This document provides information on early human history and the development of ancient river valley civilizations. It describes the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic periods and the transition to agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution. This allowed for permanent settlements and the rise of complex societies in major river valleys like Egypt and Mesopotamia. These early civilizations developed writing, social hierarchies, technology like irrigation, and advanced scientific knowledge in fields like mathematics, astronomy and medicine.
This document provides an overview of AP World History Period 1 content, including the peopling of Earth, Paleolithic and Neolithic societies, and early agricultural societies. Key topics covered include the migration of humans throughout the world during the Paleolithic era, the Neolithic Revolution and transition to agriculture, and the development of early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, and elsewhere between 10000-3000 BCE. Comparisons are drawn between Paleolithic hunter-gatherer and Neolithic agricultural lifestyles, and technological advances that occurred during this time, such as pottery, plows, woven textiles, and metallurgy.
This document contains lecture materials on AP World History for Period 1. It includes summaries of key topics like the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods, the Neolithic Revolution, early agricultural societies in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India, and the emergence of states and civilizations. There are also discussion questions, charts comparing various societies, and information on early religious traditions in places like India, the Hebrew region, and Persia.
Apwh ch 1 part 1 prehistory and early civilizationsHals
1) Homo sapiens emerged around 100,000 years ago in Africa and gradually migrated across the globe, reaching Australia by 50,000 years ago and the Americas by 15,000 years ago.
2) During the Paleolithic era, humans lived nomadic lifestyles as hunter-gatherers in small groups using tools made of wood and stone. The last ice age peaked around 18,000 years ago before climate warming.
3) The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution began around 8500 BCE, where humans began domesticating plants and animals, leading to sedentary agricultural societies and population growth. This resulted in new technologies, social hierarchies, and early cities along major river valleys.
Here are some key points that could be made about what makes humans and societies "civilized":
- Permanent settlements as opposed to nomadic lifestyles. Living in one place allows for more complex social organization and specialization of labor.
- Agriculture and food production. A reliable food source supports larger, more complex populations.
- Advanced tools and technology. The development of tools like plows, pottery, wheels, etc. improves standards of living.
- Formal social hierarchies and government. More complex social structures with defined roles like leaders, priests, artisans.
- Cultural achievements. Monuments, art, writing systems, advanced skills in areas like math, science that demonstrate intellectual/c
The earliest humans evolved in East Africa around 2 million years ago. They began using stone tools and lived as hunter-gatherers, hunting animals and gathering plants for food. Around 30,000 BCE, early humans created cave paintings showing the animals they hunted. By 9000 BCE, during the Neolithic agricultural revolution, humans in some areas learned to farm crops and domesticate animals, leading to permanent settlements and the growth of early civilizations along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow Rivers.
This document provides an overview of human civilization from the Paleolithic era to the earliest towns. It discusses how hunter-gatherer societies first emerged and spread across the world before settling down into agricultural communities during the Neolithic Revolution between 8000-3500 BCE. This allowed for population growth and the rise of specialized occupations. Some of the earliest urban settlements then appeared, like Jericho by 7000 BCE, which cultivated crops and engaged in trade and rule by elites. This marked the beginning of civilization and more complex societies.
The document provides an overview of the study of history and prehistory. It discusses how historians use observations, readings, and studies of physical remains, written documents, and oral histories to understand past societies. Prehistory is divided into the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic began over 4 million years ago and saw the development of tools made of carved stone and bone. The Neolithic started around 10,000 BC and featured polished stone tools as well as early pottery, baskets, and textiles. The Metal Age between 4,000-3,000 BC comprised the Copper, Bronze, and Iron Ages defined by advances in metalworking.
The document provides information about early Mesoamerican civilizations including the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec societies. It describes key aspects of these civilizations like their locations, time periods, social hierarchies, religious practices including human sacrifice, advanced achievements in mathematics, calendars and architecture, and theories for factors in their declines.
This document provides an overview of AP World History Period 1 content, including the peopling of Earth, Paleolithic and Neolithic societies, and early agricultural societies. Key topics covered include the migration of humans throughout the world during the Paleolithic era, the Neolithic Revolution and transition to agriculture, and the development of early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, India, and elsewhere between 10000-3000 BCE. Comparisons are drawn between Paleolithic hunter-gatherer and Neolithic agricultural lifestyles, and technological advances that occurred during this time, such as pottery, plows, woven textiles, and metallurgy.
This document contains lecture materials on AP World History for Period 1. It includes summaries of key topics like the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods, the Neolithic Revolution, early agricultural societies in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India, and the emergence of states and civilizations. There are also discussion questions, charts comparing various societies, and information on early religious traditions in places like India, the Hebrew region, and Persia.
Apwh ch 1 part 1 prehistory and early civilizationsHals
1) Homo sapiens emerged around 100,000 years ago in Africa and gradually migrated across the globe, reaching Australia by 50,000 years ago and the Americas by 15,000 years ago.
2) During the Paleolithic era, humans lived nomadic lifestyles as hunter-gatherers in small groups using tools made of wood and stone. The last ice age peaked around 18,000 years ago before climate warming.
3) The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution began around 8500 BCE, where humans began domesticating plants and animals, leading to sedentary agricultural societies and population growth. This resulted in new technologies, social hierarchies, and early cities along major river valleys.
Here are some key points that could be made about what makes humans and societies "civilized":
- Permanent settlements as opposed to nomadic lifestyles. Living in one place allows for more complex social organization and specialization of labor.
- Agriculture and food production. A reliable food source supports larger, more complex populations.
- Advanced tools and technology. The development of tools like plows, pottery, wheels, etc. improves standards of living.
- Formal social hierarchies and government. More complex social structures with defined roles like leaders, priests, artisans.
- Cultural achievements. Monuments, art, writing systems, advanced skills in areas like math, science that demonstrate intellectual/c
The earliest humans evolved in East Africa around 2 million years ago. They began using stone tools and lived as hunter-gatherers, hunting animals and gathering plants for food. Around 30,000 BCE, early humans created cave paintings showing the animals they hunted. By 9000 BCE, during the Neolithic agricultural revolution, humans in some areas learned to farm crops and domesticate animals, leading to permanent settlements and the growth of early civilizations along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Indus, and Yellow Rivers.
This document provides an overview of human civilization from the Paleolithic era to the earliest towns. It discusses how hunter-gatherer societies first emerged and spread across the world before settling down into agricultural communities during the Neolithic Revolution between 8000-3500 BCE. This allowed for population growth and the rise of specialized occupations. Some of the earliest urban settlements then appeared, like Jericho by 7000 BCE, which cultivated crops and engaged in trade and rule by elites. This marked the beginning of civilization and more complex societies.
The document provides an overview of the study of history and prehistory. It discusses how historians use observations, readings, and studies of physical remains, written documents, and oral histories to understand past societies. Prehistory is divided into the Palaeolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. The Palaeolithic began over 4 million years ago and saw the development of tools made of carved stone and bone. The Neolithic started around 10,000 BC and featured polished stone tools as well as early pottery, baskets, and textiles. The Metal Age between 4,000-3,000 BC comprised the Copper, Bronze, and Iron Ages defined by advances in metalworking.
The document provides information about early Mesoamerican civilizations including the Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec societies. It describes key aspects of these civilizations like their locations, time periods, social hierarchies, religious practices including human sacrifice, advanced achievements in mathematics, calendars and architecture, and theories for factors in their declines.
The document provides an overview of history from prehistory through the Middle Ages in 3 parts:
1) Prehistory discusses the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Metal Ages, including the transition to farming and use of metals.
2) Ancient History summarizes ancient civilizations like Greece and Rome, including the rise of democracy and conquest of territories by Rome.
