosis in which one species benefits at the expense of another species; similar to predation, but acts more slowly than predators and may not always kill the host. Tapeworms in the intestine of humans, transmitted through infected food.
- 22. Symbionts These are organismsthat live in or on other organisms. More than half of the millions of species that live on Earth are symbionts. Human body is a habitat to many micro species.
- 23. Predator and Prey Predation describes an interaction where a predator species kills and eats other organisms, known as prey. Sometimes, predators themselves become preys e.g. when a praying mantis captures grasshopper and the anole captures and eats praying mantis.
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- 25. Producers provide energyfor other organisms in an ecosystem. Producers = Plants Producers are also known as autotrophs. Producers need sunlight to make food. The sun is their main source of energy. Consumers = Everything else! Consumers are also known as heterotrophs. Energy flows from producers to consumers.
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- 30. Almost all producersobtain energy from sunlight. Chemosynthesis In 1977, scientists discovered the first prokaryotes (archaea) that did NOT need sunlight to make food. Instead, these prokaryotes utilized the chemicals in the water to form carbohydrates—this is called chemosynthesis.
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- 32. Food Chains Afood chain is a sequence that links species by their feeding relationships.
- 33. Types of Consumers Herbivores Eat only plants Carnivores Eat only meat (includes insects) Omnivores Eat both plants and animals (includes insects) Detritivores Eat detritus, or dead organic matter Decomposers Are detritivores that break down organic matter into simpler compounds
- 34. Types of Consumers Specialist A consumer that primarily eats one specific organism or feed on a very small number of organisms. Generalist Consumers that have a varying diet. Giant Pandas are specialists. Over 95% of their diet comes from bamboo. If bamboo became scarce, the Panda would be in danger of extinction. Raccoons are generalists. They can live almost anywhere, and eat almost anything.
- 35. Trophic Levels Trophiclevels are the levels of nourishment in a food chain.
- 36. Trophic Levels Producers Basis of all trophic levels. Primary consumers herbivores Secondary consumers carnivores that eat herbivores. Tertiary consumers carnivores that eat secondary consumers. Omnivores May be listed at different trophic levels in different food chains.
- 37. food webs Afood web is a model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystems. At each link in a food web, some energy is stored within an organism, and some energy is dissipated into the environment.
- 38. Food Webs Thestability of any food web depends on the presence of producers, as they form the base of the food web. The mouse is both a primary and secondary consumer because it eats both plants and insects in this food web.
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- 40. An energy pyramidshows the distribution of energy among trophic levels. Sunlight provides the energy for photosynthesis, and that energy flows up the food chain. Along the way, some of the energy is dissipated, or lost.
- 41. Loss of AvailableEnergy Biomass is a measure of the total mass of organisms in a given area. When a consumer incorporates the biomass of a producer to its own biomass, a great deal of energy is lost in the process as heat and waste. The dissipation, or loss, of energy from one trophic level to the next may be as much as 90%. Only 10% of the available energy is left to transfer from one trophic level to the next.
- 42. Energy Pyramids Becauseenergy is lost at each stage of a food chain, the longer the chain is, the more energy is lost overall. The total energy used by producers far exceeds the energy used by the consumers they support. An energy pyramid is a diagram that compares the energy used by producers, primary consumers, and other trophic levels.
- 43. Other pyramid modelsillustrate an ecosystem’s biomass and distribution of organisms. Biomass pyramid Diagram that compares the biomass of different trophic levels within an ecosystem. Pyramid of numbers Shows the number of individual organisms at each trophic level in an ecosystem. 5,000,0000 500,000 5,000 5
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