This document discusses energy efficient data acquisition in wireless sensor networks. It proposes using mobile sinks to reduce energy consumption compared to static sinks. The network model includes sensor nodes deployed randomly to monitor an area and send data to sink nodes. Two cases are examined: one with a static sink and one with a mobile sink that moves along shortest paths to cluster heads. Simulation results show the mobile sink reduces energy consumption by 30% and improves packet delivery ratio and reduces delay compared to the static sink. The mobile sink approach enhances network lifetime by more efficiently utilizing energy in data transmission from sensors to sinks.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
Range-Based Data Gathering Algorithm With a Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Ne...ijwmn
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been emerged in many important aspects in the real world, such as
industry, agriculture, and military applications. As the main challenge that WSNs facing is the energy
consumption, it is necessary to investigate the suitability of using mobile sinks for data collection in these
networks. In this paper, therefore, a new data gathering technique with mobile elements referred to as
Intersection Point of Communication Ranges (IPCR) is proposed. The IPCR algorithm endeavours to
compute the optimal trajectory of the mobile sink for which the data collection latency is reduced.
Simulation results presented in this study showed that the IPCR algorithm has achieved the optimal Travel
Sales-Man Problem algorithm. In addition, the IPCR algorithm outperformed the Connectivity Based Data
Collection (CBDC) algorithm in terms of data gathering latency and network throughput.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
The Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consisting of a large number of sensors that are effective for gathering data
in a variety of environments, as the sensor operate on battery which is of limited power. To support high scalability and better data aggregation in fixed base station communication, sensor nodes are often grouped into disjoint, non overlapping subsets called clusters. Clusters create hierarchical WSN which incorporate efficient utilization of limited resources of sensor nodes. These clusters are formed by specialized cells. Each cluster is managed by a special node called cluster head and advanced node. An algorithm for better cluster head selection
based on the node energy and the distance from base station to the cluster head for the efficient transmission and to reduce energy consumption by the sensor nodes is proposed in this paper. And the same algorithm is compared with the LEACH algorithm in terms of energy consumption.
Energy Efficient Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
The use of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is anticipated to bring lot of changes in data gathering, processing and dissemination for different environments and applications. However, a WSN is a power constrained system, since nodes run on limited power batteries which shorten its lifespan. Prolonging the network lifetime depends on efficient management of sensing node energy resource. Energy consumption is therefore one of the most crucial design issues in WSN. Hierarchical routing protocols are best known in regard to energy efficiency. By using a clustering technique hierarchical routing protocols greatly minimize energy consumed in collecting and disseminating data. To prolong the lifetime of the sensor nodes, designing efficient routing protocols is critical. In this paper, we have discussed various energy efficient data aggregation protocols for sensor networks.
Range-Based Data Gathering Algorithm With a Mobile Sink in Wireless Sensor Ne...ijwmn
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have been emerged in many important aspects in the real world, such as
industry, agriculture, and military applications. As the main challenge that WSNs facing is the energy
consumption, it is necessary to investigate the suitability of using mobile sinks for data collection in these
networks. In this paper, therefore, a new data gathering technique with mobile elements referred to as
Intersection Point of Communication Ranges (IPCR) is proposed. The IPCR algorithm endeavours to
compute the optimal trajectory of the mobile sink for which the data collection latency is reduced.
Simulation results presented in this study showed that the IPCR algorithm has achieved the optimal Travel
Sales-Man Problem algorithm. In addition, the IPCR algorithm outperformed the Connectivity Based Data
Collection (CBDC) algorithm in terms of data gathering latency and network throughput.
Various Clustering Techniques in Wireless Sensor NetworkEditor IJCATR
This document describes the various clustering techniques used in wireless sensor networks. Wireless sensor networks are
having vast applications in all fields which utilize sensor nodes. Clustering techniques are required so that sensor networks can
communicate in most efficient way.
The Wireless sensor networks (WSN) consisting of a large number of sensors that are effective for gathering data
in a variety of environments, as the sensor operate on battery which is of limited power. To support high scalability and better data aggregation in fixed base station communication, sensor nodes are often grouped into disjoint, non overlapping subsets called clusters. Clusters create hierarchical WSN which incorporate efficient utilization of limited resources of sensor nodes. These clusters are formed by specialized cells. Each cluster is managed by a special node called cluster head and advanced node. An algorithm for better cluster head selection
based on the node energy and the distance from base station to the cluster head for the efficient transmission and to reduce energy consumption by the sensor nodes is proposed in this paper. And the same algorithm is compared with the LEACH algorithm in terms of energy consumption.
Application of Weighted Centroid Approach in Base Station Localization for Mi...IJMER
A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consisting of sensor with strategic locations, and a base-stations (BSs) whose locations are relatively flexible. A sensor cluster consists of many small sensor nodes (SNs) that capture, encode, and transmit relevant information from a designated area. This article is focused on the topology of positioning process for BSs in WSNs. Heterogeneous SNs are battery-powered and energy-constrained, their node lifetime directly affects the network lifetime of WSNs. We have proposed an algorithmic approach to locate BSs optimally such that we can maximize the topological network lifetime of WSNs deterministically, even when the initial energy provisioning for SNs is no longer always proportional to their average bit-stream rate. The obtained optimal BS locations are under different length of area field and number of nodes according to the mission criticality of WSNs. By studying energy consumption due to space loss and amplification losses in WSNs, we establish the upper and lower bounds of maximal topological parameters of area and number of nodes, which enable a quick assessment of energy provisioning feasibility and topology necessity. Numerical results and surface plot are given to demonstrate the efficiency and optimality of the proposed topology of BSs positioning approaches designed for maximizing network lifetime of WSNs.
