1. The Ways We Were By Farid Toloui September 25 th , 2011 History- 4

3. 1. diffusion: gradual spread of techniques and perhaps plants and animals,but without much movement of human population

4. 2. colonization or migration of agricultural peoples

5. B. Triumph and Resistance

6. 1. language and culture spread with agriculture

7. a. Indo-European languages probably started in Turkey, are spoken today from Europe to India

8. 2. the globalization of agriculture took about 10,000 years

9. a. did not spread beyond its core region in New Guinea

10. b. did not spread in a number of other regions 3 . by the beginning of the Common Era, gathering and hunting peoples were a small minority of humankind a. expansion of agriculture destroyed gathering and hunting societie s

12. 1. agriculture led to much greater populations 2. changes in world population a. 10,000 years ago: around 6 million people b. 5,000 years ago: around 50 million people c. beginning of Common Era: around 250 million people 3. farming did not necessarily improve life for ordinary people a. meant much more hard work b. health deteriorated in early agricultural societies c. new diseases from interaction with animals d. the first epidemics, thanks to larger communities e. new vulnerability to famine, because of dependence on a small number of plants or animals secondary products revolution” started ca. 4000 b.c.e.: a new set of technological changes a. new uses for domesticated animals, including milking, riding, hitching them to plows and carts

14. 1. one of the earliest civilizations emerged in Sumer (in southern Mesopotamia) between 3500 and 3000 b.c.e.

15. a. first written language

16. b. appearance of Egyptian civilization in Nile River Valley (northeast Africa) and smaller Nubian civilization to its south at about the same time

17. 2. Norte Chico (central coastal Peru), emerged between 3000 and 1800 b.c.e.

18. a. twenty-five urban centers

19. b. Norte Chico differed in several ways from Mesopotamia and Egypt:

20. i. smaller cities without walls or signs of pervasive warfare

21. ii. less evidence of economic specialization

24. 1. First Civilizations had their roots in the Agricultural Revolution

25. 2. First Civilizations tended to develop from earlier, competing chiefdom’s that already had some social rank and economic specialization

26. 3. process was gradual and evolutionary

27. 4. why did some chiefdom’s develop into civilizations and others did not? Robert Carneiro’s argument: population density created competition, especially when agricultural land was limited

28. all First Civilizations relied on highly productive agriculture D. An Urban Revolution

29. 1. cities were one of the most distinctive features of First Civilizations

30. 2. the scale, layout, and specialized industries of cities would have impressed visitors from villages

31. 3. cities lay at the heart of all First Civilizations because they were:

32. a. political/administrative capitals

33. b. centers of cultural production—art, architecture, literature, ritual, and ceremony

34. c. places of local and long-distance exchange

36. 1. collapse of the Soviet Union

37. 2. overextension of the United States

38. 3. sense of unique, global mission

39. 4. commitment to military dominance

40. 5. reminder of continuing relevance of a long-dead empire

41. B. Modern fascination with empires

42. 1. earliest empires developed in era of First Civilizations

43. a. Akkadian Empire

44. b. Babylonian Empire

45. c. Assyrian Empire

46. 2. empires have been central to world history for 4,000 years

48. 2. more typical: larger, more aggressive states

49. a. conquer other states

50. b. use their resources

51. c. usually include multiple peoples and cultures under a single political system

52. 3. no clear line between empires and small multiethnic states

53. a. can have a common culture without a unified political system

54. D. Eurasian empires of the classical era include:

55. 1. Persian Empire

56. 2. Greek empire of Alexander the Great

57. 3. Roman Empire

58. 4. Chinese empire (Qin and Han dynasties)

59. 5. India (Mauryan and Gupta empires)

61. 1. Would they try to impose their culture on varied subjects?

62. 2. Would they rule conquered peoples directly or through local elites?

63. 3. How should they extract wealth while maintaining order?

64. 4. all eventually collapsed Why have empires always been so fascinating?

65. 1. size was imposing

66. 2. blood and violence of conquest

67. 3. satisfaction in witnessing the fall of the mighty when they collapse

68. 4. contrast to nonimperial civilizations

69. 5. empires were important

70. a. majority of humans before twentieth century lived in empires

71. b. stimulated exchange of ideas, cultures, and values