3) The Middle Ages describes this period in Western Europe and Spain, covering the spread of Christianity, rise of feudalism, and Muslim and Christian rule in Spain.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization located along the lower Nile River valley from around 3100 BC to 300 BC. Egyptian society was organized into stable kingdoms separated by intermittent periods of instability. The success of Egypt came from its ability to adapt agriculture along the predictable flooding of the Nile, producing surplus crops. Egyptian art, including architecture, sculpture, and painting, was highly stylized and followed strict traditional rules. Textiles were primarily linen, with the highest grades produced as a royal monopoly. Egyptian religion centered around various gods led by Ra and beliefs about an afterlife, shown through elaborate burials. Iconic architecture included the Giza pyramids built to house pharaohs' remains. Egyptian influence can still be
This document provides an overview of world history from 8000 BCE to 600 CE. It outlines the major periods, including the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the rise of early civilizations. Eight key elements that define civilizations are identified, including writing systems, organized belief systems, cities, and specialized jobs. Major early civilizations discussed include those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and the Mediterranean. The document also summarizes major belief systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Judaism that emerged during this time period.
The document compares and contrasts Paleolithic and Neolithic humans. Paleolithic humans lived in temporary shelters like caves and tents, were nomadic hunter-gatherers who used chipped stone tools. Neolithic humans lived in permanent settlements, practiced agriculture, domesticated animals, and used polished stone tools. They had developed private property, monarchy, and specialized roles within a more complex society. While Neolithic humans had settled into agriculture and villages, this led to health issues like more cavities and diseases compared to Paleolithic humans.
The Neolithic Revolution, which began around 10,000 BC, marked humanity's transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural and sedentary lifestyles. This occurred as certain plant species and animals became domesticated, allowing for surplus food production. Surplus food led to population growth and the development of civilization, with new social structures like villages and cities emerging. By 5000 BC, agriculture had spread worldwide, increasing disease while farmers gradually displaced hunter-gatherers. The Neolithic Revolution was one of the most important developments in human history.
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for millions of years before settling into agricultural villages during the Neolithic Revolution around 8000 BC. This led to the rise of civilization, with specialized jobs, social classes, governments, religions, and art. The first major civilizations emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt along major rivers from 3000 BC. They developed writing, legal codes, empires, and major architectural achievements like the pyramids. Other important early peoples included the Phoenicians, Israelites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians.
- Farming and complex societies emerged between 10,000-1,000 BCE (Big Era Three) as a result of changes that occurred in Big Era Two, including the domestication of plants and animals, leading to farming.
- Surplus food production enabled specialization and population growth, resulting in complex civilizations with cities, governments, writing, social classes, and organized religion.
- By the end of Big Era Three (1000 BCE), several civilizations had developed across Afroeurasia, marking major cultural and technological changes from the hunter-gatherer societies of 10,000 BCE.
1) Farming and the domestication of plants and animals emerged between 10,000-1,000 BCE, leading to population growth and specialization.
2) Surplus food allowed some people to specialize in jobs other than farming and herding, and complex societies like cities and civilizations developed.
3) By the end of this period (1,000 BCE), several civilizations had formed in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and parts of the Americas, characterized by elements such as cities, governments, writing, social classes, and organized religion.
1) Farming and the domestication of plants and animals emerged between 10,000-1,000 BCE, leading to population growth and the rise of complex societies.
2) Surplus food production allowed for specialization of labor and jobs. People took on occupations other than farming like craftspeople and priests.
3) By 1,000 BCE, the first civilizations had formed in places like Mesopotamia and Egypt, characterized by cities, governments, writing systems, social hierarchies, and religious institutions.
The document discusses the origins and early development of humans from 4 million BCE to 10,000 BCE. It outlines 4 stages of early human development, from hominids like Australopithecines and Homo habilis, to Homo erectus who were the first to use fire and migrate out of Africa, to Homo sapiens including Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. It also describes the Paleolithic age, the last ice age, and the agricultural revolution around 10,000 BCE which marked the transition to settled life and the domestication of plants and animals.
1. The document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the invention of writing.
2. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (lower, middle, upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and the Metal Ages (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages).
3. During the Neolithic period, around 9,000-7,000 years ago, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers and villagers with the development of agriculture and livestock domestication.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more detail, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature.
3) Finally, key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization are outlined such as its lengthy history, the importance of the pharaoh and Nile River, religious beliefs centered around death and the afterlife, and architectural
The Neolithic Revolution refers to the transition of human societies from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement between 8000-3500 BCE. The development of agriculture began in Southwest Asia and allowed populations to grow as food supplies became more reliable and abundant. Sedentary living led to the establishment of permanent villages and towns, which saw further technological advances in tools, pottery, weaving and metallurgy. The first large settlements, such as Catalhoyuk and Jericho, displayed evidence of social stratification and specialized labor. By 3500 BCE, advanced river valley civilizations had formed along major river systems.
The document provides information about prehistory through a series of questions and prompts. It covers major topics like the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. Key details include a timeline of prehistoric eras defined by tool use (Paleolithic, Neolithic, Metal Ages), how archaeology informs our understanding of prehistory through excavated materials and human remains, evidence of human evolution from primates, and daily life during the Paleolithic focused on hunting and gathering and use of early stone tools.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were two of the earliest civilizations that developed along major river valleys, specifically the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile River in Egypt. Both civilizations relied heavily on irrigation from these rivers to support agriculture and both developed hierarchical, urban societies with social classes and systems of laws and government. Writing first emerged in Mesopotamia as a way to record economic transactions and taxes for temples, and this document outlines some of the key similarities and differences between these two early river valley civilizations.
Four major early civilizations developed around 3500 BCE along major river valleys: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Northwest India, and Northern China. These civilizations were located near rivers which provided essential resources like water for irrigation and fertile soil for agriculture, allowing populations to grow and more complex societies to form. Some key developments in these early river valley civilizations included systems of writing, centralized governments, advances in mathematics, astronomy and calendar systems, as well as religious and social structures like patriarchy. Many of the innovations and traditions of these early civilizations continued to influence later societies and still impact the modern world today.
This document provides an overview of early human societies from prehistory to around 2500 BCE. It discusses the evolution of early hominids in Africa like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and the emergence of Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens developed language and bigger brains, allowing them to migrate throughout Africa and Eurasia. The document then covers the Paleolithic period, where humans lived as hunter-gatherers, and the Neolithic period, where the agricultural revolution occurred and led to more permanent settlements and the rise of social hierarchies.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics they shared such as developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and the invention of writing. For Mesopotamia, it summarizes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. For Egypt, it outlines the importance of the Nile River, religious beliefs, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and sculptures. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of these early civilizations.
This document provides an overview of a history lesson on early civilizations. It begins by welcoming students to a new class and reviewing that they previously studied prehistory. It then outlines that this term they will study early civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. For their first unit, students will focus on these early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, examining their common characteristics like developing along major rivers and having hierarchical, urban societies. The document then provides details on Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as aspects of Egyptian civilization before assigning related homework activities.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates Rivers. This allowed for irrigation and fertile farmland. It also describes some of the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture like ziggurats and art like reliefs and statues are discussed. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of some of the earliest civilizations.
The document discusses life during the Paleolithic period of pre-history. During this time, which began around 2.5 million years ago:
- Humans lived in small nomadic bands and relied on hunting, gathering, and scavenging for food. They made tools from stone to aid in hunting and daily tasks.
- Around 30,000 years ago, early humans began painting images of animals on cave walls, indicating the beginning of artistic expression. They also learned to control fire.
- By the end of the Paleolithic period around 10,000 years ago, tools had advanced and included specialized tools made from stone, bone, and horn. Humans began burying their dead.