DATA GATHERING ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEYijasuc
Recent developments in processor, memory and radio technology have enabled wireless sensor networks
which are deployed to collect useful information from an area of interest. The sensed data must be
gathered and transmitted to a base station where it is further processed for end-user queries. Since the
network consists of low-cost nodes with limited battery power, power efficient methods must be employed
for data gathering and aggregation in order to achieve long network lifetimes. In an environment where in
a round of communication each of the sensor nodes has data to send to a base station, it is important to
minimize the total energy consumed by the system in a round so that the system lifetime is maximized. With
the use of data fusion and aggregation techniques, while minimizing the total energy per round, if power
consumption per node can be balanced as well, a near optimal data gathering and routing scheme can be
achieved in terms of network lifetime. Several application specific sensor network data gathering protocols
have been proposed in research literatures. However, most of the proposed algorithms have been some
attention to the related network lifetime and saving energy are two critical issues for wireless sensor
networks. In this paper we have explored general network lifetime in wireless sensor networks and made an
extensive study to categorize available data gathering techniques and analyze possible network lifetime on
them.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Throughput analysis of energy aware routing protocol for real time load distr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change. Keywords:- wireless sensor network, energy-aware, load distribution, power saving, cross layer interactions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
In wireless sensor network energy cutback is considered as a principle intensive challenge which is studied largely in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) literature. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are pertinent in numerous arenas where WSNs may be used for sensing, ciphering, and communication elements that give a user or administrator the ability to instrument, observe, and retort to events and phenomena in a specific environment. But sensor devices are resource curbed, positioned in an open and unattended environment, different types of attacks and conventional techniques against these attacks are not desirable due to the resource constrained nature of these kinds of networks. An energy-balanced routing method based on forward-aware factor (FAF-EBRM) in which the next-hop node is elected according to the awareness of link weight and forward energy density. FAF-EBRM is compared with Ladder Diffusion Algorithm, which balances the energy utilization, sustain the function era and guarantees high QoS of WSN. The FAF-EBRM is proposed with Secure Routing Layer (SRL) Protocol which ensures that the secure data transmission is achieved without releasing private sensor readings and without introducing significant overhead on the battery-limited sensors.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
COMPARISON OF ENERGY OPTIMIZATION CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NE...IJCSIT Journal
In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks have gained growing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-energized devices, so the network lifetime can be widespread to sensible times.
Ca mwsn clustering algorithm for mobile wireless senor network [graphhoc
This paper proposes a centralized algorithm for cluster-head-selection in a mobile wireless sensor network.
Before execution of algorithm in each round, Base station runs centralized localization algorithm whereby
sensors update their locations to base station and accordingly Base station performs dynamic clustering.
Afterwards Base station runs CA-MWSN for cluster-head-selection. The proposed algorithm uses three
fuzzy inputs Residual energy, Expected Residual Energy and Mobility to find Chance of nodes to be elected
as Cluster-head. The node with highest Chance is declared as a Cluster-head for that particular cluster.
Dynamic clustering provides uniform and significant distribution of energy in a non-uniform distribution of
sensors. CA-MWSN guarantees completion of the round.
Efficient Cluster Based Data Collection Using Mobile Data Collector for Wirel...ijceronline
Establishing an efficient data gathering scheme in wireless sensor networks is a challenging task. Lot of researches has been carried out to establish energy efficient data gathering scheme to avoid heavy traffic received by the nodes near the sink. Data gathering scheme is a significant factor in determining the network lifetime. In this paper we propose an efficient data gathering scheme by introducing clustering and mobility into the wireless sensor network. We consider data collection in wireless sensor networks by utilizing mobile data collector and cluster heads. Cluster heads are chosen and clusters are formed to collect data from the sensor nodes. The proposed scheme finds the shortest tour for the mobile data collector to collect data from the cluster heads. The shortest tour saves time and energy in data gathering.
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Cluster-Based ApproachIJRES Journal
In a wireless networking environment, the network is comprised of sensor nodes and backbones are subsets of sensors or actuators that suffice for performing basic data communication operations. They are applied for energy efficient broadcasting. In a broadcasting (also known as data dissemination) task, a message is to be sent from one node, which could be a sink or an actuator, to all the sensors or all the actuators in the network. The goal is to minimize the number of rebroadcasts while attempting to deliver messages to all sensors or actuators. Neighbor detection and route discovery algorithms that consider a realistic physical layer are described. An adaptive broadcasting protocol without parameters suitable for delay tolerant networks is further discussed. In existing solutions for minimal energy broadcasting problem, nodes can adjust their transmission powers. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are sets of many sensors that gather data and collaborate together. So, the procedures of broadcast or multicast are more important than traditional point-to-point communication in computer network. This paper focuses on broadcasting in structured WSNs. In such a kind, the procedure of network communications is easier than in unstructured WSNs. Thus, it will make an overview of Multi Point Relay (MPR) to show its weakness. Then define a cluster-based architecture for WSNs which is constructed using MPR. Next, provide a new broadcast algorithm based on the previous cluster architecture called 3B (Backbone Based Broadcasting). By the end, an illustration of 3B shows that it minimizes the energy consumption for accomplishing broadcast compared to MPR.
Communication faite lors du forum national sur la sécurisation du foncier irrigué au Niger, qui s'est tenu à Konni les 7 et 8 mai 2014.
Organisé par le ministère de l’Agriculture en partenariat avec GWI, l'événement était mis en œuvre par l’UICN et l’IIED, en collaboration avec le haut-commissariat à l’Aménagement de la Vallée du Niger (HCAVN) et le haut-commissariat à l’Initiative 3N.
Application of Weighted Centroid Approach in Base Station Localization for Mi...IJMER
A Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consisting of sensor with strategic locations, and a base-stations (BSs) whose locations are relatively flexible. A sensor cluster consists of many small sensor nodes (SNs) that capture, encode, and transmit relevant information from a designated area. This article is focused on the topology of positioning process for BSs in WSNs. Heterogeneous SNs are battery-powered and energy-constrained, their node lifetime directly affects the network lifetime of WSNs. We have proposed an algorithmic approach to locate BSs optimally such that we can maximize the topological network lifetime of WSNs deterministically, even when the initial energy provisioning for SNs is no longer always proportional to their average bit-stream rate. The obtained optimal BS locations are under different length of area field and number of nodes according to the mission criticality of WSNs. By studying energy consumption due to space loss and amplification losses in WSNs, we establish the upper and lower bounds of maximal topological parameters of area and number of nodes, which enable a quick assessment of energy provisioning feasibility and topology necessity. Numerical results and surface plot are given to demonstrate the efficiency and optimality of the proposed topology of BSs positioning approaches designed for maximizing network lifetime of WSNs.
