This document discusses energy saving techniques in peer-to-peer wireless sensor networks through the use of data compression. It begins by introducing wireless sensor networks and their energy constraints. It then discusses how compression can reduce energy consumption by decreasing transmission time. Different compression techniques like LZO, Zlib, and Bzip2 are described. The document proposes using Adaptive Compression Environment to automatically select the best compression technique based on network conditions. It presents an algorithm for compressing data at the sender, transmitting it in chunks, and decompressing it at the receiver. The conclusion states that compression technologies can help save sensor energy in peer-to-peer networks and that more advances will optimize this solution.
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
CONSENSUS BASED DATA AGGREGATION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR N...ijdpsjournal
Our planet is abundant with raw data and to monitor the available data properly, processing of the enormous raw data is very vital. One of the key things in development of mankind and the nature is to acquire as much data as possible and to react appropriately in accordance with the studied data. It’s nothing but diagnosis of the physical world by studying the data acquired from them in order to take proper measures that can help in treating them better. Large volume of data incurs high energy consumption for its transmission and thus results in decrease of overall network lifetime.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of multiple sensor nodes that all together forms a network for transmitting data acquired by each sensor node to sink known as Base Station (BS). In hierarchical routing acquired data are sent via relay agents like Cluster Heads (CH). The Cluster Heads must be customised with computations and formulations, which will help in aggregating the gathered data, in order to reduce energy consumption while transmitting the data further in the network while maintaining the data integrity to withhold the significance of every single value in a data set.
This presentation is all about the wireless sensor networks, how they collect data using aggregation, and how they evaluate or calculate the parameters
CONSENSUS BASED DATA AGGREGATION FOR ENERGY CONSERVATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR N...ijdpsjournal
Our planet is abundant with raw data and to monitor the available data properly, processing of the enormous raw data is very vital. One of the key things in development of mankind and the nature is to acquire as much data as possible and to react appropriately in accordance with the studied data. It’s nothing but diagnosis of the physical world by studying the data acquired from them in order to take proper measures that can help in treating them better. Large volume of data incurs high energy consumption for its transmission and thus results in decrease of overall network lifetime.
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a collection of multiple sensor nodes that all together forms a network for transmitting data acquired by each sensor node to sink known as Base Station (BS). In hierarchical routing acquired data are sent via relay agents like Cluster Heads (CH). The Cluster Heads must be customised with computations and formulations, which will help in aggregating the gathered data, in order to reduce energy consumption while transmitting the data further in the network while maintaining the data integrity to withhold the significance of every single value in a data set.
Scheduling different types of packets, such as
real-time and non-real-time data packets, at sensor nodes with
resource constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is of
vital importance to reduce sensors’ energy consumptions and endto-end
data transmission delays. Most of the existing packetscheduling
mechanisms of WSN use First Come First Served
(FCFS), non pre-emptive priority and pre-emptive priority
scheduling algorithms. These algorithms incur a high processing
overhead and long end-to-end data transmission delay due to the
FCFS concept, starvation of high priority real-time data packets
due to the transmission of a large data packet in non pre-emptive
priority scheduling, starvation of non-real-time data packets due
to the probable continuous arrival of real-time data in preemptive
priority scheduling, and improper allocation of data
packets to queues in multilevel queue scheduling algorithms.
Moreover, these algorithms are not dynamic to the changing
requirements of WSN applications since their scheduling policies
are predetermined.
In the Advanced Multilevel Priority packet scheduling
scheme, each node except those at the last level has three levels of
priority queues. According to the priority of the packet and
availability of the queue, node will schedule the packet for
transmission. Due to separated queue availability, packet
transmission delay is reduced. Due to reduction in packet
transmission delay, node can goes into sleep mode as soon as
possible. And Expired packets are deleted at the particular node
at itself before reaching the base station, so that processing
burden on the node is reduced. Thus, energy of the node is saved.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement of Improved Balanced LEACH for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Netw...acijjournal
Wireless sensor networks consists of thousands of tiny, low cost, low power and multifunctional sensor nodes where each sensor node has very low battery life. Purpose is to conserve the transmitted energy
from various sensor nodes. Various energy efficient algorithms have been designed for this. LEACH uses
distributed cluster formation & randomized rotation of the cluster head to minimize the network energy
consumption. Our paper is proposing an algorithm which is the enhancement of existing IB-LEACH. It reduces the energy consumption by using energy bank. This energy bank stores the energy after each round in both routing and clustering phase which overall increases the life time of the network. In this
approach, ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT is also enhanced by shamming the static parameters of HELLO_INTERVAL, RREQ_RETRIES and NET_DIAMETER. Results are compared through MATLAB and provide better approach than previous ones.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHY BASED ROUTING IN SENSOR NETWO...cscpconf
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the collection of many micro-sensor nodes, connecting each other by a
wireless medium. WSN exhibits different approaches to provide reliable sensing of the environment,
detecting and reporting events. In this paper, we have proposed an algorithm for hierarchy based protocols
of wireless sensor networks, which consist of two groups of sensor nodes in a single cluster node. Each
cluster consists of a three cluster head. The event driven data sensing mechanism is used in this paper and
this sensed data is transmitted to the master section head. Hence efficient way of data transmission is possible with larger group of nodes. In this approach, using hierarchy based protocols; the lifetime of the sensor network is increased.
