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EARLY MAN to 
First Civilizations 
Paleolithic Period and Neolithic Period
The Paleolithic Period 
2.5 Million BCE to 12000 BCE ish 
(Before the Common Era) 
• Humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, 
Australia, & the Americas 
• Used fire in new ways 
• Used wider range of tools 
• Humans were hunter – gatherers 
– (1 square mile needed to support two people 
• Economic structures focused on kinship 
groups (family and clan)
Archeologists 
INTERPRET remains to 
describe early man.
The 
“Ice Man”
The Ice Man?
Mesoamerica 
Eastern North America 
Andes Amazonia 
New Guinea 
China 
Ethiopia 
West 
Africa 
Fertile Crescent 
Nile valley 
In response to warming climates, from about 
10,000 years ago, SETTLED AGRICULTURE 
appeared in a number of places..
Settled Agriculture led to what is called 
the Neolithic Revolution 
• Neolithic Revolution is the period known 
for changes in human societies caused by 
agriculture and pastoralism (herding of 
animals)
How did people “learn” to farm and 
domesticate animals? 
• LONG periods of natural selection, trial 
& error, & cultural diffusion.
WHAT POSITIVE and 
NEGATIVE CHANGES to 
human societies were 
caused by SETTLED 
AGRICULTURE?
The Neolithic Revolution 
transformed societies 
Changes to the environment 
Increased population 
More complex economies and social 
systems 
• Patriarchy & forced labor systems 
• Specialization of labor (including artisans & 
warriors) 
• More hierarchical social structures (elites and 
commoners)
- Improvements in agricultural production, 
trade, & transportation 
Wheeled vehicles 
Pottery 
Plows 
Metallurgy Woven textiles
Domestication of Plants and Animals 
Farming 
Surplus Food Specialization 
Population 
Intensification 
Complex Society, 
also known as 
CIVILIZATION
It’s the 
law 
15 
Elements of civilization include: 
Mohenjo Daro 
Hammurabi’s 
Law Code 
Pharaohs 
1) Cities 
2) Central governments 
And Law codes
16 
Elements of Civilization include: 
1) Cities 
2) Central governments 
and law codes 
Can you identify 
the society 
represented 
by each of these two 
writing samples? 
3) Writing and 
record keeping 
4) Highly organized religions
17 
Elements of Civilization include: 
3) Writing and 
record keeping 
4) Highly organized 
religion 
5) Specialized Jobs 
Full-time monk 
6) Social Classes 
Assyrian slaves 
In Egypt 
1) Cities 
2) Central Governments 
and law codes
18 
Elements of Civilization include: 
7) Complex 
Technologies 
Chariot 
1) Cities 
2) Central governments 
and law codes 
5) Specialized jobs 
6) Social classes 
Bronze Sword 
3) Writing and 
record keeping 
4) Highly organized 
religion
Early River Valley Civilizations
Is civilization more “civilized”? 
Agricultural settlements led to 
achievements, but also. . . 
• Population increases 
• Stronger Patriarchy & Slavery 
• Rigid social classes 
• War 
• Increased dependence on agriculture
So . . . 
• If a society is not a “civilization,” with 
cities, complex institutions and record 
keeping, what is that society? 
– Barbarian? 
– Uncivilized? 
– Outsiders? 
– Backward or Unimportant? 
• How that society is described depends 
on the INTERPRETATION of the 
archeologist and/or historian!

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First Man to First Civilizations

  • 1. EARLY MAN to First Civilizations Paleolithic Period and Neolithic Period
  • 2. The Paleolithic Period 2.5 Million BCE to 12000 BCE ish (Before the Common Era) • Humans migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, & the Americas • Used fire in new ways • Used wider range of tools • Humans were hunter – gatherers – (1 square mile needed to support two people • Economic structures focused on kinship groups (family and clan)
  • 3. Archeologists INTERPRET remains to describe early man.
  • 6.
  • 7. Mesoamerica Eastern North America Andes Amazonia New Guinea China Ethiopia West Africa Fertile Crescent Nile valley In response to warming climates, from about 10,000 years ago, SETTLED AGRICULTURE appeared in a number of places..
  • 8. Settled Agriculture led to what is called the Neolithic Revolution • Neolithic Revolution is the period known for changes in human societies caused by agriculture and pastoralism (herding of animals)
  • 9. How did people “learn” to farm and domesticate animals? • LONG periods of natural selection, trial & error, & cultural diffusion.
  • 10. WHAT POSITIVE and NEGATIVE CHANGES to human societies were caused by SETTLED AGRICULTURE?
  • 11. The Neolithic Revolution transformed societies Changes to the environment Increased population More complex economies and social systems • Patriarchy & forced labor systems • Specialization of labor (including artisans & warriors) • More hierarchical social structures (elites and commoners)
  • 12. - Improvements in agricultural production, trade, & transportation Wheeled vehicles Pottery Plows Metallurgy Woven textiles
  • 13. Domestication of Plants and Animals Farming Surplus Food Specialization Population Intensification Complex Society, also known as CIVILIZATION
  • 14.
  • 15. It’s the law 15 Elements of civilization include: Mohenjo Daro Hammurabi’s Law Code Pharaohs 1) Cities 2) Central governments And Law codes
  • 16. 16 Elements of Civilization include: 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes Can you identify the society represented by each of these two writing samples? 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religions
  • 17. 17 Elements of Civilization include: 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religion 5) Specialized Jobs Full-time monk 6) Social Classes Assyrian slaves In Egypt 1) Cities 2) Central Governments and law codes
  • 18. 18 Elements of Civilization include: 7) Complex Technologies Chariot 1) Cities 2) Central governments and law codes 5) Specialized jobs 6) Social classes Bronze Sword 3) Writing and record keeping 4) Highly organized religion
  • 19. Early River Valley Civilizations
  • 20. Is civilization more “civilized”? Agricultural settlements led to achievements, but also. . . • Population increases • Stronger Patriarchy & Slavery • Rigid social classes • War • Increased dependence on agriculture
  • 21. So . . . • If a society is not a “civilization,” with cities, complex institutions and record keeping, what is that society? – Barbarian? – Uncivilized? – Outsiders? – Backward or Unimportant? • How that society is described depends on the INTERPRETATION of the archeologist and/or historian!