Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Energy Harvesting Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks – A SurveyFarwa Ansari
It is a Self effort done under the supervision of my Respected Supervisor Dr. A Rehman, to surveyed out all the techniques for Energy harvesting in WSNs. Harvesting Systems are basically subdivided into two types. One in which ambient energy is converted to required electrical energy directly without any storage and the other is where storage of converted energy is required before supplying. So for these sub-systems different energy harvesting techniques are proposed which are Radio Frequency based, solar based, thermal based, flow based from source of ambient environment and from external sources of mechanical based & human based. Flow based are further classified into wind based and hydro based. Each energy harvesting technique’s source has its own capability to harvest energy and can effectively overcome the issues of energy consumption.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources.Once
deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy
source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to
improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have
been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a
dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design
and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in
sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented
in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in
comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is
representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for
select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless
sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Spread Spectrum Based Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is
considered to be one of the most promising emerging
technologies. However one of the main constraints which
is holding back its wide range of applications is the
battery life of the sensor node and thus effecting the
network life. A new approach to this problem has been
presented in this paper. The proposed method is suitable
for event driven applications where the event occurrence
is very rare. The system uses spread spectrum as a means
of communication.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources. Once deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Energy Harvesting Techniques in Wireless Sensor Networks – A SurveyFarwa Ansari
It is a Self effort done under the supervision of my Respected Supervisor Dr. A Rehman, to surveyed out all the techniques for Energy harvesting in WSNs. Harvesting Systems are basically subdivided into two types. One in which ambient energy is converted to required electrical energy directly without any storage and the other is where storage of converted energy is required before supplying. So for these sub-systems different energy harvesting techniques are proposed which are Radio Frequency based, solar based, thermal based, flow based from source of ambient environment and from external sources of mechanical based & human based. Flow based are further classified into wind based and hydro based. Each energy harvesting technique’s source has its own capability to harvest energy and can effectively overcome the issues of energy consumption.
Design and Implementation a New Energy Efficient Clustering Algorithm Using t...ijmnct
Wireless Sensor Networks are consist of small battery powered devices with limited energy resources.Once
deployed, the small sensor nodes are usually inaccessible to the user, and thus replacement of the energy
source is not feasible. Hence, one of the most important issues that need to be enhanced in order to
improve the life span of the network is energy efficiency. to overcome this demerit many research have
been done. The clustering is the one of the representative approaches. In this paper, we introduce a
dynamic clustering algorithm using Fuzzy Logic and genetic algorithm. In fact, using fuzzy system design
and system optimization by genetic algorithm is presented approach to select the best cluster head in
sensor networks. Using random data set has been addressed to evaluate of fuzzy-genetic system presented
in this paper and finally, MSE rate or mean error of sending the messages using proposed fuzzy system in
comparison with LEACH method is calculated in select the cluster head. The results of evaluations is
representative of a reduction the MSE metric in proposed method in comparison with LEACH method for
select the cluster head. Reduce of MSE directly is effective on energy consumption and lifetime of wireless
sensor network and can cause the reduce energy consumption and increase network lifetime.
Spread Spectrum Based Energy Efficient Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
The Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is
considered to be one of the most promising emerging
technologies. However one of the main constraints which
is holding back its wide range of applications is the
battery life of the sensor node and thus effecting the
network life. A new approach to this problem has been
presented in this paper. The proposed method is suitable
for event driven applications where the event occurrence
is very rare. The system uses spread spectrum as a means
of communication.
Energy Efficient Multipath Data Fusion Technique for Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), data fusion
should be energy efficient. But, determining the optimal
number of aggregators in an energy efficient manner is a
challenging task. Moreover, the existing data fusion
techniques mostly use the same path for transmitting
aggregated data to the sink which reduces the nodes lifetime.
In this paper, we propose a technique which combines energy
efficiency and multiple path selection for data fusion in WSN.
The network is partitioned into various clusters and the node
with highest residual energy is selected as the cluster head.
The sink computes multiple paths to each cluster head for
data transmission. The distributed source coding and the
lifting scheme wavelet transform are used for compressing
the data at the CH. During each round of transmission, the
path is changed in a round robin manner, to conserve the
energy. This process is repeated for each cluster. From our
simulation results we show that this data fusion technique
has less energy consumption with increased packet delivery
ratio, when compared with the existing schemes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The wireless sensor node can only be equipped with a
limited power source. In some application scenarios,
replenishment of power resources might be impossible. Sensor
node lifetime, therefore, shows a strong dependence on battery
lifetime. Hence, power conservation and power management take
on additional importance. The main task of a sensor node in a
sensor field is to detect events, perform quick local data
processing, and then transmit the data. Power consumption can
hence be divided into three domains: sensing, communication,
and data processing. One of the most commonly used Power
management techniques is to allow a node to follow sleep-wake
up-sample-compute-communicate cycle. Based on the amount of
the battery availability, by adopting the proper information
dissemenitation schemes, the network life time can be extended.
This process relies on hardware support for implementing sleep
states, permits the power consumption of a node to be reduced by
many orders of magnitude.
Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor ...IJECEIAES
An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
A STUDY OF POWER SAVING TECHNIQUE IN WIRELESS NETWORKScscpconf
Much research on wireless networks have focused on the power consumption of the wireless
nodes, while at the same time how to acquire power from ambient environment is another
direction to extend the battery lifetime. Though, mostly extending the lifetime of WSNs rely on
making the electronic circuitry power efficient by incorporating advances in node architecture,
transceivers, access protocols and on finite energy sources like batteries. In contrast, WSNs
Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting can also prove to be useful and economical in the longterm
as they can operate for very long periods of time until hardware failure, because ambient
energy can be harvested from the environment perpetually. Although cellular networks account
for a rather small share of energy use, lowering their energy consumption appears beneficial
from an economical perspective. In the strive for lessening of the environmental impact of the
information and communication industry, energy consumption of communication networks has
recently received increased attention. The paper discusses the various techniques for increasing
the life of WSNs.