Proposed mac protocol for reduce energy consumption over wsn networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Spatial Correlation Based Medium Access Control Protocol Using DSR & AODV Rou...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In Wireless sensor network sensor nodes have a limited battery life and their efficient utilization is
a very much importent task. Their are many ways are proposed for efficient utilization of energy.For efficient
energy utilization many topologies,protocals are proposed by the help of which we can maximize the battery
life. In this paper we propesed a methode in which a correlation is made between all the sensor nodes including
ME(mobile element). A Vector Quantization methode are used for distance calculation between all the sensor
nodes and mobile element. After finding the corrélation we used the DSR & AODV routing Protocol. The
performance of the proposed protocol has been examined and evaluated with the NS-2 simulator in terms of
packet drop ratio and energy consumption. The simulation result shows that the proposed protocol with AODV
routing gives a batter result compared with same protocol with DSR routing.
Keywords: ME, DVT, DSR, AODV, Wireless Sensor Network, Efficient Energy Utilization
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DATA GATHERING ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEYijasuc
Recent developments in processor, memory and radio technology have enabled wireless sensor networks
which are deployed to collect useful information from an area of interest. The sensed data must be
gathered and transmitted to a base station where it is further processed for end-user queries. Since the
network consists of low-cost nodes with limited battery power, power efficient methods must be employed
for data gathering and aggregation in order to achieve long network lifetimes. In an environment where in
a round of communication each of the sensor nodes has data to send to a base station, it is important to
minimize the total energy consumed by the system in a round so that the system lifetime is maximized. With
the use of data fusion and aggregation techniques, while minimizing the total energy per round, if power
consumption per node can be balanced as well, a near optimal data gathering and routing scheme can be
achieved in terms of network lifetime. Several application specific sensor network data gathering protocols
have been proposed in research literatures. However, most of the proposed algorithms have been some
attention to the related network lifetime and saving energy are two critical issues for wireless sensor
networks. In this paper we have explored general network lifetime in wireless sensor networks and made an
extensive study to categorize available data gathering techniques and analyze possible network lifetime on
them.
Performance Evaluation of LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkAM Publications
This paper gives performance of LEACH protocol. LEACH is the first network protocol that uses hierarchical
routing for wireless sensor networks to increase the life time of network. All the nodes in a network organize themselves into
local clusters, with one node acting as the cluster-head. All non-cluster-head nodes transmit their data to the cluster-head,
while the cluster-head node receive data from all the cluster members, perform signal processing functions on the data (e.g.,
data aggregation), and transmit data to the remote base station. Therefore, being a cluster-head node is much more energyintensive
than being a non-cluster-head node. Thus, when a cluster-head node dies all the nodes that belong to the cluster lose
communication ability. This paper gives performance of LEACH protocol considering parameters i) Packet Delivery Ratio ii)
Throughput iii) Delay iv) lifetime.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CFD Simulation and Analysis of Fluid Flow Parameters within a Y-Shaped Branch...IOSR Journals
Plumbing system use pipe fittings to connect straight pipe or tubing section for regulating or measuring fluid flow. Y (wye)-shape fitting is one of the important component in the plumbing system. A wye branch allows splitting a branch line equally in two directions. The opening sizes can vary for different situations for instance in situation where a large main line needs to be split into two smaller branches. The wye shape fitting will convert into T shape fitting when the included angle between two pipe branches is 180°. In the present work, effect of angle of turn/bend for a Y-shape pipe will be studied computationally using ANSYS CFX software. For the analysis, all the three pipe branches of 1 inch internal diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle at 450, 600, 900 and 1800 can be studied. Water as a fluid is selected which flows through the plumbing system. The effect of bend angle, pipe diameter, pipe length, Reynolds number on the resistance coefficient is studied. It was observed that resistance coefficient vary with the change in flow
Scheduling different types of packets, such as
real-time and non-real-time data packets, at sensor nodes with
resource constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is of
vital importance to reduce sensors’ energy consumptions and endto-end
data transmission delays. Most of the existing packetscheduling
mechanisms of WSN use First Come First Served
(FCFS), non pre-emptive priority and pre-emptive priority
scheduling algorithms. These algorithms incur a high processing
overhead and long end-to-end data transmission delay due to the
FCFS concept, starvation of high priority real-time data packets
due to the transmission of a large data packet in non pre-emptive
priority scheduling, starvation of non-real-time data packets due
to the probable continuous arrival of real-time data in preemptive
priority scheduling, and improper allocation of data
packets to queues in multilevel queue scheduling algorithms.