The document discusses the history of apartheid in South Africa. It describes how the Dutch first settled in South Africa, followed by the British who took control of most of the country. The white government then created apartheid, a system to separate society by race and give rights only to whites. Apartheid forced blacks into poor areas, denied them voting rights, and segregated public services. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 28 years for fighting apartheid, then elected president in 1994 after apartheid ended, working to create a unified, equal nation. South Africa still faces issues like economic inequality and health challenges.
The document provides an overview of history from prehistory through the Middle Ages in 3 parts:
1) Prehistory discusses the Paleolithic, Neolithic and Metal Ages, including the transition to farming and use of metals.
2) Ancient History summarizes ancient civilizations like Greece and Rome, including the rise of democracy and conquest of territories by Rome.
3) The Middle Ages describes this period in Western Europe and Spain, covering the spread of Christianity, rise of feudalism, and Muslim and Christian rule in Spain.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization located along the lower Nile River valley from around 3100 BC to 300 BC. Egyptian society was organized into stable kingdoms separated by intermittent periods of instability. The success of Egypt came from its ability to adapt agriculture along the predictable flooding of the Nile, producing surplus crops. Egyptian art, including architecture, sculpture, and painting, was highly stylized and followed strict traditional rules. Textiles were primarily linen, with the highest grades produced as a royal monopoly. Egyptian religion centered around various gods led by Ra and beliefs about an afterlife, shown through elaborate burials. Iconic architecture included the Giza pyramids built to house pharaohs' remains. Egyptian influence can still be
This document provides an overview of world history from 8000 BCE to 600 CE. It outlines the major periods, including the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and the rise of early civilizations. Eight key elements that define civilizations are identified, including writing systems, organized belief systems, cities, and specialized jobs. Major early civilizations discussed include those in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China, and the Mediterranean. The document also summarizes major belief systems such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Judaism that emerged during this time period.
The document compares and contrasts Paleolithic and Neolithic humans. Paleolithic humans lived in temporary shelters like caves and tents, were nomadic hunter-gatherers who used chipped stone tools. Neolithic humans lived in permanent settlements, practiced agriculture, domesticated animals, and used polished stone tools. They had developed private property, monarchy, and specialized roles within a more complex society. While Neolithic humans had settled into agriculture and villages, this led to health issues like more cavities and diseases compared to Paleolithic humans.
The Neolithic Revolution, which began around 10,000 BC, marked humanity's transition from hunter-gatherer societies to agricultural and sedentary lifestyles. This occurred as certain plant species and animals became domesticated, allowing for surplus food production. Surplus food led to population growth and the development of civilization, with new social structures like villages and cities emerging. By 5000 BC, agriculture had spread worldwide, increasing disease while farmers gradually displaced hunter-gatherers. The Neolithic Revolution was one of the most important developments in human history.
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for millions of years before settling into agricultural villages during the Neolithic Revolution around 8000 BC. This led to the rise of civilization, with specialized jobs, social classes, governments, religions, and art. The first major civilizations emerged in Mesopotamia and Egypt along major rivers from 3000 BC. They developed writing, legal codes, empires, and major architectural achievements like the pyramids. Other important early peoples included the Phoenicians, Israelites, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians.
- Farming and complex societies emerged between 10,000-1,000 BCE (Big Era Three) as a result of changes that occurred in Big Era Two, including the domestication of plants and animals, leading to farming.
- Surplus food production enabled specialization and population growth, resulting in complex civilizations with cities, governments, writing, social classes, and organized religion.
- By the end of Big Era Three (1000 BCE), several civilizations had developed across Afroeurasia, marking major cultural and technological changes from the hunter-gatherer societies of 10,000 BCE.
1) Farming and the domestication of plants and animals emerged between 10,000-1,000 BCE, leading to population growth and specialization.
2) Surplus food allowed some people to specialize in jobs other than farming and herding, and complex societies like cities and civilizations developed.
3) By the end of this period (1,000 BCE), several civilizations had formed in places like Mesopotamia, Egypt, and parts of the Americas, characterized by elements such as cities, governments, writing, social classes, and organized religion.
1) Farming and the domestication of plants and animals emerged between 10,000-1,000 BCE, leading to population growth and the rise of complex societies.
2) Surplus food production allowed for specialization of labor and jobs. People took on occupations other than farming like craftspeople and priests.
3) By 1,000 BCE, the first civilizations had formed in places like Mesopotamia and Egypt, characterized by cities, governments, writing systems, social hierarchies, and religious institutions.
The document discusses the origins and early development of humans from 4 million BCE to 10,000 BCE. It outlines 4 stages of early human development, from hominids like Australopithecines and Homo habilis, to Homo erectus who were the first to use fire and migrate out of Africa, to Homo sapiens including Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. It also describes the Paleolithic age, the last ice age, and the agricultural revolution around 10,000 BCE which marked the transition to settled life and the domestication of plants and animals.
1. The document provides an overview of prehistory, beginning with the earliest humans over 2.5 million years ago and ending around 3,500 BC with the invention of writing.
2. Prehistory is divided into the Stone Age (lower, middle, upper Paleolithic and Neolithic periods) and the Metal Ages (Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages).
3. During the Neolithic period, around 9,000-7,000 years ago, humans transitioned from nomadic hunter-gatherers to settled farmers and villagers with the development of agriculture and livestock domestication.
1) The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, outlining their common characteristics including reliance on river valleys for agriculture, hierarchical social structures, and the development of writing, law codes, and polytheistic religions.
2) It then examines the civilizations of Mesopotamia in more detail, covering the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians as well as their architecture, sculpture, and literature.
3) Finally, key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization are outlined such as its lengthy history, the importance of the pharaoh and Nile River, religious beliefs centered around death and the afterlife, and architectural
The Neolithic Revolution refers to the transition of human societies from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement between 8000-3500 BCE. The development of agriculture began in Southwest Asia and allowed populations to grow as food supplies became more reliable and abundant. Sedentary living led to the establishment of permanent villages and towns, which saw further technological advances in tools, pottery, weaving and metallurgy. The first large settlements, such as Catalhoyuk and Jericho, displayed evidence of social stratification and specialized labor. By 3500 BCE, advanced river valley civilizations had formed along major river systems.
The document provides information about prehistory through a series of questions and prompts. It covers major topics like the Paleolithic, Neolithic, and Metal Ages. Key details include a timeline of prehistoric eras defined by tool use (Paleolithic, Neolithic, Metal Ages), how archaeology informs our understanding of prehistory through excavated materials and human remains, evidence of human evolution from primates, and daily life during the Paleolithic focused on hunting and gathering and use of early stone tools.
Mesopotamia and Egypt were two of the earliest civilizations that developed along major river valleys, specifically the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia and the Nile River in Egypt. Both civilizations relied heavily on irrigation from these rivers to support agriculture and both developed hierarchical, urban societies with social classes and systems of laws and government. Writing first emerged in Mesopotamia as a way to record economic transactions and taxes for temples, and this document outlines some of the key similarities and differences between these two early river valley civilizations.
Four major early civilizations developed around 3500 BCE along major river valleys: Mesopotamia, Egypt, Northwest India, and Northern China. These civilizations were located near rivers which provided essential resources like water for irrigation and fertile soil for agriculture, allowing populations to grow and more complex societies to form. Some key developments in these early river valley civilizations included systems of writing, centralized governments, advances in mathematics, astronomy and calendar systems, as well as religious and social structures like patriarchy. Many of the innovations and traditions of these early civilizations continued to influence later societies and still impact the modern world today.