DATA GATHERING ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS: A SURVEYijasuc
Recent developments in processor, memory and radio technology have enabled wireless sensor networks
which are deployed to collect useful information from an area of interest. The sensed data must be
gathered and transmitted to a base station where it is further processed for end-user queries. Since the
network consists of low-cost nodes with limited battery power, power efficient methods must be employed
for data gathering and aggregation in order to achieve long network lifetimes. In an environment where in
a round of communication each of the sensor nodes has data to send to a base station, it is important to
minimize the total energy consumed by the system in a round so that the system lifetime is maximized. With
the use of data fusion and aggregation techniques, while minimizing the total energy per round, if power
consumption per node can be balanced as well, a near optimal data gathering and routing scheme can be
achieved in terms of network lifetime. Several application specific sensor network data gathering protocols
have been proposed in research literatures. However, most of the proposed algorithms have been some
attention to the related network lifetime and saving energy are two critical issues for wireless sensor
networks. In this paper we have explored general network lifetime in wireless sensor networks and made an
extensive study to categorize available data gathering techniques and analyze possible network lifetime on
them.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
INCREASING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS LIFETIME WITH NEW METHODijwmn
One of the most important issues in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is severe energy restrictions. As the
performance of Sensor Networks is strongly dependence to the network lifetime, researchers seek a way to
use node energy supply effectively and increasing network lifetime. As a consequence, it is crucial to use
routing algorithms result in decrease energy consumption and better bandwidth utilization. The purpose of
this paper is to increase Wireless Sensor Networks lifetime using LEACH-algorithm. So before clustering
Network environment, it is divided into two virtual layers (using distance between sensor nodes and base
station) and then regarding to sensors position in each of two layers, residual energy of sensor and
distance from base station is used in clustering. In this article, we compare proposed algorithm with wellknown LEACH and ELEACH algorithms in homogenous environment (with equal energy for all sensors)
and heterogeneous one (energy of half of sensors get doubled), also for static and dynamic situation of base
station. Results show that our proposed algorithm delivers improved performance.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Throughput analysis of energy aware routing protocol for real time load distr...eSAT Journals
Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSNs) are self-organized systems that depend on highly distributed and scattered low cost tiny devices. These devices have some limitations such as processing capability, memory size, communication distance coverage and energy capabilities. In order to maximize the autonomy of individual nodes and indirectly the lifetime of the network, most of the research work is done on power saving techniques. Hence, we propose energy-aware load distribution technique that can provide an excellent data transfer of packets from source to destination via hop by hop basis. Therefore, by making use of the cross-layer interactions between the physical layer and the network layer thus leads to an improvement in energy efficiency of the entire network when compared with other protocols and it also improves the response time in case of network change. Keywords:- wireless sensor network, energy-aware, load distribution, power saving, cross layer interactions.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
In wireless sensor network energy cutback is considered as a principle intensive challenge which is studied largely in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) literature. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are pertinent in numerous arenas where WSNs may be used for sensing, ciphering, and communication elements that give a user or administrator the ability to instrument, observe, and retort to events and phenomena in a specific environment. But sensor devices are resource curbed, positioned in an open and unattended environment, different types of attacks and conventional techniques against these attacks are not desirable due to the resource constrained nature of these kinds of networks. An energy-balanced routing method based on forward-aware factor (FAF-EBRM) in which the next-hop node is elected according to the awareness of link weight and forward energy density. FAF-EBRM is compared with Ladder Diffusion Algorithm, which balances the energy utilization, sustain the function era and guarantees high QoS of WSN. The FAF-EBRM is proposed with Secure Routing Layer (SRL) Protocol which ensures that the secure data transmission is achieved without releasing private sensor readings and without introducing significant overhead on the battery-limited sensors.
ENERGY EFFICIENT AGGREGATION WITH DIVERGENT SINK PLACEMENT FOR WIRELESS SENSO...ijasuc
In WSN the data aggregation is a means for condensing the energy requirement by reducing number of
transmission by combining the data and sending the final required result to the base station. The lifetime
of the WSN can be improved by employing the aggregation techniques. During the process of aggregation
the numbers of transmission are reduced by combining the similar data from the nearby areas. By using
the clustering technique and aggregating the correlated data greatly minimize the energy consumed in
collecting and disseminating the data. In this work, we evaluate the performance of a novel energy
efficient cluster based aggregation protocol (EECAP) for WSN. The main focus in this proposed work is
to study the performance of our proposed aggregation protocol with divergent sink placements such as
when sink is at the centre of the sensing field, corner of the sensing field or at a location selected
randomly in the sensor field. We present experimental results by calculating the lifetime of network in
terms of number of sensing rounds using various parameters such as – average remaining energy of
nodes, number of dead nodes after the specified number of sensing rounds. Finally the performance of
various aggregation algorithms such as LEACH, SEP and our proposed aggregation protocol (EECAP)
are compared with divergent sink placements. The simulation results demonstrates that EECAP exhibits
good performance in terms of lifetime and the energy consumption of the wireless sensor networks and
which can be as equally compared with existing clustering protocols.
COMPARISON OF ENERGY OPTIMIZATION CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS IN WIRELESS SENSOR NE...IJCSIT Journal
In recent years, Wireless Sensor Networks have gained growing attention from both the research community and actual users. As sensor nodes are generally battery-energized devices, so the network lifetime can be widespread to sensible times.
Ca mwsn clustering algorithm for mobile wireless senor network [graphhoc
This paper proposes a centralized algorithm for cluster-head-selection in a mobile wireless sensor network.