Moreover, these algorithms are not dynamic to the changing
requirements of WSN applications since their scheduling policies
are predetermined.
In the Advanced Multilevel Priority packet scheduling
scheme, each node except those at the last level has three levels of
priority queues. According to the priority of the packet and
availability of the queue, node will schedule the packet for
transmission. Due to separated queue availability, packet
transmission delay is reduced. Due to reduction in packet
transmission delay, node can goes into sleep mode as soon as
possible. And Expired packets are deleted at the particular node
at itself before reaching the base station, so that processing
burden on the node is reduced. Thus, energy of the node is saved.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Enhancement of Improved Balanced LEACH for Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Netw...acijjournal
Wireless sensor networks consists of thousands of tiny, low cost, low power and multifunctional sensor nodes where each sensor node has very low battery life. Purpose is to conserve the transmitted energy
from various sensor nodes. Various energy efficient algorithms have been designed for this. LEACH uses
distributed cluster formation & randomized rotation of the cluster head to minimize the network energy
consumption. Our paper is proposing an algorithm which is the enhancement of existing IB-LEACH. It reduces the energy consumption by using energy bank. This energy bank stores the energy after each round in both routing and clustering phase which overall increases the life time of the network. In this
approach, ACTIVE_ROUTE_TIMEOUT is also enhanced by shamming the static parameters of HELLO_INTERVAL, RREQ_RETRIES and NET_DIAMETER. Results are compared through MATLAB and provide better approach than previous ones.
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHY BASED ROUTING IN SENSOR NETWO...cscpconf
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the collection of many micro-sensor nodes, connecting each other by a
wireless medium. WSN exhibits different approaches to provide reliable sensing of the environment,
detecting and reporting events. In this paper, we have proposed an algorithm for hierarchy based protocols
of wireless sensor networks, which consist of two groups of sensor nodes in a single cluster node. Each
cluster consists of a three cluster head. The event driven data sensing mechanism is used in this paper and
this sensed data is transmitted to the master section head. Hence efficient way of data transmission is possible with larger group of nodes. In this approach, using hierarchy based protocols; the lifetime of the sensor network is increased.
Proposed mac protocol for reduce energy consumption over wsn networkeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Spatial Correlation Based Medium Access Control Protocol Using DSR & AODV Rou...IOSR Journals
Abstract : In Wireless sensor network sensor nodes have a limited battery life and their efficient utilization is
a very much importent task. Their are many ways are proposed for efficient utilization of energy.For efficient
energy utilization many topologies,protocals are proposed by the help of which we can maximize the battery
life. In this paper we propesed a methode in which a correlation is made between all the sensor nodes including
ME(mobile element). A Vector Quantization methode are used for distance calculation between all the sensor
nodes and mobile element. After finding the corrélation we used the DSR & AODV routing Protocol. The
performance of the proposed protocol has been examined and evaluated with the NS-2 simulator in terms of
packet drop ratio and energy consumption. The simulation result shows that the proposed protocol with AODV
routing gives a batter result compared with same protocol with DSR routing.
Keywords: ME, DVT, DSR, AODV, Wireless Sensor Network, Efficient Energy Utilization
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DATA GATHERING ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEYijasuc
Recent developments in processor, memory and radio technology have enabled wireless sensor networks
which are deployed to collect useful information from an area of interest. The sensed data must be
gathered and transmitted to a base station where it is further processed for end-user queries. Since the
network consists of low-cost nodes with limited battery power, power efficient methods must be employed
for data gathering and aggregation in order to achieve long network lifetimes. In an environment where in
a round of communication each of the sensor nodes has data to send to a base station, it is important to
minimize the total energy consumed by the system in a round so that the system lifetime is maximized. With
the use of data fusion and aggregation techniques, while minimizing the total energy per round, if power
consumption per node can be balanced as well, a near optimal data gathering and routing scheme can be
achieved in terms of network lifetime. Several application specific sensor network data gathering protocols
have been proposed in research literatures. However, most of the proposed algorithms have been some
attention to the related network lifetime and saving energy are two critical issues for wireless sensor
networks. In this paper we have explored general network lifetime in wireless sensor networks and made an
extensive study to categorize available data gathering techniques and analyze possible network lifetime on
them.