This document provides an overview of early human societies from prehistory to around 2500 BCE. It discusses the evolution of early hominids in Africa like Australopithecus, Homo habilis, Homo erectus, and the emergence of Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens developed language and bigger brains, allowing them to migrate throughout Africa and Eurasia. The document then covers the Paleolithic period, where humans lived as hunter-gatherers, and the Neolithic period, where the agricultural revolution occurred and led to more permanent settlements and the rise of social hierarchies.
The document provides an overview of early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics they shared such as developing along major river valleys, having hierarchical societies, and the invention of writing. For Mesopotamia, it summarizes the four major civilizations - Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians. For Egypt, it outlines the importance of the Nile River, religious beliefs, and architectural and artistic achievements including pyramids, temples and sculptures. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of these early civilizations.
This document provides an overview of a history lesson on early civilizations. It begins by welcoming students to a new class and reviewing that they previously studied prehistory. It then outlines that this term they will study early civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt. For their first unit, students will focus on these early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt, examining their common characteristics like developing along major rivers and having hierarchical, urban societies. The document then provides details on Mesopotamian civilizations like the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians and Assyrians as well as aspects of Egyptian civilization before assigning related homework activities.
The document provides information about early civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt. It discusses the common characteristics of these early civilizations, including that they began along major river valleys like the Nile and Tigris/Euphrates Rivers. This allowed for irrigation and fertile farmland. It also describes some of the specific civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. Architecture like ziggurats and art like reliefs and statues are discussed. The document is intended to teach students about the origins and characteristics of some of the earliest civilizations.
The document discusses life during the Paleolithic period of pre-history. During this time, which began around 2.5 million years ago:
- Humans lived in small nomadic bands and relied on hunting, gathering, and scavenging for food. They made tools from stone to aid in hunting and daily tasks.
- Around 30,000 years ago, early humans began painting images of animals on cave walls, indicating the beginning of artistic expression. They also learned to control fire.
- By the end of the Paleolithic period around 10,000 years ago, tools had advanced and included specialized tools made from stone, bone, and horn. Humans began burying their dead.
The document discusses the history of apartheid in South Africa. It describes how the Dutch first settled in South Africa, followed by the British who took control of most of the country. The white government then created apartheid, a system to separate society by race and give rights only to whites. Apartheid forced blacks into poor areas, denied them voting rights, and segregated public services. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for 28 years for fighting apartheid, then elected president in 1994 after apartheid ended, working to create a unified, equal nation. South Africa still faces issues like economic inequality and health challenges.
Prehistory 1: Geologic Timeline- Notes on the geologic & life history of Ear...Robin Seamon
This document provides information about Earth's prehistory and geologic timeline. It discusses how Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old, and life has changed the planet's chemistry over the past 3/4 of geologic time. Five major extinctions have occurred, including the K-Pg extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. Mass extinctions are caused by long-term stresses combined with short term catastrophic events. Recovery of biodiversity after extinctions can take 5-10 million years as weedy species repopulate the planet. The eras of geologic time - Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic - are summarized along with significant developments in life during each period
The Dutch established a trading post in South Africa in 1652. Over time, other European groups like the French and Germans settled there as well, collectively becoming known as Afrikaners. By the 1900s, the government was dominated by white Afrikaners and blacks faced discrimination. To fight this, the African National Congress was formed but tensions continued rising, leading to the apartheid period from 1948 to 1994 where laws mandated racial segregation. During apartheid, blacks had few rights and faced discrimination in areas like voting, education, jobs, and public facilities, similar to the American civil rights struggle. International sanctions and growing domestic protests weakened apartheid, and laws were repealed in the 1980s and 1990s, culminating in the 1994
Apartheid was a system of racial segregation and discrimination enforced in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. The white minority government passed laws separating races and taking political and economic power from non-whites. This led to oppression, poverty, and violence until international pressure and internal uprisings ended apartheid, with Nelson Mandela becoming the first black president in 1994 after multi-racial democratic elections.
Apartheid was a system of legal racial segregation in South Africa between 1948 and 1994. It was enforced by the ruling National Party to maintain minority rule by the white population. Key events included the introduction of apartheid laws in 1948, classifying the population by race in 1950, and restricting the rights of non-white South Africans over the following decades through laws restricting where they could live, work, and travel. Anti-apartheid activism grew both within and outside South Africa, leading to its end with South Africa's first democratic election in 1994 in which Nelson Mandela was elected president.
During the Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Age), early humans lived nomadic lifestyles, hunting and gathering food and dwelling in temporary shelters such as caves. In contrast, during the Neolithic Age (New Stone Age), humans began farming, domesticating animals, and living in permanent settlements, growing their own food and building shelters from wood or mud bricks. This transition marked a shift from nomadic to settled lifestyles as humans progressed technologically.
Hominids first appeared around 3 million years ago in Africa. Early humans like Lucy were small hominids that walked upright unlike apes. Later groups like Homo habilis could make stone tools. Homo erectus controlled fire which allowed them to cook food and expand their range out of Africa. Neanderthals and Cro-Magnon man were skilled hunters and tool makers that populated Europe and beyond. Cro-Magnon man are notable for their cave paintings found in places like Lascaux, France, though the purpose of these paintings remains a mystery.
The document summarizes prehistory, which began with the appearance of the first human beings and ended with the invention of writing around 3500 BC. It describes the major periods of prehistory - the Stone Age (divided into Paleolithic and Neolithic), and the Metal Age (Copper Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age). It also outlines some of the key hominid species, their characteristics, and how they contributed to the process of hominization. The lifestyles, economies, social structures, religions, and arts of these periods are summarized as well.
The document summarizes the Prehistoric Age, beginning with the Stone Age which is divided into the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age lasted from 2.5 million to 8,000 BCE and was characterized by nomadic hunter-gatherers using simple stone tools. The Neolithic Age began around 8,000 BCE and brought the Neolithic Revolution, where humans transitioned to permanent settlements, agriculture, and domestication of animals, leading to population growth and the development of early civilizations.
The document summarizes the Prehistoric Age, beginning with the Stone Age which is divided into the Paleolithic Age and Neolithic Age. The Paleolithic Age lasted from 2.5 million to 8,000 BCE and was characterized by nomadic hunter-gatherers using simple stone tools. The Neolithic Age began around 8,000 BCE and brought the Neolithic Revolution, where humans transitioned to permanent settlements, agriculture, and domestication of animals, leading to population growth and the development of early civilizations.
Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers for most of their existence, from around 3 million years ago until around 10,000 BCE. Around 10,000 BCE, humans began farming and herding animals, leading to larger settled populations. This allowed for the rise of early civilizations along major river valleys between around 7000-3000 BCE, including in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China. Writing was invented, social classes emerged, and these early civilizations grew in population and complexity.
Early humans during the Stone Age lived as hunter-gatherers, hunting wild animals and gathering plants for food, they created simple tools and weapons made of stone to aid in their survival, and they lived nomadic lifestyles, constantly on the move in search of resources as they lacked agriculture.
The document provides an overview of the functions and origins of art in early human societies. It discusses how the earliest art from places like Blombos Cave in South Africa dated to 77,000 years ago served decorative purposes like shell beads. Ritual and ceremonial art is seen in the cave paintings of Altamira Cave from 35,000 years ago. The document then focuses on the art of Mesopotamian cultures like the Sumerians starting around 8500 BCE as agriculture arose, enabling larger populations and surplus food leading to stratified societies, trade, writing, and large building projects by elites like the Ziggurat of Ur to demonstrate power and prestige.
The document discusses early human history from 4 million BCE to 10,000 BCE. Key points include: Hominids like Australopithecus and Homo habilis lived in this period and began making tools. Homo erectus was the first to migrate out of Africa and use fire. Neanderthals and Homo sapiens inhabited Europe and Asia from 200,000 to 30,000 BCE. Agriculture emerged independently in different regions around 8000 BCE, allowing for larger, more permanent settlements like Çatal Hüyük in modern Turkey.