EFFECT OF DUTY CYCLE ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJCNC
Most studies define a common duty cycle value throughout the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to
achieve synchronization among the nodes. On the other hand, a few studies proposed adaptation of the
duty cycle according to uniform traffic conditions to decrease the energy consumption and latency. In
this paper, the lifetime of the nodes based on overall energy consumption are estimated and the effect of
duty cycle on expected energy consumption is studied. The proposed scheme is compared with a standard
scheme and is shown to perform significantly better for sufficient node density.
Issues in optimizing the performance of wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Scalability Aware Energy Consumption and Dissipation Models for Wireless Sens...IJECEIAES
Most of Wireless Sensor Networks researches focus on reducing the amount of energy consumed by nodes and network to increase the network lifetime. Thus, several papers have been presented and published to optimize energy consumption in each area of WSNs, such as routing, localization, coverage, security, etc. To test and evaluate their propositions, authors apply an energy dissipation model; this model must be more realistic and suitable to give good results. In this paper we present a general preview on different sources of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, and provide a comparative study between two energy models used in WSNs that offer an effective and an adequate tool for researchers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Design A Fuzzy System in Order to Schedule Sleep and Waking Of Sensors in...IJERA Editor
Sensor networks are considered to be a standard technology in wireless communications and they are widely
used in military, surveillance, medicine, industry and houses as well. In sensor networks batteries with limited
amount of energy provide energy for the whole system. They are not rechargeable and as soon as the batteries
die the network life time will expire too. Using computational intelligence to schedule sleep and waking of the
sensor nodes is one of the suitable methods which helps the network to have a longer life. In this paper the focus
is on a fuzzy method to schedule sleeping and waking of sensor nodes. In this method the Environmental
conditions of each sensor (the number of neighbors, the remaining energy, and the distance to the next cluster
node) are considered as inputs by the application of a fuzzy system based on which the system creates an output
and the sleeping and waking time of each sensor is dynamically determined. The simulated results show that the
proposed algorithm is more efficient than other basic methods and consume less energy as well.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Throughput analysis of energy aware routing protocol for real time load distr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change. Keywords:- wireless sensor network, energy-aware, load distribution, power saving, cross layer interactions.
Before January 2009, inpatient discharges were done through central discharges system at the ground floor of finance department. Effective January 2010 a new decentralise inpatient discharges system at wad level was implemented . Before the implementation of the new system, data were collected from July 2009 to December 2009 on the total number of feedback form received, number of complaint on hassle of discharge and complaint of long waiting time. After the implementation of the new system, the same data were collected from January to June 2010. The two set of data were compared to see the impact of the new discharge system. Further monitoring was done by collecting data for the first six month of 2011 and the first six month of 2012.Based on the data collected it was found that for a period of July to December 2009, 295 complaints on hassle of discharges and 46 complaints on long waiting time. For the period from January to June 2010, there was no complaint on the hassle of discharges but 38 complaints on the long waiting time. Further monitoring was done from January to June 2011 and it was found that there was no complaint on the hassle of discharges but complaints on the long waiting time had reduced to 8 cases. For the period from January to June 2012, there was no complaint about the hassle but only 6 cases on the long waiting time. Revenue of the hospital grows by 35% from year 2009 to 2012 and PBT grows by 250% from year 2009 to 2012.
Impact of Trade Associations on Entrepreneurial Traits in Nigeria’s Transport...IOSR Journals
The focus of this study is to determine the extent to which the roles of trade associations foster entrepreneurial traits in Nigeria’s road transport industry. This paper offers an analytical assessment of the contribution of trade associations towards development of entrepreneurial traits. To do this, the survey method was adopted for the study and questionnaires were used as data collection method. A random of one hundred and forty four (144) trade associations in Nigeria’s road transport industry were selected for the study out of a population of two hundred and twenty four (224) trade associations with seven hundred and twenty (720) respondents. For completeness, a sample of six hundred and fifty seven (657) related organizations (infinite population) were included in the study. Therefore a total of one thousand, three hundred and seventy seven (1377) questionnaires were used for the study. The data collected were measured in 5-point likert scale with a hypothesized mean of 3.00. data analysis revealed that overall mean scores of trade associations’ pro-competitive and anti-competitive roles on entrepreneurial traits were 1.9346 and 4.4188 respectively. The test of hypothesis using two sample z-test showed that the Z- calculated value for differences in the two mean scores was 216.0147 with significance probability of ˂ 0.0001 which is less than 0.05. Thus the test was significant at 5% level of significance (P˂0.05). We therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. Consequently we conclude that the effect of anticompetitive role is significantly higher than that of pro-competitive role of trade associations on the development of entrepreneurial traits in Nigeria’s transport industry
Energy Efficient Multipath Data Fusion Technique for Wireless Sensor NetworksIDES Editor
In wireless sensor networks (WSN), data fusion
should be energy efficient. But, determining the optimal
number of aggregators in an energy efficient manner is a
challenging task. Moreover, the existing data fusion
techniques mostly use the same path for transmitting
aggregated data to the sink which reduces the nodes lifetime.
In this paper, we propose a technique which combines energy
efficiency and multiple path selection for data fusion in WSN.
The network is partitioned into various clusters and the node
with highest residual energy is selected as the cluster head.
The sink computes multiple paths to each cluster head for
data transmission. The distributed source coding and the
lifting scheme wavelet transform are used for compressing
the data at the CH. During each round of transmission, the
path is changed in a round robin manner, to conserve the
energy. This process is repeated for each cluster. From our
simulation results we show that this data fusion technique
has less energy consumption with increased packet delivery
ratio, when compared with the existing schemes.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The wireless sensor node can only be equipped with a
limited power source. In some application scenarios,
replenishment of power resources might be impossible. Sensor
node lifetime, therefore, shows a strong dependence on battery
lifetime. Hence, power conservation and power management take
on additional importance. The main task of a sensor node in a
sensor field is to detect events, perform quick local data
processing, and then transmit the data. Power consumption can
hence be divided into three domains: sensing, communication,
and data processing. One of the most commonly used Power
management techniques is to allow a node to follow sleep-wake
up-sample-compute-communicate cycle. Based on the amount of
the battery availability, by adopting the proper information
dissemenitation schemes, the network life time can be extended.