Performance Evaluation of LEACH Protocol for Wireless Sensor NetworkAM Publications
This paper gives performance of LEACH protocol. LEACH is the first network protocol that uses hierarchical
routing for wireless sensor networks to increase the life time of network. All the nodes in a network organize themselves into
local clusters, with one node acting as the cluster-head. All non-cluster-head nodes transmit their data to the cluster-head,
while the cluster-head node receive data from all the cluster members, perform signal processing functions on the data (e.g.,
data aggregation), and transmit data to the remote base station. Therefore, being a cluster-head node is much more energyintensive
than being a non-cluster-head node. Thus, when a cluster-head node dies all the nodes that belong to the cluster lose
communication ability. This paper gives performance of LEACH protocol considering parameters i) Packet Delivery Ratio ii)
Throughput iii) Delay iv) lifetime.
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CFD Simulation and Analysis of Fluid Flow Parameters within a Y-Shaped Branch...IOSR Journals
Plumbing system use pipe fittings to connect straight pipe or tubing section for regulating or measuring fluid flow. Y (wye)-shape fitting is one of the important component in the plumbing system. A wye branch allows splitting a branch line equally in two directions. The opening sizes can vary for different situations for instance in situation where a large main line needs to be split into two smaller branches. The wye shape fitting will convert into T shape fitting when the included angle between two pipe branches is 180°. In the present work, effect of angle of turn/bend for a Y-shape pipe will be studied computationally using ANSYS CFX software. For the analysis, all the three pipe branches of 1 inch internal diameter are selected along with equal length so that only the effect of bend angle at 450, 600, 900 and 1800 can be studied. Water as a fluid is selected which flows through the plumbing system. The effect of bend angle, pipe diameter, pipe length, Reynolds number on the resistance coefficient is studied. It was observed that resistance coefficient vary with the change in flow
Levels of Physical Activity Participation of the Staff of Universiti SelangorIOSR Journals
Abstract: This study is carried out to identify the levels of the Universiti Selangor (Unisel) staff’s participation
in physical activities. It aims to investigate the stages of their physical activities to determine whether these
activities are beneficial to them or otherwise. This study is a descriptive survey research of which the data has
been collected via questionnaire from 231 employees of Unisel in Bestari Jaya Campus. Respondents are asked
questions about their physical activities based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPIQ). The
findings reveal that many members of the staff of the Universiti Selangor practice physical activities as their
way of life. However, the level of their participation in physical activities has not reached a satisfactory level.
The respondents often carry out physical activities, but mostly their participation is still considered within the
range of average to low level. The respondents’ participation in physical activities is influenced by their attitude
which seeks acknowledgment rather than practicing it as a healthy lifestyle. The findings shows that the
employees’ physical activity participation is very high. However, they do not carry out the activities according
to the principles of physical activity domain. This study concludes that there are still many Unisel staff members
that seldom treat physical activities as their everyday routines. The findings show that 106 of the respondents
carry out physical activities at a low level, 49 of the respondents at the medium level and 76 of the respondents
at a high level. The findings are insufficient to establish that the respondents have carried out the best physical
activity practice. The results conclude that these Unisel staff members still need to be guided and educated in
order to ensure that their participation in physical activities becomes a healthy lifestyle that is led by the whole
community.
Keywords: Employee, Low, Medium and High Level, Physical Activities
L Inequalities Concerning Polynomials Having Zeros in Closed Interior of A Ci...IOSR Journals
Let
0
( )
n
j
i
j
p z a z
be a polynomial of degree n and p(z) be its derivative, then Zygmund [9]
proved that
1 1
2
0
2
'( ) | ( ) | , 1
0
| |
r r i r i r p e d n p e d r
In this paper we shall obtain similar type of inequalities in reverse order for the polynomials having r fold
zeros at origin and rest of the zeros in | z | k , k 1.
Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 30A10, 30C15, 30C10
On Stability Equilibrium Analysis of Endemic MalariaIOSR Journals
This paper considers the stability equilibrium of malaria in a varying population. We established the
Disease free equilibrium and the endemic equilibrium and carried out the stability analysis of the Disease free
equilibrium state (the state of complete eradication of malaria from the population).