Here are some key points that could be made about what makes humans and societies "civilized":
- Permanent settlements as opposed to nomadic lifestyles. Living in one place allows for more complex social organization and specialization of labor.
- Agriculture and food production. A reliable food source supports larger, more complex populations.
- Advanced tools and technology. The development of tools like plows, pottery, wheels, etc. signifies more advanced problem-solving skills.
- Social hierarchy and organization. Roles like leaders, craftspeople, traders indicate division of labor and more intricate social structures.
- Cultural achievements. Monuments, art, writing systems demonstrate surplus production and leisure time for non
The Neolithic Revolution refers to the transition of human societies from hunting and gathering to agriculture and settlement between 8000-3500 BCE. The development of agriculture began in Southwest Asia and allowed populations to grow as food supplies became more reliable and abundant. Sedentary agricultural communities developed social stratification and specialization of labor. Some of the earliest large, permanent settlements like Catalhoyuk and Jericho exhibited religious and political structures.
The document summarizes life during the Stone Age, beginning with the earliest humans around 1.75 million years ago who used stone tools. It then discusses the four major groups of early humans: Homo Habilis, Homo Erectus, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnon. Key developments included the use of fire, improved tools and weapons, art, religion, and the transition to agriculture during the Neolithic period. Cave paintings from the Paleolithic at sites like Lascaux provide early evidence of religious beliefs, while sculptures like the Venus of Willendorf offer clues about Paleolithic culture and spirituality.
Early humans lived in nomadic hunter-gatherer clans, using stone tools and living in caves. Around 10,000 years ago, some groups transitioned to agriculture and settled in permanent villages along river valleys, where they could farm crops and domesticate animals. This led to population growth and specialization of labor, with some people becoming artisans, priests, or traders. River valleys like Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley became early centers of civilization.
The document provides information on Paleolithic and Neolithic civilizations. During the Paleolithic, humans lived in small bands and subsisted through gathering and hunting. The climate fluctuated between warm and cool periods. In the Neolithic, humans began practicing agriculture around 6500 BCE, leading populations to increase and civilization to emerge. River valleys provided fertile soil for agriculture, and civilizations developed around irrigation systems, divisions of labor, calendars, forms of government, and writing. Culture and art advanced during this period as well.
Early humans like Homo habilis and Homo erectus developed tools and migrated throughout Africa and Eurasia. As humans like Homo sapiens emerged around 200,000 years ago, they began controlling fire, domesticating animals, and developing language and art. Around 12,000 years ago, the Agricultural Revolution began as humans transitioned to farming and created permanent settlements, leading to population growth and the rise of early civilizations with advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and technology.
The documents discuss the Paleolithic and Neolithic eras, comparing their lifestyles, technologies, and forms of art. The Paleolithic era involved nomadic hunter-gatherer societies who used basic stone tools, while the Neolithic era saw the development of sedentary agricultural communities, permanent structures like Stonehenge, and advances in tools and weapons. Both eras struggled to survive using primitive methods, but had distinct cultural differences in how they organized their societies and economies.
The document summarizes the key developments in the Neolithic period and the rise of civilization in ancient Sumeria. It describes how the Neolithic Revolution led to agriculture and more settled societies, which in turn led to the rise of the first cities like Uruk, Umma, and Lagesh in Mesopotamia. It then outlines the five characteristics of civilization - advanced cities, organized institutions, technology, specialized workers, and record keeping - and provides examples of how ancient Sumerian society exhibited each characteristic, such as formal governments, artisans, use of bronze tools and weapons, and the development of cuneiform writing.
This document defines key terms related to culture and human development, including culture, evolution, farming, domestication, development, and period. It then provides information about the Old Stone Age, Mesolithic Age, Neolithic Age, and Metal Age. The major contributions of early humans discussed are tool making during the Old Stone Age, adaptation to new food sources during the Mesolithic Age, the development of agriculture and permanent settlements during the Neolithic Age, and experimenting with copper and discovering bronze and iron during the Metal Age.
The document provides information on human evolution and early civilizations. It discusses key points such as:
- Hominids evolved in Africa and migrated to other parts of the world.
- The first civilizations emerged along river valleys in Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Indus Valley around 3000 BCE. They relied on irrigation agriculture and developed writing, cities, and social hierarchies.
- Mesopotamian cities like Uruk and Ur featured temples, palaces, writing, and trade. Egyptian civilization was organized by the Nile River and divine kingship. The Indus Valley cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had urban planning and trade networks.
The document discusses life during the Stone Age period of prehistory. It describes some of the key human species that lived during this time, including Homo habilis who used stone tools, Homo erectus who were the first to control fire and travel out of Africa, and Homo sapiens. Neanderthals are also mentioned as a variety of early modern humans. During the Paleolithic period, humans lived in small nomadic groups and relied on hunting and gathering, while the Neolithic period saw the beginning of agriculture, domestication of animals, and more complex social structures. Many innovations occurred during the Stone Age, including the earliest known art, religion and spiritual practices, and developments that eventually led to the emergence
The document summarizes key aspects of Paleolithic civilization from 2 million BCE to around 10,000 BCE. During this era, humans lived in small hunter-gatherer societies and used only stone tools. The Paleolithic is divided into three periods: Lower (tool use began), Middle (tool making improved), and Upper (artistic and cultural developments emerged). Paleolithic humans migrated throughout Africa and Eurasia and adapted to fluctuating climates. They hunted animals and gathered plants for food, and had religious beliefs involving spirituality and burial rituals.
This story describes two girls, Arban who lives in Mongolia and Chen who lives in China but moves to Mongolia, becoming friends after meeting. Through playing with dolls together, they learn about differences in the roles and treatment of women in their cultures. Mongolian women had more freedom and rights, not needing to marry or have arranged marriages, while Chinese women's lives were more restricted, with practices like foot binding and expectations to obey their fathers and husbands. They also find religious roles, participation in war, and parenting/household responsibilities differed between the cultures. The girls share what they learn with their families each night.
Contrary to popular beliefs, women played important roles in Japanese history and society. As members of samurai households, women were expected to be educated, literate, and trained in combat. While men were away at war, women were responsible for maintaining and defending the home. They trained in long-range weapons like the naginata and bow and arrow. Legendary female warriors like Tomoe Gozen fought bravely in battles during the Genpei War. Throughout Japan's history, women demonstrated remarkable bravery, loyalty, and honor through their service and should be acknowledged for the part they played.
The document provides information about an upcoming AP World History midterm exam for Ms. Tingley's class. It states that the 70 multiple choice question exam will be available online on January 9th. It expects students to take the supervised test without notes in one sitting within the allotted 55 minutes. The midterm covers Chapters 1-20 in the textbook (Lessons 1-17). It provides several online study resources and flashcard sets for students to review key terms and concepts. It emphasizes starting review early, studying in focused sessions without distractions, and avoiding cramming.
The ballad describes the life and accomplishments of Genghis Khan. It details how he united the Mongol tribes after their father was murdered, then went on to conquer vast lands through organized armies. Although known as a brutal warrior, he established policies like a writing system, law code, and religious tolerance across his empire. The notes provide additional context, such as how he promoted soldiers based on merit rather than status and took violent action against the Persian Empire after they executed his trade ambassadors.
The Arab Spring began in 2010-2011 as a wave of revolutions across the Middle East where people called for democracy and an end to corrupt leadership. It started in Tunisia when a fruit vendor set himself on fire after facing harassment from officials, sparking protests. His death intensified demonstrations that led to Tunisia's president fleeing within weeks. The success in Tunisia inspired similar uprisings in other countries like Egypt and Libya that also overthrew authoritarian leaders. However, concerns remain about radical Islamist groups gaining power and potential suppression of rights under Sharia law.