Before execution of algorithm in each round, Base station runs centralized localization algorithm whereby
sensors update their locations to base station and accordingly Base station performs dynamic clustering.
Afterwards Base station runs CA-MWSN for cluster-head-selection. The proposed algorithm uses three
fuzzy inputs Residual energy, Expected Residual Energy and Mobility to find Chance of nodes to be elected
as Cluster-head. The node with highest Chance is declared as a Cluster-head for that particular cluster.
Dynamic clustering provides uniform and significant distribution of energy in a non-uniform distribution of
sensors. CA-MWSN guarantees completion of the round.
Efficient Cluster Based Data Collection Using Mobile Data Collector for Wirel...ijceronline
Establishing an efficient data gathering scheme in wireless sensor networks is a challenging task. Lot of researches has been carried out to establish energy efficient data gathering scheme to avoid heavy traffic received by the nodes near the sink. Data gathering scheme is a significant factor in determining the network lifetime. In this paper we propose an efficient data gathering scheme by introducing clustering and mobility into the wireless sensor network. We consider data collection in wireless sensor networks by utilizing mobile data collector and cluster heads. Cluster heads are chosen and clusters are formed to collect data from the sensor nodes. The proposed scheme finds the shortest tour for the mobile data collector to collect data from the cluster heads. The shortest tour saves time and energy in data gathering.
Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Cluster-Based ApproachIJRES Journal
In a wireless networking environment, the network is comprised of sensor nodes and backbones are subsets of sensors or actuators that suffice for performing basic data communication operations. They are applied for energy efficient broadcasting. In a broadcasting (also known as data dissemination) task, a message is to be sent from one node, which could be a sink or an actuator, to all the sensors or all the actuators in the network. The goal is to minimize the number of rebroadcasts while attempting to deliver messages to all sensors or actuators. Neighbor detection and route discovery algorithms that consider a realistic physical layer are described. An adaptive broadcasting protocol without parameters suitable for delay tolerant networks is further discussed. In existing solutions for minimal energy broadcasting problem, nodes can adjust their transmission powers. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are sets of many sensors that gather data and collaborate together. So, the procedures of broadcast or multicast are more important than traditional point-to-point communication in computer network. This paper focuses on broadcasting in structured WSNs. In such a kind, the procedure of network communications is easier than in unstructured WSNs. Thus, it will make an overview of Multi Point Relay (MPR) to show its weakness. Then define a cluster-based architecture for WSNs which is constructed using MPR. Next, provide a new broadcast algorithm based on the previous cluster architecture called 3B (Backbone Based Broadcasting). By the end, an illustration of 3B shows that it minimizes the energy consumption for accomplishing broadcast compared to MPR.
Communication faite lors du forum national sur la sécurisation du foncier irrigué au Niger, qui s'est tenu à Konni les 7 et 8 mai 2014.
Organisé par le ministère de l’Agriculture en partenariat avec GWI, l'événement était mis en œuvre par l’UICN et l’IIED, en collaboration avec le haut-commissariat à l’Aménagement de la Vallée du Niger (HCAVN) et le haut-commissariat à l’Initiative 3N.
Présentation par le CCRE/CEDEAO dans le cadre de l'atelier régional sur le thème « Mise en œuvre des recommandations de la CEDEAO sur les grandes infrastructures hydrauliques en Afrique de l’Ouest : aspects économiques » tenu les 25 et 26 mars 2015 à Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).
Sharing is Caring - Web Development ResourcesTrevor Barnes
August 2014 Michigan State University WebDev Forum - "Sharing is Caring"
With web development changing so quickly these days, it’s more important than ever for us to share with fellow developers. We’ll take a look at some of our favorite front-end tools, techniques, and resources that we rely on to keep up to date with a modern web development workflow.
a wide range of driver education courses that are flexible and are designed to meet the individual requirements of every person.
https://www.ohiodrivereducation.com/Ohio%20Requirement.html
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
CUTTING DOWN ENERGY USAGE IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING DUTY CYCLE TECHNI...ijwmn
A wireless sensor network is composed of many sensor nodes, that have beengiven out in a
specific zoneandeach of them hadanability of collecting information from the environment and
sending collected data to the sink. The most significant issues in wireless sensor networks,
despite the recent progress is the trouble of the severe limitations of energy resources.Since that
in different applications of sensor nets, we could throw a static or mobile sink, then all aspects of
such networks should be planned with an awareness of energy.One of the most significant topics
related to these networks, is routing. One of the most widely used and efficient methods of
routing isa hierarchy (based on clustering) method.
In The present study with the objective of cutting down energy consumption and persistence of
network coverage, we have offered a novel algorithm based on clustering algorithms and multihop routing.To achieve this goal, first, we layer the network environment based on the size of the
network.We will identify the optimal number of cluster heads and every cluster head based on
the mechanism of topology control will start to accept members.Likewise, we set the first layer
as gate layer and subsequently identifying the gate’s nodes, we’d turn away half of the sensors
and then stop using energy and the remaining nodes in this layer will join the gate’s nodes
because they hold a critical part in bettering the functioning of the system. Cluster heads off
following layers send the information to cluster heads in the above layer until sent data will be
sent to gate’s nodes and finally will be sent to sink. We have tested the proposed algorithm in
two situations 1) when the sink is off and 2)when a sink is on and simulation data shows that
proposed algorithm has better performance in terms of the life span of a network than LEACH
and ELEACH protocols.
A Review Study on Shortest Path in WSN to detect the Abnormal Packet for savi...Editor IJMTER
The main motive of this research is to study energy-efficient data-gathering mechanisms to
abnormal packet data for saving the energy. To detect the abnormal packet irregularities is useful for
saving energy, as well as for management of network, because the patterns found can be used for
both decision making in applications and system performance tuning. Node distribution in WSNs is
either deterministic or self-organizing and application dependant. The sensor nodes in WSNs have
minimum energy and they use their energy for communication and sensing.