Applying Regression Model to Predict the Effects of Shaft and Bearing Deviati...IOSR Journals
This work presents formulation of linear regression model for the effect of shaft and bearing deviations on the clearance of the assembly of mating parts. The model validation confirmed the existence of statistical relationships between clearance and shaft and bearing deviations. Applying data collected from direct measurement of shafts and bearings produced in the workshop, R2 values of 99.7% was obtained for assembly of mating parts model ; thus, indicating that about 99.7% of the parts produced are interchangeable, thus reducing the probability of producing scraps to the barest minimum. The results obtained using critical parameters of assembly of mating parts and multiple linear regression models give good estimation and are validated with experimental values with an error much lesser than 4% error. The regression model also showed that given the shaft and bearing deviations, the expected clearance can be determined, thus, enabling the quality control personnel to significantly monitor and reduce variation in the assembly of mating parts
Ultimate Behavior of Lightweight High Strength Concrete Filled Steel Tube (LW...IOSR Journals
Strength and ductility of concrete members can be significantly improved with lateral confinement, usually achieved by using a steel tube casing. The concrete confinement can be utilized to make bridge lighter and have longer spans. In addition, a significant portion of the load carried concrete bridge girders is the self-weight of the girders and deck. If all or part of the girder and deck can be made using high strength lightweight concretes, there is a potential for appreciable economic savings since the self-weight could be reduced by as much as 15-20%. The study described herein investigates the static nonlinear behavior of lightweight high strength concrete filled steel tube (LWHCFST) bridges up to failure. The current study had two specific goals. The first was to experimentally determine the static modulus of elasticity of confined high strength lightweight concrete mixture. The second was to develop a nonlinear finite element computer program to study the ultimate behavior of a filled tube (LWHCFST) example bridge. The nonlinear stress-strain behavior of confined high strength lightweight concrete is evaluated experimentally by the authors and is used to help establish a comparison between the ultimate behavior of the bridge using confined normal weight concrete and confined high strength lightweight concrete. The ultimate strength of the bridge is related to the occurrence of an equivalent failure mechanism. The study indicated that the use of (LWHCFST) is beneficial for extending bridge girder lengths
A Review of BSS Based Digital Image Watermarking and Extraction MethodsIOSR Journals
The field of Signal Processing has witnessed the strong emergence of a new technique, the Blind
Signal Processing (BSP) which is based on sound theoretical foundation. An offshoot of the BSP is known as
Blind Source Separation (BSS). This digital signal processing techniques have a wide and varied potential
applications. The term blind is indicative of the fact that both the source signal and the mixing procedures are
unknown. One of the more interesting applications of BSS is in field of image data security/authentication where
digital watermarking is proposed. Watermarking is a promising technique to help protect data security and
intellectual property rights. The plethora digital image watermarking methods are surveyed and discussed here
with their features and limitations. Thus literature survey is presented in two major categories-Digital image
watermarking methods and BSS based techniques in digital image watermarking and extraction
An Exploration of HCI Design Features and Usability Techniques in GamingIOSR Journals
Abstract: This Conference paper explores the human computer interaction design features relating to gaming
industry. The HCI user design interface development and HCI Usability expectations are discussed in this
paper. HCI design features of Simple Sudoku and Contemporary HCI Expectations are also discussed. And
suggestions are given to develop the Simple Sudoku as per HCI standards and expectations.
Keywords: Brain Computer Interface, Gestures Recognition, Hand Gestures in 3D, Pattern Language
Management Tool, Real Time Strategy Games
Square Microstrip Antenna with Dual Probe for Dual Polarization in ISM BandIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the design of antenna operating in ISM band at 2.4 GHz. The designed square patch antenna is dual polarized with two rectangle shaped slot inserted on the patch. The FR4 dielectric material is used for the antenna consist of Dual probe feed with ground plane. HFSS software is used for the simulation which shows the result for isolation as 28 dB, antenna gain of 5.96 dB and bandwidth 222MHz. Keywords: Dual feed, Dual polarization, ISM Band, Probe Feed, Square MSA
A Comparison Based Study on Biometrics for Human RecognitionIOSR Journals
Abstract: A biometric system provides automatic recognition of an individual based on a unique feature or
characteristic possessed by the individual. These biometric characteristic may physiological or behavioral.
Unlike other identification methods such as id proof, tokens and password, the distinct aspect of biometric
recognition comes into light from randomly distributed features in human being. In this paper, I describe the
novel comparison based upon various aspects to make easy selection for biometric device deployment in specific
environment. This paper proposes a comparison among all kind of biometric system available in the society.
The existing computer security systems used at various places like banking, passport, credit cards, smart cards,
PIN , access control and network security are using username and passwords for person identification.
Biometric systems also introduce an aspect of user convenience; it means one can be authorized by representing
himself or herself. In this paper, the main focus is on working principal of biometric technique, the various
biometrics systems and their comparisons.