The document provides guidance on writing essays for the AP World History exam's document-based question (DBQ). It emphasizes analyzing the documents to form a thesis addressing the prompt, citing documents as evidence for arguments in groups, and including point of view analysis for each document. Scoring focuses on thoroughly addressing the prompt using documents as evidence. The rubric awards points for the thesis, grouping documents, addressing each document once, and including point of view analysis.
The document provides tips for writing essays for the AP World History exam. It emphasizes that essays require analyzing change and continuity over time in a given region in response to the prompt. A successful essay must have a clear thesis addressing the prompt, three pieces of evidence to support the thesis, and an explanation of what changed and what stayed the same as a result of a key event. It also identifies common mistakes like discussing the wrong time period or region.
The document provides guidance on writing comparative essays for the AP World History exam. It emphasizes that essays should directly compare and contrast at least three aspects of the topics being analyzed. The best format uses broad categories to organize comparisons of specific themes and concepts between the topics. Common problems to avoid are separately describing the topics without comparing or contrasting them, getting facts confused, and not finishing due to time constraints.
Asoka vs. Shi Huangdi: Should a country be lead with an iron fist or a gentle hand?
Asoka was an Indian emperor who initially conquered through war but later converted to Buddhism and ruled with compassion, using edicts to promote ethics and kindness. In contrast, Shi Huangdi of China believed force was needed to achieve peace, oppressing scholars and forcing labor camps to construct defenses. While both rulers built empires, Asoka emphasized love and ethics over violence, hoping to spread goodwill, whereas Shi Huangdi relied on fear to maintain control and expansion at the cost of human lives. The debate remains as to whether a gentler or stronger approach leads to a better lasting realm.
This document provides guidance on writing effective thesis statements by addressing the prompt, using specific examples, and following a clear structure. It recommends addressing all parts of the essay question, making at least three points with three pieces of evidence for each. Common categories like social, political, economic and technological factors should be considered. Sample thesis statements are provided on how gender relations changed in Islamic societies and comparing the spread of Islam, Christianity and Buddhism. Key steps like identifying issues, dates and events are outlined to fully answer the essay prompt.
The document introduces the APPARTS method for analyzing primary sources, which stands for Author, Place and Time, Prior Knowledge, Audience, Reason, Main Idea, and Significance. It explains what primary and secondary sources are, provides questions to consider when analyzing different types of primary sources like written documents, photographs, political cartoons, maps, and artifacts. It emphasizes the importance of considering the author's perspective and bias, and checking sources against each other. The document concludes by providing instructions for students to find and analyze a primary source using APPARTS.
Global warming has been caused by human activities since the industrial revolution. People have been burning fossil fuels, cutting down forests, and releasing harmful chemicals into the atmosphere. This has led to increasing global temperatures, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. While we cannot stop global warming at this point, individual actions like reducing waste, reusing materials, and recycling can help slow the process and allow the planet to recover over hundreds of years.
Haiti has a long history of poverty and political instability which has negatively impacted the health of its population. The majority live in poverty and have limited access to basic necessities. The public health system is underfunded and only reaches about 60% of people. Key health issues include malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, and waterborne illnesses which disproportionately affect children and cause high rates of mortality. International aid has been provided but with inconsistent results due to governance challenges.
The Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan (RAWA) was established in 1977 to fight for women's rights and equality in Afghanistan. RAWA believes that freedom and democracy must be achieved through the people of a country fighting for it, not being donated. Currently, RAWA continues to advocate for women's rights and hold events to raise awareness about the situation in Afghanistan, where religion dictates law and women are often regarded as property with little recognition. To support their efforts, readers are encouraged to subscribe to RAWA's mailing list to stay informed about their work worldwide.
This document discusses genocide and provides examples of genocide throughout history. It defines genocide as the deliberate killing of a large group of people from a specific ethnicity, race, nationality or religion. The Holocaust is used as a prominent example of genocide where over 11 million Jews and others were killed by Nazi Germany. Genocides often happen during times of crisis and one group is blamed for problems. The ongoing crisis in Darfur, Sudan is discussed as a current example of genocide where over 400,000 people have been killed and millions displaced since 2003.
The child stars of the 2009 hit film Slumdog Millionaire returned to India to continue living in the slums, but some had their homes destroyed by the Indian government to make room for businesses. This highlighted the poor living conditions of many Indian children in slums. While charities now provide more support, the underlying issues of poverty, social inequality, and the caste system that condone the slums' existence remain problems in India.
Waste management has become a global problem as the world has become more interconnected through globalization. Dealing with waste through landfilling and incineration can pollute the air, water, and soil and negatively impact communities far from the source of the pollution. Individual actions like reducing consumption and recycling can help curb waste and pollution. Government policies and pressure on companies to reduce waste are also needed to create more sustainable waste management systems.
Gas has become an important part of the American economy. When gas prices spiked in the early 2000s, the entire economy was impacted. Gas prices are dictated by crude oil prices, as gas is derived from petroleum. The largest crude oil producers are countries in OPEC, who can control prices by adjusting production levels. The most recent gas price increases were largely due to rising demand from developing countries like China and India, as well as OPEC restricting supply to increase prices. High gas prices negatively impact the broader economy by increasing costs of transportation and goods.
Wal-Mart employs over 1.6 million people and saves consumers $20 billion per year. However, they are accused of monopolistic practices that put other businesses out of business and exploiting workers with low wages and poor working conditions. Their environmental policies are also criticized for polluting local water sources. Workers in foreign factories that produce goods for Wal-Mart report being forced to work long hours in extreme conditions and being paid very low wages, while giving inspectors false information about pay and conditions. Crime in Wal-Mart parking lots is also a major issue.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
6. Homo sapiens sapiens: ImportantHomo sapiens sapiens: Important
archaeological sitesarchaeological sites
7. Stone Ages -Stone Ages - 5 MYA - 2500 BC5 MYA - 2500 BC
PALEOLITHIC: Old Stone Age, 2PALEOLITHIC: Old Stone Age, 2
million years agomillion years ago
MESOLITHIC: Middle Stone Age,MESOLITHIC: Middle Stone Age,
20-18,000 BCE to 12,150 BCE20-18,000 BCE to 12,150 BCE
NEOLITHIC :NEOLITHIC : 9000 BCE – 4500 BCE9000 BCE – 4500 BCE
8. PaleolithicPaleolithic
PeriodPeriod
Beginnings of humans to 10,000 BCEBeginnings of humans to 10,000 BCE
people werepeople were nomadsnomads
lived in groups of 20 -30lived in groups of 20 -30
hunter - gatherershunter - gatherers
9. Paleolithic PeriodPaleolithic Period
Division of LaborDivision of Labor
men hunting game animalsmen hunting game animals
women gathering fruits,women gathering fruits,
berries, and other ediblesberries, and other edibles
Developed simple tools: spears &Developed simple tools: spears &
axes made from bone, wood, &axes made from bone, wood, &
stonestone
10. Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age
2,000,000 years ago2,000,000 years ago
artifacts chipped stone andartifacts chipped stone and flintflint, use of wood, clay,, use of wood, clay,
and animal partsand animal parts
tool kit was extensive:tool kit was extensive: knivesknives,, axesaxes,, scrapersscrapers,,
hammershammers,, awlsawls,, needlesneedles, spears, harpoons, clubs,, spears, harpoons, clubs,
blowguns, and bows and arrows, fireblowguns, and bows and arrows, fire
hominidshominids -- HomoHomo habilishabilis
nomadicnomadic hunters and food gatherershunters and food gatherers
lasted until thelasted until the introduction of agricultureintroduction of agriculture
Spirituality and Religion may have begun toSpirituality and Religion may have begun to
developdevelop
11. Mesolithic Age – Middle Stone AgeMesolithic Age – Middle Stone Age
20-18,000 BC to 12,150 BC20-18,000 BC to 12,150 BC