Data gathering in wireless sensor networks using intermediate nodesIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is an essential concern to Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs).The major cause of the energy consumption in WSNs is due to the data aggregation. A data aggregation is a process of collecting data from sensor nodes and transmitting these data to the sink node or base station. An effective way to perform such a task is accomplished by using clustering. In clustering, nodes are grouped into clusters where a number of nodes, called cluster heads, are responsible for gathering data from other nodes, aggregate them and transmit them to the Base Station (BS).
In this paper we produce a new algorithm which focused on reducing the transmission bath between sensor nodes and cluster heads. A proper utilization and reserving of the available power resources is achieved with this technique compared to the well-known LEACH_C algorithm.
A review of Hierarchical energy Protocols in Wireless Sensor Networkiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Computer Engineering (IOSR-JCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of computer engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in computer technology. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Issues in optimizing the performance of wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
ENERGY EFFICIENT HIERARCHICAL CLUSTER HEAD ELECTION USING EXPONENTIAL DECAY F...ijwmn
In the recent years, wireless sensor network (WSN) have witnessed increased interest in information gathering in applications such as combat field reconnaissance, security surveillance, environmental monitoring, patient health monitoring and so on. Thus, there is a need for scalable and energy-efficient routing, data gathering and aggregation protocols in these WSN environments. Various hierarchical
clustering Protocols have been proposed by authors for WSN to improve system stability, lifetime, and energy efficiency. Clustering involves grouping nodes into disjoint and non-overlapping clusters. In this paper we motivate the need for clustering. Secondly, we present general classification of published clustering schemes. Thirdly, we review some existing clustering algorithms proposed for WSNs; highlighting their objectives, features, and so on. Finally, we develop an Average Energy (AvE) prediction algorithm using exponential decay function y=Ae-ax+B. We then combine this function with the
probabilistic distributed LEACH of algorithm to determine suitable CHs. The combined algorithm was implemented on MATLAB simulator and tested for homogenous network. The result gathered from the simulation shows that the extended algorithm in homogenous network mode is able to achieve 39%
stability, 11% Average energy Dissipation per round and 40% Lifespan better than LEACH-Homo. This paper proposes a new direction in improving energy efficiency of WSN routing protocol, which is desirable in some critical WSN applications. .
Optimized Projected Strategy for Enhancement of WSN Using Genetic AlgorithmsIJMER
This paper put forward a new strategy for selecting the most favorable cluster head in Stable
Election Protocol (SEP). The planned approach selects a node as cluster head if it has the maximum
energy among all the available nodes in that particular cluster. It considers diverse nodes and divides
nodes among normal, transitional and advance nodes. To handle the heterogeneity of the nodes, different
optimized probability density functions are selected. First node dead time explain the network stability
period and last node dead explain the overall network lifetime. The main pressure is to increase the time
when first node dies and also when last node dies. The projected strategy is designed and implemented in
the Matlab using mathematics toolbox. The projected algorithm is also compared with the some prominent
protocols like leach, E-LEACH, SEP and extended SEP
The Energy hole problem is a major problem of
data collection in wireless sensor networks. The sensors near the
static sink serve as relays for remote sensors, which reduce their
energy rapidly, causing energy holes in the sensor field. This
project has proposed a customizable mobile sink based adaptive
protected energy efficient clustering protocol (MSAPEEP) for
improvement of the problem of energy holes along with that we
also characterize and made comparison with the previous
existing protocols. A MSAPEEP uses the adaptive protected
method (APM) to discover the best possible number of cluster
heads (CHs) to get better life span and constancy time of the
network. The effectiveness of MSAPEEP is compared with
previous protocols; specifically, low energy adaptive clustering
hierarchy (LEACH) and mobile sink enhanced energy efficient
PEGASIS based routing protocol using network simulator(NS2).
Examples of simulation result show that MSAPEEP is more
reliable and removes the potential of energy hole and enhances
the stability and life span of the wireless sensor network(WSN).
Scheduling different types of packets, such as
real-time and non-real-time data packets, at sensor nodes with
resource constraints in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is of
vital importance to reduce sensors’ energy consumptions and endto-end
data transmission delays. Most of the existing packetscheduling
mechanisms of WSN use First Come First Served
(FCFS), non pre-emptive priority and pre-emptive priority
scheduling algorithms. These algorithms incur a high processing
overhead and long end-to-end data transmission delay due to the
FCFS concept, starvation of high priority real-time data packets
due to the transmission of a large data packet in non pre-emptive
priority scheduling, starvation of non-real-time data packets due
to the probable continuous arrival of real-time data in preemptive
priority scheduling, and improper allocation of data
packets to queues in multilevel queue scheduling algorithms.
Moreover, these algorithms are not dynamic to the changing
requirements of WSN applications since their scheduling policies
are predetermined.
In the Advanced Multilevel Priority packet scheduling
scheme, each node except those at the last level has three levels of
priority queues. According to the priority of the packet and
availability of the queue, node will schedule the packet for
transmission. Due to separated queue availability, packet
transmission delay is reduced. Due to reduction in packet
transmission delay, node can goes into sleep mode as soon as
possible. And Expired packets are deleted at the particular node
at itself before reaching the base station, so that processing
burden on the node is reduced. Thus, energy of the node is saved.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
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Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
1. International Journal of Networks (IJN)
Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2454-1060
10
Abstract–Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of
wireless nodes which are eitherstationary or mobile with limited
energy capabilities. These wirelessnodes are locatedrandomly on
a dynamically changing environment. The WSN is deployed over
a region to monitor any phenomenon. The WSN network is used
to collect and send the various kinds of data to the base station.
All the sensor nodes are battery-powered devices. The important
aspect is how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes to keep
the network lifetime extended to some reasonable time. Data
acquisition being a deep seatedstrategy in WSN holds major part
of the consumed energy. Hence, this paper proposes a routing
scheme through which the energy in WSN will be optimally
utilized by reducing the energy loss in its transmission from
sensed node to sink nodes. The consumed energy will depend on
the distance between sensor nodes and sink node.
Keywords- WSN, Data acquisition, energy efficiency, mobile node,
sink node.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless networks have a significant impact on the world.