This process relies on hardware support for implementing sleep
states, permits the power consumption of a node to be reduced by
many orders of magnitude.
Survey: energy efficient protocols using radio scheduling in wireless sensor ...IJECEIAES
An efficient energy management scheme is crucial factor for design and implementation of any sensor network. Almost all sensor networks are structured with numerous small sized, low cost sensor devices which are scattered over the large area. To improvise the network performance by high throughput with minimum energy consumption, an energy efficient radio scheduling MAC protocol is effective solution, since MAC layer has the capability to collaborate with distributed wireless networks. The present survey study provides relevant research work towards radio scheduling mechanism in the design of energy efficient wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The various radio scheduling protocols are exist in the literature, which has some limitations. Therefore, it is require developing a new energy efficient radio scheduling protocol to perform multi tasks with minimum energy consumption (e.g. data transmission). The most of research studies paying more attention towards to enhance the overall network lifetime with the aim of using energy efficient scheduling protocol. In that context, this survey study overviews the different categories of MAC based radio scheduling protocols and those protocols are measured by evaluating their data transmission capability, energy efficiency, and network performance. With the extensive analysis of existing works, many research challenges are stated. Also provides future directions for new WSN design at the end of this survey.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
A STUDY OF POWER SAVING TECHNIQUE IN WIRELESS NETWORKScscpconf
Much research on wireless networks have focused on the power consumption of the wireless
nodes, while at the same time how to acquire power from ambient environment is another
direction to extend the battery lifetime. Though, mostly extending the lifetime of WSNs rely on
making the electronic circuitry power efficient by incorporating advances in node architecture,
transceivers, access protocols and on finite energy sources like batteries. In contrast, WSNs
Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting can also prove to be useful and economical in the longterm
as they can operate for very long periods of time until hardware failure, because ambient
energy can be harvested from the environment perpetually. Although cellular networks account
for a rather small share of energy use, lowering their energy consumption appears beneficial
from an economical perspective. In the strive for lessening of the environmental impact of the
information and communication industry, energy consumption of communication networks has
recently received increased attention. The paper discusses the various techniques for increasing
the life of WSNs.
EFFECT OF DUTY CYCLE ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSIJCNC
Most studies define a common duty cycle value throughout the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to
achieve synchronization among the nodes. On the other hand, a few studies proposed adaptation of the
duty cycle according to uniform traffic conditions to decrease the energy consumption and latency. In
this paper, the lifetime of the nodes based on overall energy consumption are estimated and the effect of
duty cycle on expected energy consumption is studied. The proposed scheme is compared with a standard
scheme and is shown to perform significantly better for sufficient node density.
Issues in optimizing the performance of wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Scalability Aware Energy Consumption and Dissipation Models for Wireless Sens...IJECEIAES
Most of Wireless Sensor Networks researches focus on reducing the amount of energy consumed by nodes and network to increase the network lifetime. Thus, several papers have been presented and published to optimize energy consumption in each area of WSNs, such as routing, localization, coverage, security, etc. To test and evaluate their propositions, authors apply an energy dissipation model; this model must be more realistic and suitable to give good results. In this paper we present a general preview on different sources of energy consumption in wireless sensor networks, and provide a comparative study between two energy models used in WSNs that offer an effective and an adequate tool for researchers.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The Design A Fuzzy System in Order to Schedule Sleep and Waking Of Sensors in...IJERA Editor
Sensor networks are considered to be a standard technology in wireless communications and they are widely
used in military, surveillance, medicine, industry and houses as well. In sensor networks batteries with limited
amount of energy provide energy for the whole system. They are not rechargeable and as soon as the batteries
die the network life time will expire too. Using computational intelligence to schedule sleep and waking of the
sensor nodes is one of the suitable methods which helps the network to have a longer life. In this paper the focus
is on a fuzzy method to schedule sleeping and waking of sensor nodes. In this method the Environmental
conditions of each sensor (the number of neighbors, the remaining energy, and the distance to the next cluster
node) are considered as inputs by the application of a fuzzy system based on which the system creates an output
and the sleeping and waking time of each sensor is dynamically determined. The simulated results show that the
proposed algorithm is more efficient than other basic methods and consume less energy as well.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Throughput analysis of energy aware routing protocol for real time load distr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change. Keywords:- wireless sensor network, energy-aware, load distribution, power saving, cross layer interactions.
Before January 2009, inpatient discharges were done through central discharges system at the ground floor of finance department. Effective January 2010 a new decentralise inpatient discharges system at wad level was implemented . Before the implementation of the new system, data were collected from July 2009 to December 2009 on the total number of feedback form received, number of complaint on hassle of discharge and complaint of long waiting time. After the implementation of the new system, the same data were collected from January to June 2010. The two set of data were compared to see the impact of the new discharge system. Further monitoring was done by collecting data for the first six month of 2011 and the first six month of 2012.Based on the data collected it was found that for a period of July to December 2009, 295 complaints on hassle of discharges and 46 complaints on long waiting time. For the period from January to June 2010, there was no complaint on the hassle of discharges but 38 complaints on the long waiting time. Further monitoring was done from January to June 2011 and it was found that there was no complaint on the hassle of discharges but complaints on the long waiting time had reduced to 8 cases. For the period from January to June 2012, there was no complaint about the hassle but only 6 cases on the long waiting time. Revenue of the hospital grows by 35% from year 2009 to 2012 and PBT grows by 250% from year 2009 to 2012.