Keywords: Biometrics, authentication, identification, recognition
Design of a Dual-Band Microstrip Patch Antenna for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN.IOSR Journals
The A multi band microstrip patch antenna has been designed for GPS,WiMAX and WLAN
applications. The proposed antenna is designed by using substrate of RT duroid having permittivity of about 2.2
and loss tangent of 1.The substrate is having thickness of 6mm at which a trapezoidal patch antenna with V slot
has been introduced in this paper. The designing results like S11 parameter return loss,VSWR and field pattern
is plotted successfully. The obtained result is having a two band resonance with S11 less then -10dB and VSWR
less than 2.
So a dual band trapezoidal microstrip patch antenna has been designed and all results are plotted.Simmulating
software used is IE3D.
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Profile of Trace Elements in Selected Medicinal Plants of North East IndiaIOSR Journals
Trace elements like Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and major elements K and Ca were quantified in ten selected medicinal plants of North East India by using Proton Induced X- ray Emission (PIXE) technique. No toxic heavy metals such as As, Hg, Pb and Cd were detected. The concentration (ppm) of the elements in the studied plants was found to be as follows: manganese(10 to1800 ), iron(27 to 836), copper(6 to140), zinc(10 to 160), potassium(14120 to 76950) and calcium(1660 to 32030). The levels of trace metals present in the plants was found to be beyond the safety standards of WHO in edible plants but around the permissible range for consumed medicinal herbs as defined for different countries.
Some forms of N-closed Maps in supra Topological spacesIOSR Journals
In this paper, we introduce the concept of N-closed maps and we obtain the basic properties and
their relationships with other forms of N-closed maps in supra topological spaces.
Data aggregation in important issue in WSN’s. Because with the help of data aggregation; we are
reduce energy consumption in the network. In the Ad-hoc sensor network have the most challenging task
is to maintain a life time of the node. due to efficient data aggregation increase the life of the network. In
this paper, we are going to provide the information about the type of the network and which data
aggregation algorithm is best. In big scale sensor network, energy economical, data collection and query
distribution in most important.
Keywords — data aggregation; wireless sensor network
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
ALL ABOUT DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSEditor IJCTER
A wireless sensor network is a computer network that consists of small devices called
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the ability to sense different environmental conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. All these sensor nodes send their data to a central node or base station.
This creates a large communication overhead the energy source for these nodes is usually a battery.
This gives rise to huge consumption of energy and resources. So a solution is required that
overcomes the above problems. Data aggregation is one of its solutions. This method consists of
aggregators that combine the data coming from the sensor nodes and then passes it to the base
station. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating
redundancy and we can enhance the life time of wireless network. The purpose of the proposed paper
is to explain data aggregation in wireless sensor network, how it works, different techniques of data
aggregation and the comparison among them.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
EVENT DRIVEN ROUTING PROTOCOLS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK- A SURVEYijcsa
Advances in embedded systems have resulted in the development of wireless sensor networks, which not
only provide unique opportunities for monitoring but also controlling homes, cities and the environments.
Recent advancements in wireless sensor network have resulted into many new protocols some of them are
specifically designed for sensor network for detecting the event and routing the event related information to
the base station in efficient manner. This paper surveys recent event driven routing protocols for wireless
sensor network. We have compared various event driven routing protocols using different parameters like
Sink Centric, Node Centric, Reliability, Congestion control, Energy Efficiency, Loss reliability and loss
recovery. We have also described LEACH and MECN protocols but as they are not e
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is an essential concern to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).The major cause of the energy consumption in WSNs is due to the data aggregation. A data aggregation is a process of collecting data from sensor nodes and transmitting these data to the sink node or base station. An effective way to perform such a task is accomplished by using clustering. In clustering, nodes are grouped into clusters where a number of nodes, called cluster heads, are responsible for gathering data from other nodes, aggregate them and transmit them to the Base Station (BS).
In this paper we produce a new algorithm which focused on reducing the transmission bath between sensor nodes and cluster heads. A proper utilization and reserving of the available power resources is achieved with this technique compared to the well-known LEACH_C algorithm.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This paper modifies the LAEEBA protocol to enhance the performance of the protocol. Eight sensor nodes are deployed on a human body; having equal power and computation capabilities. Sink node is placed at waist. Different nodes are used to measure various activities like Glucose level etc. In the LAEEBA protocol all the nodes are active at every time, but the total usage period of few nodes is very less depending upon the disease covered. This leads to the wastage of the energy. This work uses the Sleep state to save the energy. The sink node will remain active all the times and the other node are in the sleep state. The node which gets selected for the transmission will change its state to the active state; other nodes will remain in the sleep state. The simulation results show that the proposed technique is better than the existing technique. The comparison is done by using the PDR, E2E Delay and throughput. The delay gets decreased and the throughput gets increased. The PDR in the proposed algorithm is greater than the existing algorithm so the proposed algorithm is better than the existing algorithm.