The need for the battery operated devices running with energy
efficient wireless protocols increases since the wireless
networks become mobile and move in to remote locations.
Energy conservation in the wireless protocols will continue to
be a critical issue in the future because the energy densities of
the batteries have only doubled every 5 to 20 years, depending
on the particular chemistry of the battery. Prolonged
refinement of any given chemistry yields a diminishing return.
The main objective of any sensor network is to maximize
the network life time. All the sensor nodes are disposed when
they are out of battery. Hence the energy must be efficiently
utilized under these circumstances. Unlike other wireless
sensor networks, it is generally hard to charge or replace the
exhausted battery. Therefore it is essential to maximize the
network lifetime which is the most important and primary
objective leaving other metrics as secondary objective [1-2].
The three main components of the wireless sensor network
are sink node, sensor node and monitored events. The sensor
nodes are assumed to be stationary in most of the network
architecture. At the same time the mobility of sink node or
Cluster Head [CH] becomes necessary.
These sensor nodes are deployed randomly on a created
infrastructure in an ad-hoc manner. Energy efficiency and
performance are crucial based on the movement and position
of the sink node or cluster head. The sensor nodes are
deployed randomly over an area of interest and hence multi-
hop routing becomes mandatory [3-5].
Many wireless networks have been deployed in the recent
years. The main aim of WSN that is deployed in large scale is
to have inexpensive sensor network with low power
utilization. Lot of efforts have been made to achieve this type
of inexpensive and low power utilization network. Some of
the application areas of this wireless sensor network are,
military applications such as battle field surveillance and
enemy tracking and civil applications such as habitat
monitoring, environment observation, forecast system, health
and other commercial applications [6].
The source of energy is very finite for the sensornodes and
hence the energy efficiency is the most important
consideration. For the optimized usage of energy the sensor
must be in idle state. For energy efficient operation, clustering
approach is employed, where the cluster heads are randomly
selected based on the residual energy. The sensor nodes are
joined in to the clusters in a cost effective way. Power
optimization is well achieved by the reactive routing protocols
and sleep mode operations [7-8].
The primary task of the wireless sensor network is to
collect the data from the interested area and transmit that
information to the Base Station [BS]. A simple approach is
that each sensor node can directly transmit the information to
the BS. But, when the BS is located far away from the target
area, the sensor nodes will die quickly due to much of the
energy consumption. Therefore mobile sinks have been
proposed as a solution for the data acquisition in the WSN to
balance the energy consumption [9-10].
The overview of the related work of data acquisition is
provided in section II. System model is introduced in section
III and the proposed scheme is explained in detail. The
simulation results are analyzed in section IV. Finally, the work
is concluded in section.
Energy Efficient Data Acquisition system for increasing
the lifetime for WSN
1
N.Divya, 2
Kovendan.AKP, 3
Dr.D.Sridharan
1,2,3
Department of ECE, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, INDIA
2. International Journal of Networks (IJN)
Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2454-1060
11
II. RELATED WORK
The challenging task is to design a wireless sensor network
where the sensor nodes are organised in to a multi-hop
wireless network that must be able to function properly for a
long time with a limited power supply. In order to solve this
problem, many researchers have suggested deploying different
types of nodes in to the network. The basic sensor nodes and
the sink node are the two types of nodes that are deployed in
the wireless sensor network. Sensing task is performed by the
basic sensor node. These sensing nodes are simple nodes
which have limited power supplies. The sink nodes organize
the basic sensors around them in to a cluster that only
communicates with the cluster node. The sink nodes are much
more powerful and focus on the communications and
computations. Such network helps to increase the energy
efficiency by using the cluster nodes as central media
controllers. This type of network helps to reduce the idle
listening and resending due to collisions. It also reduces the
protocol overhead used in collision avoidance. But this kind of
central controller cannot be used in the environment where the
network layout changes rapidly. Therefore the sink nodes
should be used only in the applications where the environment
and sensors are static [11-12].
Energy efficiency is one of the most important
performance measures in WSN. Over the past few decades,
considerable number of articles has been published on the
optimization of the power consumption. Optimization
framework for a WSN is proposed to determine whether a
direct transmission is preferred for a configuration of nodes on
a cooperative transmission.
In the recent years sink mobility has become an important
research topic in wireless sensor networks. Existing
methodology shows that sink mobility has a good performance
in WSN. In [13-15], mobile sinks are mounted on people or
animals which move randomly in order to collect the data
from the area of interest. The information is sensed by the
sensors where the sink trajectories are random. If the
trajectories of mobile sinks are constrained or predetermined
as in [16], then the efficient data collection problems are
concerned in order to improve the network performance. The
energy efficiency is improved by the path constrained sink
mobility of single-hop sensor network. But this may be
infeasible due to the limits of the path location and
communication power. Hence the authors propose multi-hop
sensor networks[17], [18] with the path constrained mobile
sink where the shortest path tree [SPT] method is used to
choose the cluster heads and route the data that may result in
the low energy efficiency for data collection.
III. SYSTEM MODEL
The network model is constructed with 30 sensor nodes, a
Base Station and sink node. Two different types of sinks are
considered, one is static and the other is dynamic. With each
different types of sink the performance metrics are studied.
The performance metrics are, Energy consumed by the node,
Energy remain, Packet Count, Packet Delivery Ratio and the
Delay. First case is the network architecture with static sink
and the second case is the network architecture with mobile
sink. The performance metrics for both static and dynamic
sink is studied. The sensor nodes collect the data from the
interested region and send these data to the sink nodes which
are either static or dynamic. Finally this information is sent to
the BS. An assumption is made that each sensor nodes
transmit and receive the data with the fixed transmission and
reception power respectively and also it is assumed that the
mobile sink has memory and computing resources. In case of
the dynamic sink usage in the network, each sensor node will
choose its own Cluster Head (CH) or subsink in terms of hop
distance as its destination and it transmits its own data to the
CH. The number of nodes that are connected to each cluster is
independent of its communication time. Sometimes subsinks
with very short communication time may own large number of
sensor nodes.