Impact of Trade Associations on Entrepreneurial Traits in Nigeria’s Transport...IOSR Journals
The focus of this study is to determine the extent to which the roles of trade associations foster entrepreneurial traits in Nigeria’s road transport industry. This paper offers an analytical assessment of the contribution of trade associations towards development of entrepreneurial traits. To do this, the survey method was adopted for the study and questionnaires were used as data collection method. A random of one hundred and forty four (144) trade associations in Nigeria’s road transport industry were selected for the study out of a population of two hundred and twenty four (224) trade associations with seven hundred and twenty (720) respondents. For completeness, a sample of six hundred and fifty seven (657) related organizations (infinite population) were included in the study. Therefore a total of one thousand, three hundred and seventy seven (1377) questionnaires were used for the study. The data collected were measured in 5-point likert scale with a hypothesized mean of 3.00. data analysis revealed that overall mean scores of trade associations’ pro-competitive and anti-competitive roles on entrepreneurial traits were 1.9346 and 4.4188 respectively. The test of hypothesis using two sample z-test showed that the Z- calculated value for differences in the two mean scores was 216.0147 with significance probability of ˂ 0.0001 which is less than 0.05. Thus the test was significant at 5% level of significance (P˂0.05). We therefore reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis. Consequently we conclude that the effect of anticompetitive role is significantly higher than that of pro-competitive role of trade associations on the development of entrepreneurial traits in Nigeria’s transport industry
Recent Developments and Analysis of Electromagnetic Metamaterial with all of ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Recent advances in metamaterials (MMs) research have highlighted the possibility to create novel devices with electromagnetic functionality. The metamaterial have the power which can easily construct materials with a user-designed EM response with a particular target frequency. This is the important phenomena of THz frequency region that can make a considerable progress in design fabrication, and define the characteristics of MMs at THz frequencies. This article illustrates the latest advancements of THz MMs research. Key word: Metamaterials (MMs), Terahertz (THz).
Evaluating Perceived Quality of B-School WebsitesIOSR Journals
Websites are a window for the world for looking in most of the Information and a gateway for many activities. Websites are not only a necessity but also mandatory for B-Schools. A B-School Website serves as portal to all stakeholders in addition to being an information placeholder. The Websites serves from being an administrative tool to a Learning Management system. The utility and the effectiveness of website depend on the quality of the service it provides to the surfer. A study was undertaken to survey the various features of a B-School Website that could serve as a Quality Function Deployment (QFD) touchstones. In addition, the influence of perceived quality on the user satisfaction was also studied. A focus group of B-School Students evaluated the Websites and scored a checklist cum questionnaire. The results highlight the most frequently found features and the least found features of a B-School Website. The factors that are important for creating a quality website are also found. This study will help the B-school administrators and the Website designers to create a quality and satisfying Websites.
An Effective Model for Evaluating Organizational Risk and Cost in ERP Impleme...IOSR Journals
Enterprise Resource planning (ERP) implementations in the context of small medium size enterprises is discussed in this paper. It is essential for small businesses to success implementation an ERP system to maintain control of their risks. ERP implementation is costly and risky for small and medium enterprises. Paper identified from archived literature, ERP implementation risk in selecting and implementing an ERP system. Authors hypothesized a relationship between two elements of organizational risk factors, adequate system and business processes re-engineering. The study also examines the relationship between ERP implementation cost and ERP project success in order to better manage enterprises ERP projects in context of SMEs.
On Spaces of Entire Functions Having Slow Growth Represented By Dirichlet SeriesIOSR Journals
In this paper spaces of entire function represented by Dirichlet Series have been considered. A
norm has been introduced and a metric has been defined. Properties of this space and a characterization of
continuous linear functionals have been established.
Javanese Traditional Market Cultural Value in Accounting WorldIOSR Journals
This study explores the accounting values of Javanese traditional market and the potential extinction of those values that now are being marginalized by modern accounting. Modern accounting notions that only focus on economic value have lack meaning to a society whose need not only economic but also non economic value. This study uses grounded theory method to explore the Javanese traditional market values. This study found that tolerance which is consisted of hesitate and trust among traders in Javanese traditional market are the values that can be used in accounting as a concept to challenge the marginalization and domination of modern accounting notions.
Educational Setup by a Global Repute Company of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh)...IOSR Journals
This report was carried out to divulge the main aspect of a company’s social responsibility towards the society, specifically the vicinity in which they are operating. The company has an industrial unit in a village of Greater Noida (Uttar Pradesh) and has adopted the villages within 5kms of radius. The report provides an analysis and evaluation of current and prospective performance of students enrolled by the trust in a school started by them for the village students. The sample taken was of 55 students of two nearby villages. The method of analysis included questionnaires, interaction with the teachers, students, parents and the employees of the trust, along with that inspection was personally conducted to ensure no loopholes were there and its fixture if any. The findings suggest that the company has to follow some standard procedures to ensure regular attendance of these students enrolled by them. A regular check on the teachers needs to be maintained to match the educational standards expected, so as to fully ensure their responsibility towards the society. The results showed that the engagement of the students in their household chores left them with little time to attend school in case of girl students and various other factors affected the performance of the students overall.
Comparison Between Clustering Algorithms for Microarray Data AnalysisIOSR Journals
Currently, there are two techniques used for large-scale gene-expression profiling; microarray and
RNA-Sequence (RNA-Seq).This paper is intended to study and compare different clustering algorithms that used
in microarray data analysis. Microarray is a DNA molecules array which allows multiple hybridization
experiments to be carried out simultaneously and trace expression levels of thousands of genes. It is a highthroughput
technology for gene expression analysis and becomes an effective tool for biomedical research.
Microarray analysis aims to interpret the data produced from experiments on DNA, RNA, and protein
microarrays, which enable researchers to investigate the expression state of a large number of genes. Data
clustering represents the first and main process in microarray data analysis. The k-means, fuzzy c-mean, selforganizing
map, and hierarchical clustering algorithms are under investigation in this paper. These algorithms
are compared based on their clustering model.