Communication Cost Reduction by Data Aggregation: A SurveyIJMTST Journal
Wireless Sensor Networks have gained wide popularity in the recent years for its high-ranking applications such as remote environment monitoring, target tracking, safety-critical monitoring etc. However Wireless Sensor Networks face many constraints like low computational power, small storage, and limited energy resources. One of the important issues in wireless sensor network is to increase the network lifetime to keep the network operational as long as possible. In this survey paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on techniques and protocols for data aggregation to reduce communication cost and increase network lifetime in wireless sensor networks.
The development of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in various applications like Defense, Health,
Environment monitoring, Industry etc. always attract many researchers in this field. WSN is the network
which consists of collection of tiny devices called sensor nodes. Sensor node typically combines wireless
radio transmitter-receiver and limited energy, restricted computational processing capacity and
communication band width. These sensor node sense some physical phenomenon using different
transduces. The current improvement in sensor technology has made possible WSNs that have wide and
varied applications. While selecting the right sensor for application a number of characteristics are
important. This paper provides the basics of WSNs including the node characteristics. It also throws light
on the different routing protocols.
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Energy saving in P2P oriented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using the approach of various compression techniques
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSRJCE)
ISSN: 2278-0661, ISBN: 2278-8727 Volume 5, Issue 5 (Sep-Oct. 2012), PP 28-31
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 28 | Page
Energy saving in P2P oriented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
using the approach of various compression techniques
1
Archita Dad, 2
Charika Jain, 3
Anil Saroliya
1,2,3
Amity School of Engg & Tech., Amity University Rajasthan
Abstract: Recent advancements & popularity of peer-to- peer networks draws a lot of attention of networking
researchers. Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of various scattered autonomous sensors to maintain
regular supervision on physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, vibration, audible signals,
pressure, movements and to collaboratively pass their data through the network to a main location. So in
this paper we have considered energy saving concept of wireless sensor network with respect to P2P network
technology. For reducing energy consumption by sensors the use of various compression techniques on data
before transmission have discussed in this paper.
Different types of compression techniques are there and the best one is dependent on the network
technology and data characteristics. For choosing the best one of them we have discussed Adaptive
Compression Environment technology (ACE) in this paper.
Keywords: Peer-To-Peer (P2P) Networks, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), Data Compression Techniques,
Distributed Networks, Adaptive Compression Environment (ACE)
I. Introduction
A large no of sensing devices which have limited computing power and radio communication,
capabilities build up a sensor network. Sensor senses any changes in environment and as it occurs it does some
operation. Although sensor may be mobile they can be recognized stationary after deployment.
A network configuration comprises of sensor working unattended and transmitting their observation
values to some processing. Due to limited transmission range, sensors convey their data through multi-hope
communication i.e. using intermediate nodes as relays. In this case the sensor may be both a data source and a
data router.
In many of the applications sensor networks have battery-power nodes with inadequate energy recourses. It is
inconvenient to replace or recharge sensors battery in its working environment. Thus when the energy of node
exhausts, it stops sensing or routing data so the network performance degrades. This implies that
making good uses of energy resources is a necessity in sensor networks.
II. Energy Saving in WSN
Resent advance in internet technology volume of data transmitted by peer to peer system increases,
due to this the energy consumption of sensors increases so to reduce the energy consumption various
techniques are used such as energy-efficient MAC layer schemes, Traffic routing and connectivity, energy
aware strategies for data dissemination and data collection [1].
From the energy saving view point, a low power operational mode is introduced, the so called sleep
mode, during idle periods. Sensor works in two major operational states: active and sleep. The active state
includes three operational modes: transmit, receive, and idle. In the transmitting mode, energy is spent in the
front-end amplifier that supplies the power for the actual RF transmission. In the receiving mode, energy
is consumed entirely by the transceiver electronics and by processing functions, such as demodulation and
decoding. In the idle state, a node typically listens to the wireless channel without actively receiving. In idle
mode, energy expenditure is mainly due to processing activity, since the voltage controlled oscillator is
functioning and all circuits are maintained ready to operate.
Figure 1: States of Sensor [2]
2. Energy saving in P2P oriented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using the approach of various
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
Based on the above observations, we describe the temporal evolution Et of the sensor state in terms of
cycles, as depicted in Figure 1. Each cycle comprises a sleep phase (S) and an active phase (A). During
phase S, the sensor is in sleep mode. When the sensor switches to the active mode, phase A begins and the
sensor schedules a time instant in the future at which it will go back to sleep. However, at the time slot at which
the sensor should go to sleep, its data buffer may not be empty. So the active phase can thus be divided into
an initial phase (R) and (possibly) a phase (N). In phase R the sensor can receive and transmit; also it
generates data. In phase N the sensor does not receive nor generate data; it can only transmit the data units
that are still in its buffer or be idle waiting for a transmission opportunity [2].