small composite flint tools (microliths andsmall composite flint tools (microliths and
microburins), fishing tackle, stone adzesmicroburins), fishing tackle, stone adzes
and wooden objects such as canoes andand wooden objects such as canoes and
bowsbows
characterized by the introduction ofcharacterized by the introduction of
agricultureagriculture
12. NeolithicNeolithic
RevolutionRevolution
Shift from hunting & gathering toShift from hunting & gathering to
agricultureagriculture
Led toLed to permanent settlementspermanent settlements
Establishment ofEstablishment of social classessocial classes
EventualEventual rise of civilizationsrise of civilizations
13. Neolithic Revolution GreatNeolithic Revolution Great
DiscoveriesDiscoveries
10,000 BCE: humans cultivate10,000 BCE: humans cultivate
crops andcrops and domesticatedomesticate animalsanimals
Villages continued to divide workVillages continued to divide work
between men and womenbetween men and women
Women's status declined menWomen's status declined men
took lead in mosttook lead in most
areas of earlyareas of early
societiessocieties
14. NEOLITHIC : New Stone AgeNEOLITHIC : New Stone Age
9000 BC - 4500 BC9000 BC - 4500 BC
first permanent settlements appearfirst permanent settlements appear
domestication of plants (notably wheat),domestication of plants (notably wheat),
animals (goats and sheep)animals (goats and sheep)
produced decorated pottery and figurinesproduced decorated pottery and figurines
from clay may indicate they were a war-likefrom clay may indicate they were a war-like
peoplepeople
irrigation systems and more advanced burialirrigation systems and more advanced burial
sitesite
use of alien materials like lapis lazuli, indicateuse of alien materials like lapis lazuli, indicate
a cultural diversity and the development ofa cultural diversity and the development of
external tradingexternal trading
15. Neolithic Age-NewNeolithic Age-New
TechnologiesTechnologies
CalendarCalendar to keep track ofto keep track of
planting and harvestingplanting and harvesting
SimpleSimple metalmetal toolstools suchsuch
asas plowsplows
Used animals to pull plowsUsed animals to pull plows
Metal weaponsMetal weapons developed asdeveloped as
villages needed to protect theirvillages needed to protect their
valuable resources.valuable resources.
16. Catal Huyuk - ÇatalhöyükCatal Huyuk - Çatalhöyük
Remains of a Neolithic townRemains of a Neolithic town
9,000 years ago, one of the world's largest9,000 years ago, one of the world's largest
settlements.settlements.
18. Characteristics of CivilizationsCharacteristics of Civilizations
CitiesCities
Centralized government, law codes,Centralized government, law codes,
organized religionorganized religion
System of writingSystem of writing
Specialized jobs – Division of LaborSpecialized jobs – Division of Labor
Social Class StructureSocial Class Structure
Advanced TechnologyAdvanced Technology
20. How did they become civilizations?How did they become civilizations?
Neolithic Revolution – domestication ofNeolithic Revolution – domestication of
plants & animalsplants & animals
Organized Farming & village lifeOrganized Farming & village life
Food Surplus was created led toFood Surplus was created led to
specialization of laborspecialization of labor
Growth in populationGrowth in population
Creation of complex socieites requiringCreation of complex socieites requiring
complex institutions which governed largecomplex institutions which governed large
scale projects like irrigationscale projects like irrigation
21. Population Growth & DevelopmentPopulation Growth & Development
of Civilizationsof Civilizations
Iron Age = new farms tools = food surplusIron Age = new farms tools = food surplus
Farming and Pastoral Nomads replaced hunter-Farming and Pastoral Nomads replaced hunter-
gatherersgatherers
Domesticated animals = beasts of burden = foodDomesticated animals = beasts of burden = food
surplussurplus
Increased, healthier population living closerIncreased, healthier population living closer
together in new urban areastogether in new urban areas
Increased immunities based on close proximityIncreased immunities based on close proximity
& better health& better health
22. Population Growth & DevelopmentPopulation Growth & Development
of Civilizationsof Civilizations
Cultural connections increased throughCultural connections increased through
new trade routesnew trade routes
Developments of empiresDevelopments of empires
Development of Writing systems to recordDevelopment of Writing systems to record
taxes to pay for expanded governmentstaxes to pay for expanded governments
Development of great road buildingDevelopment of great road building
projects to encourage trade, uniformprojects to encourage trade, uniform
coinage, uniform weights & measurementscoinage, uniform weights & measurements
(Lydian's & Persians)(Lydian's & Persians)
23. Early River Civilizations:Early River Civilizations: EGYPTEGYPT
3000BCE3000BCE
Egyptian Science and TechnologyEgyptian Science and Technology
1.1. IrrigationIrrigation – water from– water from NileNile
RiverRiver (god) to grow wheat & other(god) to grow wheat & other
foodsfoods
2.2. Preserving the human bodyPreserving the human body
after death throughafter death through mummificationmummification
3. Physicians3. Physicians diagnose illnessdiagnose illness &&
performperform brain & body surgerybrain & body surgery
24. Egyptian Science andEgyptian Science and
TechnologyTechnology
AccurateAccurate calendarcalendar
Hieroglyphics:Hieroglyphics: system of writing calledsystem of writing called
AdvancedAdvanced mathematicalmathematical geometry &geometry &
engineeringengineering skills in the creation of theskills in the creation of the
pyramidspyramids
irrigationirrigation
systemssystems
25. EGYPTEGYPT
Monarchy – Kingdom/EmpireMonarchy – Kingdom/Empire
Pharaoh God/KingPharaoh God/King
Dynasty – ruling familyDynasty – ruling family
PolytheisticPolytheistic
Advances in medicine, math, calendars,Advances in medicine, math, calendars,
irrigation, cosmetics, mummification,irrigation, cosmetics, mummification,
building & architecture, pyramids, jewelry,building & architecture, pyramids, jewelry,
metal workmetal work
Social Class Structure: Pharaoh,Social Class Structure: Pharaoh,
Priest/Nobles, merchants/artisans (MiddlePriest/Nobles, merchants/artisans (Middle
Class), peasants, slavesClass), peasants, slaves
29. Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentOther Civilizations Fertile Crescent
BabyloniansBabylonians:: astronomy,astronomy, Code ofCode of
Hammurabi,Hammurabi, was the first writtenwas the first written
laws in historylaws in history
HittitesHittites: first to: first to minemine ironiron oreore toto
produceproduce iron weapons & toolsiron weapons & tools (Iron(Iron
Age)Age)
Assyrians:Assyrians: new military equipment -new military equipment -
moveable towers and battering rams, 1moveable towers and battering rams, 1stst
library of cuneiform tablets, chariotlibrary of cuneiform tablets, chariot
30. Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentOther Civilizations Fertile Crescent
Code on
columns in
each city-state
Assyrian
weapons &
chariot
31. Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentOther Civilizations Fertile Crescent
Persians: controlled empire Asia Minor toPersians: controlled empire Asia Minor to
India (to Indus River)India (to Indus River)
Persians: divided empire into provinces,Persians: divided empire into provinces,
governor called agovernor called a satrapsatrap
Taxes on resources and wealthTaxes on resources and wealth
Single code of laws for the empireSingle code of laws for the empire
Royal Roads to unify empire, common setRoyal Roads to unify empire, common set
of weights & measures, single coinageof weights & measures, single coinage
Zoroastrian Religion – good & evil &Zoroastrian Religion – good & evil &
polytheistic faithspolytheistic faiths
33. Other Civilizations Fertile CrescentOther Civilizations Fertile Crescent
Phoenicians: Manufacturing and trade,Phoenicians: Manufacturing and trade,
colonization around Mediterranean Sea, glass,colonization around Mediterranean Sea, glass,
sea snail-purple dye (royal purple), phoneticsea snail-purple dye (royal purple), phonetic
alphabet-22 lettersalphabet-22 letters
(adapted by(adapted by
GreeksGreeks
and Romans)and Romans)
34. Hebrews/JewsHebrews/Jews
Hebrews:Hebrews: JudaismJudaism - oldest known- oldest known
monotheistic religionmonotheistic religion
FounderFounder--AbrahamAbraham
Moses-Prophet: Ten CommandmentsMoses-Prophet: Ten Commandments
2000 BCE – Laws2000 BCE – Laws
Significant WritingsSignificant Writings --TorahTorah andand
TalmudTalmud Book of laws & beliefs, as well asBook of laws & beliefs, as well as
Old Testament of the BibleOld Testament of the Bible
Places of WorshipPlaces of Worship -Jews worship in-Jews worship in
temples called synagoguestemples called synagogues
One GodOne God who is the creator of all thingswho is the creator of all things
35. IndiaIndia
2500BCE: First cultivation of rice, cotton2500BCE: First cultivation of rice, cotton
and teaand tea
built ships, navigated seas, internationalbuilt ships, navigated seas, international
commerce (Indian Ocean & overland)commerce (Indian Ocean & overland)
well-planned towns, rectangular patternswell-planned towns, rectangular patterns
Art -copper, bronze, and pottery, includingArt -copper, bronze, and pottery, including
a large collection of terra-cotta toysa large collection of terra-cotta toys
two-storied and spacious, lined the towntwo-storied and spacious, lined the town
streets; they had drainage systems thatstreets; they had drainage systems that
led into brick-lined sewersled into brick-lined sewers
36. Ancient IndiaAncient India
Social Class
Structure: Caste
System: Brahmana
(priests), Kshatriya
(warriors), Vaishya
(traders and
agriculturists), and
Shudra (workers).