The popularity of Corporate Social Responsibility: A strategic reviewIOSR Journals
Abstract : Purpose: This research paper aims to explore a research question: Why Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) should be popularized instead of imposed? Methodology: Answering the question CSR literature with the test of both theoretical and practical perspectives by following qualitative interview method. This research paper reviews the practical assessment of latest thinking about CSR. This research investigates three questions, these are: who are the investors of CSR, who makes decisions about CSR and potential implications of CSR? Findings: Most relevant theoretical framework offers guidance to managers where CSR is morally attractive force of business through legislative power. Imposed questions are revealed to answers of first two questions are quiet apparent. The answer of third question is inference that indicates three major findings. These are: the costs of CSR remain unrecognized, it helps the managers to take decisions, and CSR have government and civil society implications which we scarcely think. Practical Implications: The capacity of business can contribute to society that has proved through huge expenditure of firms. This paper concludes to encourage the business sensibly by using the popularity CSR as business duty. Value: This paper provides vital information on CSR as a business function.
Parametric Variation Based Analysis AND Effective Design of Rectangular Patch...IOSR Journals
Abstract : This paperdevelops an understanding of creating and improving the design of microstripantenna by the performance analysis of resultsfromitsvarious configurationsrelating to rectangular patch microstripantenna. Furthermore, itaccommodates a simulated patch antennawith effective results for bluetooth applicationsatafrequency of 2.4GHz. The proposed antenna is not only designed on the formulated calculations but also analyzed on different sizes, positions and orientations of substrate, feeding point and slots respectively. Propagation parameters are greatly improved by amendments suggested by the analysis of the variation based studies provided by this paper. The initial resultsobtained using formulae based designs are compared with the ameliorated results to illustrate the effects of such variations on antenna parameters. The final antenna show significantly improved return losses of -46.7dB, VSWR of 1.0093, Bandwidth of 180MHz and a far field radiation pattern with a gain of 2.2782dB. The Antenna designed is optimized and interpreted with Ansoft HFSS 13.0 simulator. Keywords: Bluetooth, rectangular patch antenna, feedpoint, trial and error method, slot orientation, wide bandwidth
“Rover - Remote Operated Vehicle for Extraction and Reconnaissance”IOSR Journals
Inspired from differential drive mechanism of army tank and chain drive of tank for movement of rover. Try to deploy the concept of crane working in rover for extraction purpose. Use the camera for the security purpose and surveillance in rover for the reconnaissance purpose.
Use “pro-engineering software” for designing purpose of rover. It is prototype to explain the concept of differential drive mechanism and its use in robotics.
The contribution of Sport and Physical activity towards the achievement of co...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In the last two decades Zimbabwe suffered severe socioeconomic and political crisis. The crisis was
characterised by unprecedented rates of inflation which were exacerbated by political instability and economic
sanctions. The economic challenges led to severe brain drain of Zimbabwe health professionals. The elements of
a previously well maintained health care system severely deteriorated. Community health was therefore
seriously compromised. Now that Zimbabwe seem to be on the recovery path this article critiques, reviews and
justifies the potential contribution which sport and physical activity can make towards the achievement of
community healthy objectives in Zimbabwe in line with millennium development goal number six. The content
analysis and review identified that sport and physical activity can play a significant role in improving the health
of members of the Zimbabwean community. It is apparent from the review that Sport and physical activity can
help reduce the incidence of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, hypertension and many other
health problems bedevilling the Zimbabwean society today and hence contribute towards the achievement of
Millennium Development Goal number six.
Keywords: Community health, Physical activity, Sport, MDGs, Zimbabwe
Performance Analysis of Rake Receivers in IR–UWB SystemIOSR Journals
ABSTRACT : Suppression of interference in time domain equalizers is attempted for high data rate impulse radio (IR) ultra wideband communication system. The narrow band systems may cause interference with UWB devices as it is having very low transmission power and the large bandwidth. SRAKE receiver improves system performance by equalizing signals from different paths. This enables the use of SRAKE receiver techniques in IR UWB systems A semi analytical approach is used to investigate the BER performance of SRAKE receiver on IEEE 802.15.3a UWB channel models. Study on non-line of sight indoor channel models (both CM3 and CM4) illustrates that bit error rate performance of SRake receiver with NBI performs better than that of Rake receiver without NBI Keywords – Bit error rate, Impulse radio, Non-line of sight, SRAKE receiver, Ultra wideband (UWB)
Computations of the Ground State Cohesive Properties Of Alas Crystalline Stru...IOSR Journals
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Analysis of Competitive Advantage in the perspective of Resources Based View.IOSR Journals
Conditions of competition between colleges service providers, both private and state, require leaders and college administrators to do everything possible in order to gain competitive advantage compared with other similar institutions. In the perspective of RBV attempt to gain competitive advantage through the utilization of internal resources of the organization consisting of tangible aspects, intangible aspects, as well as the capability aspects. So far, in the research of Competitive Advantage on RBV perspective, in the context of universities has not existed yet that combine the aspects of tangible, intangible, and capability in a research model to study. This study aims to analyze the effect of market orientation, HR Competencies and Territory Management in creating a competitive advantage, as well as its impact on organizational performance. The survey research is conducted at 142 Institutions of Higher Education of Muhammadiyah in Indonesia, represented by the head of each institutions. The research findings indicate that Competitive Advantage is significantly influenced by market orientation and HR (Human Resources) Competence. Meanwhile, HR Competency directly no significant effect on organization performance, but must be mediated by a Competitive Advantage. Meanwhile, the Territory Management can directly affect the performance of organizations, but has no effect on Competitive Advantage
Integrating ICT in Re-Branding Nigerian Youths for Constructive Empowerment a...IOSR Journals
Today, there is need to reposition our youths mental reasoning and economically empower them in order to certify the demands of the modern world. Rebranding Nigerian is one of the veritable tools to achieve this objective. Unless rebranding directs the power and energy of Nigerian youths towards academic and productive goals, the country keeps on experiencing social vices,moral and academic degradation. Gladly enough, Nigeria has joined the rest of the world in deploying ICT to ensure easy and quick enlightenment and empowerment of its populace. Obviously, ICT has grossly engaged most of the Nigerian teenagers and youths in performing educational, social, economical, governmental or religious activities in different dimensions nowadays. Therefore, this paper highlights the impact and areas where ICT has yielded positive change in rebranding Nigerian youths in achieving better mental capacity building.