Fig.1. Zone Partitioning
In case of the network architecture where the static sink
node is deployed, all the sensor nodes collect the data fromthe
interested area and send these data to the static sink which in
turn is sent to the Base Station. The sensor nodes are
partitioned in to two zones as shown in the fig 1. Each zone is
divided in to three clusters with each cluster having a Cluster
3. International Journal of Networks (IJN)
Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2454-1060
12
Head. Here the Maximum Amount Shortest Path (MASP)
scheme is proposed to enhance the data collection. The sensor
nodes sense the data and send that information to the CH. The
CH in turn sends that data to the static sink. Through zone
partitioning the whole area to be monitored is divided in to
several zones and then the MASP scheme is executed to get
the optimal assignment of the members to the subsinks in each
zone.
The second case is the data collection using dynamic sink
as shown in fig2. These mobile sinks move towards the CH in
a shortest path and collect the data from them. The mobile
sink may be mounted on a public transport or animal or people
according to the application in which it is used. For both the
static and dynamic sink the performance metrics are studied
and the respective graphs are plotted. The energy profile and
the packet delivery ratio alone shown in the results and
discussion and other parameters are studied and the
comparison between static and dynamic sink is made through
the comparison table.
Fig.2. Network architecture with zone partitioning and clusters
Each of the sensor nodes is initially given the energy of
about 100J. The data is sensed and given to the static sink.
Now the energy consumed by the 30 sensor nodes and the
energy that remains after data collection is plotted in a graph
with the energy in Y axis and the number of nodes in the X
axis. During this data acquisition the total packet count that
has been transmitted and received are calculated. This data is
plotted in a graph with the nodes in X axis and number of
packets in Y axis. Another performance metric called the
packet delay is plotted between average packet received time
along Y axis and the number of packets along X axis. Finally
the packet delivery ratio is calculated and plotted in a graph.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. STATIC SINK PERFORMANCE METRICS
The performance metrics are plotted in a graph for both the
static and dynamic sink. Fig 3 shows the energy consumed
graph for the static sink node. This graph depicts the amount
of that is consumed by all the sensor nodes when a static sink
is employed. Fig 5 shows the Packet Delivery Ratio. This
graph shows the percentage of packets received.
Fig 3. Energy consumed by all sensor nodes for static sink
The total amount of energy consumed by all the sensor
nodes is shown in the form of graph. In case of the static sink,
the energy consumed by 10 sensor nodes is 7J. The energy
consumption increases as the number of sensor nodes
increases. For 30 sensor nodes the amount of energy
consumed is 20J.
4. International Journal of Networks (IJN)
Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2454-1060
13
Fig.4. Packet delivery ratio for static sink
The above graph shows the packet delivery ratio for
the static sink node architecture. For the transmission of 20
packets the percentage of packet delivered is about 97%. As
the number of packets increases the percentage decreases. For
30 nodes the static sink is able to collect only 75 packets. So
for 75 packets the percentage of packet delivered is about
80%. Other parameter like delay is also calculated for the
static sink node. The delay is about 925 S for the static sink
node.
B. DYNAMIC SINK RESULTS
Fig 5. Energy consumed for mobile sink
The total amount of energy consumed by all the sensor
nodes is shown in the form of graph. In case of the dynamic
sink, the energy consumed by 10 sensor nodes is 1.8J. The
energy consumption increases as the number of sensor nodes
increases. For 30 sensor nodes the amount of energy
consumed is 12.5J. when compared to static sink the mobile
sink consumes less energy.
Fig.6. Packet delivery ratio for mobile sink.
The above graph shows the packet delivery ratio for the
mobile sink node architecture. For the transmission of 30
packets the percentage of packet delivered is about 98.5%. As
the number of packets increases the percentage decreases. For
30 nodes the mobile sink is able to collect nearly 90 packets.
So for 75 packets the percentage of packet delivered is about
91%. For 90 packets the percentage of packet received is
87.5% which is high compared to static sink performance.
Other parameter like delay is also calculated for the static sink
node. The delay is about 755 S for the mobile sink node.
Compared to static sink this delay is less.
The comparison between the static and dynamic sink is
studied from the table below. This table is depicted from the
graphs above.
Table 1. comparison between static and dynamic sink
PERFORMANCE
METRICS
STATIC SINK
DYNAMIC
SINK
ENERGY
CONSUMED
20 J 12.5 J
ENERGY
REMAIN
80 J 87.5 J
TOTAL
PACKET
COUNT
75 91
PACKET
DELIVERY
RATIO
82 % 92.3 %
PACKET 925 S 755 S
![International Journal of Networks (IJN)
Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2454-1060
10
Abstract–Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) consists of
wireless nodes which are eitherstationary or mobile with limited
energy capabilities. These wirelessnodes are locatedrandomly on
a dynamically changing environment. The WSN is deployed over
a region to monitor any phenomenon. The WSN network is used
to collect and send the various kinds of data to the base station.
All the sensor nodes are battery-powered devices. The important
aspect is how to reduce the energy consumption of nodes to keep
the network lifetime extended to some reasonable time. Data
acquisition being a deep seatedstrategy in WSN holds major part
of the consumed energy. Hence, this paper proposes a routing
scheme through which the energy in WSN will be optimally
utilized by reducing the energy loss in its transmission from
sensed node to sink nodes. The consumed energy will depend on
the distance between sensor nodes and sink node.
Keywords- WSN, Data acquisition, energy efficiency, mobile node,
sink node.
I. INTRODUCTION
Wireless networks have a significant impact on the world.
The need for the battery operated devices running with energy
efficient wireless protocols increases since the wireless
networks become mobile and move in to remote locations.
Energy conservation in the wireless protocols will continue to
be a critical issue in the future because the energy densities of
the batteries have only doubled every 5 to 20 years, depending
on the particular chemistry of the battery. Prolonged
refinement of any given chemistry yields a diminishing return.