Person's occupation or
group depended upon
Sanskrit:
writing system
37. Ancient India - ReligionAncient India - Religion
HINDUISM:HINDUISM: polytheistic religion 3000polytheistic religion 3000
BCEBCE
Significant WritingsSignificant Writings --VedasVedas,,
UpanishadsUpanishads,, RamayanaRamayana,,
MahabharataMahabharata,, Bhagavad GitaBhagavad Gita
Oral 1Oral 1stst
, Written in Sanskrit – history &, Written in Sanskrit – history &
hymns, teachings of Hinduismhymns, teachings of Hinduism
spiritual oneness of the soul,spiritual oneness of the soul, atmanatman
soul obtainssoul obtains mokshamoksha or liberationor liberation
38. HinduismHinduism
Reincarnation: karmaReincarnation: karma you get whatyou get what
you give new lifeyou give new life
Dharma:Dharma: Duties of allDuties of all
Hindu’s in their casteHindu’s in their caste
Supports rigidSupports rigid
social structuresocial structure
Caste SystemCaste System
Cow SacredCow Sacred
39. BuddhismBuddhism
FounderFounder--Siddhartha GautamaSiddhartha Gautama
Buddha, which means "enlightened one."Buddha, which means "enlightened one."
– he did not believe he was a god– he did not believe he was a god
Dalai LamaDalai Lama:spiritual leader of Buddhism:spiritual leader of Buddhism
Four Noble TruthsFour Noble Truths – beliefs – end– beliefs – end
suffereing, end desiresuffereing, end desire
Eightfold PathEightfold Path : represents one of the: represents one of the
teachings of theteachings of the Eightfold PathEightfold Path – right– right
thinking, speaking etc.thinking, speaking etc.
40. BuddhismBuddhism
Reincarnation: karmaReincarnation: karma you get whatyou get what
you give, new life, continuous cycle of lifeyou give, new life, continuous cycle of life
& death& death
RejectedRejected CasteCaste
SystemSystem
Salvation possible inSalvation possible in
this Lifetimethis Lifetime
NirvanaNirvana spiritualspiritual
enlightenmentenlightenment
41. EarlyEarly ChinaChina
ShangShang DynastyDynasty: 2000BCE system of: 2000BCE system of
writingwriting pictographspictographs - drawings of- drawings of
objectsobjects ideographsideographs – thought or idea– thought or idea
Oracle BoneOracle Bone early writing:early writing:
ZhouZhou Dynasty:Dynasty:
Mandate of HeavenMandate of Heaven
rise & fall of dynastiesrise & fall of dynasties
QinQin Dynasty: Shi huangdi -Dynasty: Shi huangdi -
new technologies warfare, cavalry,new technologies warfare, cavalry,
Legalism – you will obey orders!Legalism – you will obey orders!
Burned Confucian booksBurned Confucian books
42. Ancient ChinaAncient China
Qin China: standardized theQin China: standardized the
language and writing of Chinalanguage and writing of China
currency became standardizedcurrency became standardized
circular copper coincircular copper coin
Great Wall builtGreat Wall built
in north toin north to
protect Chinaprotect China
Roads andRoads and
irrigation canalsirrigation canals
builtbuilt –Burned books–Burned books
43. Classical ChinaClassical China
Han China:Han China: Emperor Wudi: governmentEmperor Wudi: government
& economy, Golden Age of China& economy, Golden Age of China
Han scientists wrote textbooks fromHan scientists wrote textbooks from
zoologyzoology toto botanybotany andand chemistrychemistry
AstronomersAstronomers accurate clocks &accurate clocks &
calendars,calendars, PaperPaper,, wheelbarrow,wheelbarrow,
AcupunctureAcupuncture alleviate pain & herbalalleviate pain & herbal
remediesremedies
Silk Road:Silk Road: trade with the Romantrade with the Roman
EmpireEmpire
and later empires east & westand later empires east & west
44. Classical ChinaClassical China
Artists andArtists and architectsarchitects carvings incarvings in
jade, wood, or ivory, & the elaboratejade, wood, or ivory, & the elaborate
templestemples
Silk, Ceramics, lacquer andSilk, Ceramics, lacquer and
bamboo waresbamboo wares
Chinese Compass
Silk Road – 1st
journey
45. Chinese PhilosophiesChinese Philosophies
Ancestor worshipAncestor worship
Confucianism: social order andConfucianism: social order and
mutual respectmutual respect - 500 BCE- 500 BCE
FounderFounder-Kong Fu Zi - Confucius-Kong Fu Zi - Confucius
Significant WritingsSignificant Writings --
The Analects - sayingsThe Analects - sayings
46. Chinese Philosophies -Chinese Philosophies -
ConfucianismConfucianism Five RelationshipsFive Relationships ::
– Ruler to ruled.Ruler to ruled.
– Father to son.Father to son.
– Older brother to younger brother.Older brother to younger brother.
– Husband to wife.Husband to wife.
– Friend to friendFriend to friend
JenJen-Human kindness should be shown-Human kindness should be shown
towards one another.towards one another.
LiLi-Proper etiquette should always be used,-Proper etiquette should always be used,
and one should strive to achieve perfectand one should strive to achieve perfect
virtue.virtue.
Filial PietyFilial Piety -One should respect their elders-One should respect their elders
47. Legacies of River ValleysLegacies of River Valleys
Expanded populations & urbanizationExpanded populations & urbanization
New networks – roads & trade routesNew networks – roads & trade routes
lined, sea routeslined, sea routes
Established systems of government, laws,Established systems of government, laws,
& religion& religion
Established patterns of culture & culturalEstablished patterns of culture & cultural
diffusiondiffusion