ALL ABOUT DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKSEditor IJCTER
A wireless sensor network is a computer network that consists of small devices called
sensor nodes. These sensor nodes have the ability to sense different environmental conditions like
temperature, pressure, etc. All these sensor nodes send their data to a central node or base station.
This creates a large communication overhead the energy source for these nodes is usually a battery.
This gives rise to huge consumption of energy and resources. So a solution is required that
overcomes the above problems. Data aggregation is one of its solutions. This method consists of
aggregators that combine the data coming from the sensor nodes and then passes it to the base
station. With the help of data aggregation we reduce the energy consumption by eliminating
redundancy and we can enhance the life time of wireless network. The purpose of the proposed paper
is to explain data aggregation in wireless sensor network, how it works, different techniques of data
aggregation and the comparison among them.
Communication Cost Reduction by Data Aggregation: A SurveyIJMTST Journal
Wireless Sensor Networks have gained wide popularity in the recent years for its high-ranking applications such as remote environment monitoring, target tracking, safety-critical monitoring etc. However Wireless Sensor Networks face many constraints like low computational power, small storage, and limited energy resources. One of the important issues in wireless sensor network is to increase the network lifetime to keep the network operational as long as possible. In this survey paper, we provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature on techniques and protocols for data aggregation to reduce communication cost and increase network lifetime in wireless sensor networks.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn a surveyeSAT Journals
Abstract A Wireless Sensor Network is the collection of large number of sensor nodes, which are technically or economically feasible and measure the ambient condition in the environment surrounding them. The difference between usual wireless networks and WSNs is that sensors are sensitive to energy consumption. Most of the attention is given to routing protocols, for energy awareness, since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. Routing techniques for WSN are classified into three categories based on network structure: Flat, hierarchical and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multi-path based, query based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent–based, depending on the protocol operation. In this paper the survey of routing techniques in WSNs is shown. It is also outlined the design challenges and performance metrics for routing protocols in WSNs. Finally We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of different routing techniques by it’s comparative analysis. Future-directions for routing in sensor network is also described. Index Terms: Wireless sensor network, Routing techniques, Routing challenges and future directions.
Abstract A wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of sensors which are densely distributed to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. The sensor data is transmitted to network coordinator which is heart of the wireless personal area network. In the modern scenario wireless networks contains sensors as well as actuators. ZigBee is newly developed technology that works on IEEE standard 802.15.4, which can be used in the wireless sensor network (WSN). The low data rates, low power consumption, low cost are main features of ZigBee. WSN is composed of ZigBee coordinator (network coordinator), ZigBee router and ZigBee end device. The sensor nodes information in the network will be sent to the coordinator, the coordinator collects sensor data, stores the data in memory, process the data, and route the data to appropriate node. Index Terms: WSN, ZigBee.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This paper modifies the LAEEBA protocol to enhance the performance of the protocol. Eight sensor nodes are deployed on a human body; having equal power and computation capabilities. Sink node is placed at waist. Different nodes are used to measure various activities like Glucose level etc. In the LAEEBA protocol all the nodes are active at every time, but the total usage period of few nodes is very less depending upon the disease covered. This leads to the wastage of the energy. This work uses the Sleep state to save the energy. The sink node will remain active all the times and the other node are in the sleep state. The node which gets selected for the transmission will change its state to the active state; other nodes will remain in the sleep state. The simulation results show that the proposed technique is better than the existing technique. The comparison is done by using the PDR, E2E Delay and throughput. The delay gets decreased and the throughput gets increased. The PDR in the proposed algorithm is greater than the existing algorithm so the proposed algorithm is better than the existing algorithm.
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Best International Journals, High Impact Journals,
International Journal of Engineering & Technical Research
ISSN : 2321-0869 (O) 2454-4698 (P)
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IJETR, IJMCTR,
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
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Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptx
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review
1. IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-0661, p- ISSN: 2278-8727Volume 15, Issue 3 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 85-89
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 85 | Page
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review
Bandana Bhatia
(M.Tech (CST), Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India)
Abstract: A wireless sensor network consists of a large number of sensor nodes which are deployed over an
area to perform local computations based on information gathered from the surroundings. Each node in the
network consists of a battery, but it is very difficult to change or recharge batteries. So the question is how to
enhance the lifetime of the network to such a long time. Therefore, in order to maximize the lifetime of the
network, the consumption of energy must be minimized. This is an important challenge in sensor networks as
sensors can not be easily replaced or recharged due to their ad-hoc deployment in hazardous environment. In
this paper, the main techniques used for energy conservation in sensor networks are discussed which include
duty cycling scheme, data driven approaches, mobility-based schemes, energy efficient MAC protocols and node
self scheduling scheme. These schemes can be used to improve the energy efficiency of the wireless sensor
network so that the network can work with greater efficiency and high battery lifetime.
Keywords : Energy conservation, energy consumption, sensor nodes, wireless sensor networks.
I. INTRODUCTION
A sensor network is a group of specialized transducers with a communications infrastructure intended
to monitor and record conditions at diverse locations. Commonly monitored parameters are temperature,
humidity, pressure, wind direction and speed, illumination intensity, vibration intensity, sound intensity, power-
line voltage, chemical concentrations, pollutant levels and vital body functions [1].
1.1 Sensor Network and its components
A sensor network consists of multiple detection stations called sensor nodes, each of which is small,
lightweight and portable [2]. It has the following components:
Sensing subsystem: A sensing subsystem includes one or more sensors (with associated analog-to-digital
converters) for data acquisition from the physical surrounding environment. It acts as a link to the outside
world.
Processing subsystem: It is used for local data processing and storage. It consists of a processor and
memory.
Wireless communication subsystem: It enables the sensor nodes to communicate with each other and with
the base station. Basically, it is used for the transmission of data.
Power Subsystem: A power source is required so that the device can perform various tasks
uninterruptedly.
Fig. 1 Sensor Network Architecture
1.2 Sensor Node and its components
A sensor node is a tiny device which is equipped with a transducer, microcomputer, transceiver and
power source [2].