III. Transmission in Various Models
The main motive of using this sensor technology is for receiving / transmitting of packets. For
transmitting and receiving of data we have following models- (i) Centralized network (ii) Distributed
network (iii) Peer-to-peer network[3].
By centralized control we mean a node does not generate its own schedule; rather, it executes schedule
generated by and downloaded from a central scheduler such as the base station. The node simply collects
communication statics and forwards them to the central scheduler. On the other hand by distributed control we
mean a node is autonomous. It schedules its own task and data processing. It also process request from its
neighbor and the host. In a centralized network, the central controller generates the routing path and distributes
them to each node; in distributed networks, each node builds its own routing information by talking with each
other. Public network technology advances and increases the no of nodes with powerful PCs have helped shift
the conventional client server model towards peer-to-peer (P2P) topologies.P2P leverages vast expanse of
worldwide PC computing power, storage and connectivity. In P2P each node (peer) acts symmetrically as client
and server. Large numbers of peers get together dynamically in an ad hoc manner and share information in
large scale distributed environments without centralized coordination.
The P2P information retrieval (IR) environment we discuss here assumes that each peer has a
database (or collection) of documents (text, audio, video or other semi structure documents) that is shares
in the network [4]. A node searches full information by sending query messages that contain sets of keywords to
its peers.
Figure 2: Data Compression in WSN P2P Network
A peer receiving a query message compares the similarity of the query against its document
collection. Typically, this involves identifying documents that contain the set of query keywords. If the
evaluation is successful, the peer sends a reply message that contains pointers to the matching document.
Figure 2 explains the use of various compression techniques for reducing the energy consumption in
p2p based wireless sensor network (WSN).
IV. Energy saving using Compression
The general assumptions for sending the data over network are that nodes are given time slots in
which they are known to not interface with one another. The nodes also know their own locations, and the
locations of other nodes in the network previously.
For decreasing the power consumption there are various compression techniques. The sensor network
without data compression will serve to be the baseline in performance and power consumption. The data
is compressed before sending it out to reduce network transmission time and reduce the total application
elapsed time. But it also increases the local processing time by introducing the compression overhead.
Whether or not an application can benefit from data compression depends on the tradeoff
between the reduction of network transmission time and the increases of local processing.
According to data types various compression techniques are available as shown in figure 3. We are
explaining some of them considering only text files.
3. Energy saving in P2P oriented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) using the approach of various
www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
Figure 3: Types of Compression Techniques
LZO [6] supports overlapping compression and in-place decompression. It is a block compression
algorithm—it compresses and decompresses a block of data.
Zlib's [7] compression method emits compressed data as a sequence of blocks. Various block types
are allowed, one of which is stored blocks—these are simply composed of the raw input data plus a few
header byte The parallel Bzip2[8] algorithm works by taking the blocks of input data and running them
through the Burrows-Wheeler Transform(BWT) simultaneously on multiple processors using p threads.
Unfortunately, there are several limitations in the use of compression for efficient data communication.
First, compression techniques vary in their performance characteristics: compressed size, compression time,
and decompression time.
Second, compression performance is reliant upon the performance and availability of the underlying
resources, e.g., CPU loads, network bandwidth and latency.
V. Choosing Best Compression Technique
The best compression technique for the user will depend on the network it is connected to.
Furthermore, as the load changes at communication end-points or on the network itself, the best- performing
compression technique for the same network also changes. These limitations make it increasingly difficult for
end users to identify the best compression technique in all circumstances. Adaptive Compression Environment
(ACE) will identify the best compression technique automatically and transparently and applies compression on-
the fly. ACE selects between a number of well-known, competitive, compression techniques including Bzip, Zlib,
and LZO [5].
Now after compression the actual transmission of data takes place. By using compression we have
reduced the data size which we have to transmit and receive so the energy consumption is also reduce as to
transmit/receive sensor have to be in active mode for less time as compared to transmitting data without
compression.
Figure 4: Proposed energy saving solution in P2P oriented WSN
Algorithm:
Step1: Start
Step2: Sender Compress the data by using best technique and divide it into chunks.
Step3: Check whether sensor is in R mode. if yes go to step 5
Step 4: Wait (Et + Ts(n)) and go to Step 3
Step 5: Sensor transmits the chunks.
Step 6: Receiver receive and decompress the data and use it for further work.
Step7: Stop