Transducer: The transducer generates electrical signals based on sensed physical effects and phenomena.
Microcomputer: The microcomputer processes and stores the sensor output.
Transceiver: The transceiver, which can be hard-wired or wireless, receives commands from a central
computer and transmits data to that computer.
2. Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Review
www.iosrjournals.org 86 | Page
Power: The power for each sensor node is derived from the electric utility or from a battery.
Fig. 2 Sensor Node
Energy conservation in sensor networks deals with reducing the consumption of energy among various
intermediate nodes in the network so that the network life can be extended. A power source is required so that
the device can perform various tasks uninterruptedly which usually consist of limited energy budget battery.
Although it is easy to recharge the battery from time to time, but it may become impossible or inconvenient to
recharge the battery in case if some sensor node is placed at very hostile or unpractical environment. The
lifetime (in terms of months or years etc.) of sensor networks should be long enough to fulfill the application
requirements. In some cases, energy can be scavenged from external environment e.g. solar power, but these
resources are non-continuous in nature. So, energy conservation is the key issue in designing the systems based
in wireless sensor networks.
II. MAJOR SOURCES OF ENERGY WASTAGE IN SENSOR NETWORKS
In sensor networks, energy can be consumed either usefully or wastefully. Useful energy consumption
includes sending and receiving data, processing and forwarding queries and data to other nodes. On the other
hand, wasteful energy consumption may include the facts, like [4]
Idle listening: It includes listening to an idle channel in order to receive possible traffic.
Collision: The packets have to be resent after a collision has discarded the packets.
Over-hearing: It includes receiving the packets that are destined to other nodes.
Over-emitting: The packets that over-use the network are over-emitted.
2.1 Issues in energy wastage in sensor network
Energy in sensor networks is wasted in one or the other form. The major energy wastage occurs in the following
subsystems as explained below.
2.1.1 Communication Subsystem: The communication subsystem has energy consumption much higher
than the computation subsystem. It has been shown by experiments that transmitting one bit over the
communication channel may consume as much as executing a few thousands instructions. Therefore,
communication should be traded for computation.
2.1.2 Radio Consumption: The radio consumption is of the same order of magnitude in the reception
(receiving the data), transmission (sending the data), and idle states (when no communication is taking
place, i.e. no sending and receiving of data), while the power consumption drops of at least one order
of magnitude in the sleep state. The sleep state of the node indicates that the node may generate packets
but it will not transmit or receive any packet.
2.1.3 Sensing Subsystem: Depending on the specific application, the sensing sub-system might be another
significant source of energy consumption, so its power consumption has to be reduced as well.
III. ENERGY CONSERVATION IN SENSOR NETWORKS
Based on the above issues, several approaches have to be exploited, even simultaneously, to reduce
power consumption in wireless sensor networks. At a very general level, we identify five main enabling
techniques, namely, duty cycling, data-driven approaches, mobility based schemes, energy efficient MAC
protocols for sensor networks, and node self-scheduling scheme.
3.1 Duty Cycling
It is mainly focused on the networking subsystem. The most effective energy-conserving operation is
putting the radio transceiver (transceiver that transmits and receives at the radio frequency, i.e. in the range of
about 3kHz to 300 GHz) [3]) in the (low-power) sleep mode whenever communication is not required. In this
way nodes alternate between active and sleep periods depending on the network activity. This behavior is
usually referred to as duty cycling, and duty cycle is defined as the fraction of time nodes are active during their
lifetime [2].
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A sensor node has 4 operating modes: transmission, reception, idle listening and sleep. The most power
consumption is due to transmission. Idle mode and receiving mode has approximately same power consumption.
Sleep mode has the least power consumption. In duty cycling, the nodes that are currently not required can go to
sleep and thus save energy. They need not to maintain the radio frequency regularly. Instead, they can switch off
the radio when there is no network activity, thus alternating between sleep and wake-up periods [5].
3.2 Data-driven approaches
The goal of data driven approaches is to provide continuous data. It uses the concept of data sensing i.e.
to sense the continuity of data. Data sensing impacts on energy consumption of the sensor nodes in two ways
[2]:
Unneeded samples: They lead to useless energy consumption. Sampled data generally has strong
spatial and temporal correlation, so there is no need to communicate the redundant information to the
sink.
Power consumption: The power consumption of the sensing subsystem is not negligible .Energy
wastage cannot be reduced only by reducing the communication.
Based on these two ways, data-driven approaches are divided into data reduction and energy efficient
data acquisition schemes.
3.2.1 Data Reduction schemes: These schemes address the case of unneeded samples.
Data reduction can be divided into:
In-network processing
Data Prediction
Data Compression
In-network processing: It consists in performing data aggregation (e.g., computing average of some values) at
intermediate nodes between the sources and the sink. In this way, the amount of data is reduced while traversing
the network towards the sink.
Data prediction: It consists in building an abstraction of a sensed phenomenon, for example a model describing
data evolution. The model can predict the values sensed by sensor nodes within certain error bounds and reside
both at the sensors and at the sink. If the needed accuracy is satisfied, queries issued by users can be evaluated at
the sink through the model without the need to get the exact data from nodes.
Data compression: It is applied to reduce the amount of information sent by the source nodes.
3.2.2 Energy-efficient data acquisition schemes
They mainly focus on reducing the energy spent by the sensing subsystem. A sensor node's lifetime is
fundamentally linked to the volume of data that it senses, processes and reports. Sensor Network allows
environmental monitoring at extremely high spatial and temporal resolutions. But when raw data is to be
extracted, certain problems arise, e.g. batteries may get drained due to excessive transceiver operation or data
quality may deteriorate due to packet loss caused by congestion. To solve these problems, spatial correlation is
maintained between the sensor nodes. In this method, instead of every node transmitting individually, a subset
of nodes called correlating nodes are appointed that transmit the messages and act as representative of all the
remaining nodes. It continues sending its own readings until a change in correlation is detected. When a change
is encountered, it transmits an updated correlation message [2].
Fig. 3 Taxonomy of Data driven approaches
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3.3 Mobility based schemes
The mobility is defined as to describe the movement pattern of mobile nodes, location, velocity and
acceleration change over time [4].Mobility based schemes define how the designer of the sensor network will
control the mobility of the sensor nodes. Mobility can be random, predictable/deterministic or controlled.
Mobility based schemes can be classified into two categories depending on the type of mobile entity:
Mobile-sink schemes: Mobile-sink schemes include mobile sink nodes which offer transient shorter
routes for relaying data, and offering connectivity to disconnected areas of network during any
unfavorable situation, e.g. in case of fires, when some of the sensor nodes are destroyed due to fire,
mobile sink nodes can provide connectivity with the other nodes of the network.
Mobile-relay schemes: In this scheme, the relay stations can intelligently relay data between the base
stations, i.e. the base station receiver automatically tunes on the base station transmitter and retransmits
all signals received by the base station receiver. Mobile relays have the potential to provide
performance improvements under high speed user mobility and heavy load conditions.
Mobile nodes can be divided into two broad categories. They can be specifically designed [2]
As part of the network infrastructure: When they are part of the infrastructure, their mobility can be
fully controlled and are, in general, robotized. Infrastructure refers to the architecture of the sensor
network. When the mobile nodes are within the infrastructure, their movement can be controlled
because they are still not transmitted over the network.
As a part of the environment: When mobile nodes are part of the environment they might not be
controllable. If they follow a strict schedule (e.g. strict space and timing relationship), then they have a
completely predictable mobility (e.g., a shuttle for public transportation). Otherwise they may have a
random behavior so that no reliable assumption can be made on their mobility. Finally, they may
follow a mobility pattern that is neither predictable nor completely random. For example, this is the
case of a bus moving in a city, whose speed is subject to large variation due to traffic conditions. In
such a case, mobility patterns can be learned based on successive observations and estimated with
some accuracy.
3.4 Energy efficient MAC (Media Access Control) protocols for Sensor Networks
Media access control (MAC) data communication protocol is a sub-layer of the data link layer. The
MAC sub-layer provides addressing and channel access control mechanisms that make it possible for several
terminals or network nodes to communicate within a multiple access network that incorporates a shared
medium, e.g. Ethernet. Its functions generally include receiving and transmitting frames, appending, removing,
padding the bits, etc.
Various types of MAC protocols used for energy conservation can be categorized as: contention-
based, TDMA-based and hybrid MAC protocols [8].
3.4.1 Contention-based MAC protocols
They are based on CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) or CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple
Access/Collision Avoidance). It does not require any co-ordination among the nodes. Nodes will send the data
and in case of collision, they will wait for a random duration of time before re-sending it again. The typical
contention-based MAC protocols are S-MAC (Sensor-MAC) and T-MAC (Timeout-MAC) [5].
S-MAC: There are two states in a time frame: active state and sleep state. S-MAC adopts an effective
mechanism to solve the energy wasting problems, that is periodical listening and sleeping [6]. When a
node is idle, it is more likely to be asleep instead of continuously listening to the channel. S-MAC
reduces the listen time by letting the node go into periodic sleep mode.
T-MAC: T-MAC is an extension of the previous protocol which adaptively adjusts the sleep and wake
periods based on estimated traffic flow to increase the power savings and reduce delay [7]. TMAC also
reduces the inactive time of the sensors compared to S-MAC. Hence, it is more energy efficient than S-
MAC.
3.4.2 TDMA based MAC protocols
They assign a unique time-slot for each node to send or receive data thereby making it collision-free.
It avoids collisions and thus saves energy which would otherwise be wasted due to resending of data due to
collisions and discarding [9].
3.4.3 Hybrid contention based
It has advantages of both contention based and TDMA-MAC protocols. It offers better scalability and
flexibility and thus has high energy savings.
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Fig. 4 Periodic listen and sleep
3.5 Node Self-scheduling Scheme
This technique is divided into two problems. The first problem is the rule that each node should follow
to determine its work status. The second is the time when nodes should make such decision [10]. The
assumptions of this work are as follows:
1) Each node knows its own location, which can be obtained at low cost from GPS or some localization system,
and presumably is already available due to the needs of wireless sensor network applications. Also, each node
knows who its neighbors are and where they are located, which is obtained through a simple neighbor
information exchange process.
2) Each node knows the size of its sensing area. We assume that all nodes are deployed on a 2-dimensional
plane and a node’s sensing area is a circle centered at this node with known radius. The rule described there is
also applicable to a 3-dimensional space.
3) The sensing range of each node can be identical or different. All the nodes in the network are time-
synchronized.
4) After node-scheduling, some nodes are assigned off-duty state. Off-duty is a power saving sleep mode,
compared to normal on-duty mode.
Off-duty may be implemented by following three ways:
Powering off the sensing unit and communication unit
Powering off the sensing unit
Ignoring detected events without powering off any unit
Among the four methods, the first one consumes the least energy and the last one does the most. Therefore, the first
one is the most desirable from the energy saving perspective. However, which method is used in practice depends on the
intelligence owned by sensors and the cost for sleeping and waking up the sensing unit and communication unit [10].
The main objective of this scheme is to minimize the number of working nodes, as well as maintain the original
sensing coverage. To achieve this goal, sensing area of each node is calculated and then compared with its neighbours’. If
the sensing area of one node is fully embraced by the union set of its neighbours’, i.e. neighbours can cover the current
node’s sensing area, this node falls asleep without reducing the system overall sensing coverage.
IV. CONCLUSION
The emergence of wireless sensor networks can finally bridge the gap between physical and digital
worlds. But the basic problem in sensor networks is the higher energy consumption. While transmitting data, a
lot of energy is wasted in the various subsystems of the sensor network. For decreasing this loss of energy
various methods are explained in this article. By implementing these methods, the wastage of energy in sensor
networks can be reduced to a great extent. This will surely enhance the working of sensor network and hence
greater outputs can be achieved from the same.
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