The main objective of any sensor network is to maximize
the network life time. All the sensor nodes are disposed when
they are out of battery. Hence the energy must be efficiently
utilized under these circumstances. Unlike other wireless
sensor networks, it is generally hard to charge or replace the
exhausted battery. Therefore it is essential to maximize the
network lifetime which is the most important and primary
objective leaving other metrics as secondary objective [1-2].
The three main components of the wireless sensor network
are sink node, sensor node and monitored events. The sensor
nodes are assumed to be stationary in most of the network
architecture. At the same time the mobility of sink node or
Cluster Head [CH] becomes necessary.
These sensor nodes are deployed randomly on a created
infrastructure in an ad-hoc manner. Energy efficiency and
performance are crucial based on the movement and position
of the sink node or cluster head. The sensor nodes are
deployed randomly over an area of interest and hence multi-
hop routing becomes mandatory [3-5].
Many wireless networks have been deployed in the recent
years. The main aim of WSN that is deployed in large scale is
to have inexpensive sensor network with low power
utilization. Lot of efforts have been made to achieve this type
of inexpensive and low power utilization network. Some of
the application areas of this wireless sensor network are,
military applications such as battle field surveillance and
enemy tracking and civil applications such as habitat
monitoring, environment observation, forecast system, health
and other commercial applications [6].
The source of energy is very finite for the sensornodes and
hence the energy efficiency is the most important
consideration. For the optimized usage of energy the sensor
must be in idle state. For energy efficient operation, clustering
approach is employed, where the cluster heads are randomly
selected based on the residual energy. The sensor nodes are
joined in to the clusters in a cost effective way. Power
optimization is well achieved by the reactive routing protocols
and sleep mode operations [7-8].
The primary task of the wireless sensor network is to
collect the data from the interested area and transmit that
information to the Base Station [BS]. A simple approach is
that each sensor node can directly transmit the information to
the BS. But, when the BS is located far away from the target
area, the sensor nodes will die quickly due to much of the
energy consumption. Therefore mobile sinks have been
proposed as a solution for the data acquisition in the WSN to
balance the energy consumption [9-10].
The overview of the related work of data acquisition is
provided in section II. System model is introduced in section
III and the proposed scheme is explained in detail. The
simulation results are analyzed in section IV. Finally, the work
is concluded in section.
Energy Efficient Data Acquisition system for increasing
the lifetime for WSN
1
N.Divya, 2
Kovendan.AKP, 3
Dr.D.Sridharan
1,2,3
Department of ECE, College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, INDIA](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/iisrtdivyanagarajnetworks-150705081039-lva1-app6891/85/Iisrt-divya-nagaraj-networks-1-320.jpg)
![International Journal of Networks (IJN)
Vol. 1, Issue. 1, April – 2015 ISSN (Online): 2454-1060
11
II. RELATED WORK
The challenging task is to design a wireless sensor network
where the sensor nodes are organised in to a multi-hop
wireless network that must be able to function properly for a
long time with a limited power supply. In order to solve this
problem, many researchers have suggested deploying different
types of nodes in to the network. The basic sensor nodes and
the sink node are the two types of nodes that are deployed in
the wireless sensor network. Sensing task is performed by the
basic sensor node. These sensing nodes are simple nodes
which have limited power supplies. The sink nodes organize
the basic sensors around them in to a cluster that only
communicates with the cluster node. The sink nodes are much
more powerful and focus on the communications and
computations. Such network helps to increase the energy
efficiency by using the cluster nodes as central media
controllers. This type of network helps to reduce the idle
listening and resending due to collisions. It also reduces the
protocol overhead used in collision avoidance. But this kind of
central controller cannot be used in the environment where the
network layout changes rapidly. Therefore the sink nodes
should be used only in the applications where the environment
and sensors are static [11-12].
Energy efficiency is one of the most important
performance measures in WSN. Over the past few decades,
considerable number of articles has been published on the
optimization of the power consumption. Optimization
framework for a WSN is proposed to determine whether a
direct transmission is preferred for a configuration of nodes on
a cooperative transmission.
In the recent years sink mobility has become an important
research topic in wireless sensor networks. Existing
methodology shows that sink mobility has a good performance
in WSN. In [13-15], mobile sinks are mounted on people or
animals which move randomly in order to collect the data
from the area of interest. The information is sensed by the
sensors where the sink trajectories are random. If the
trajectories of mobile sinks are constrained or predetermined
as in [16], then the efficient data collection problems are
concerned in order to improve the network performance. The
energy efficiency is improved by the path constrained sink
mobility of single-hop sensor network. But this may be
infeasible due to the limits of the path location and
communication power. Hence the authors propose multi-hop
sensor networks[17], [18] with the path constrained mobile
sink where the shortest path tree [SPT] method is used to
choose the cluster heads and route the data that may result in
the low energy efficiency for data collection.
III. SYSTEM MODEL
The network model is constructed with 30 sensor nodes, a
Base Station and sink node. Two different types of sinks are
considered, one is static and the other is dynamic. With each
different types of sink the performance metrics are studied.
The performance metrics are, Energy consumed by the node,
Energy remain, Packet Count, Packet Delivery Ratio and the
Delay. First case is the network architecture with static sink
and the second case is the network architecture with mobile
sink. The performance metrics for both static and dynamic
sink is studied. The sensor nodes collect the data from the
interested region and send these data to the sink nodes which
are either static or dynamic. Finally this information is sent to
the BS. An assumption is made that each sensor nodes
transmit and receive the data with the fixed transmission and
reception power respectively and also it is assumed that the
mobile sink has memory and computing resources. In case of
the dynamic sink usage in the network, each sensor node will
choose its own Cluster Head (CH) or subsink in terms of hop
distance as its destination and it transmits its own data to the
CH. The number of nodes that are connected to each cluster is
independent of its communication time. Sometimes subsinks
with very short communication time may own large number of
sensor nodes.
Fig.1. Zone Partitioning
In case of the network architecture where the static sink
node is deployed, all the sensor nodes collect the data fromthe
interested area and send these data to the static sink which in
turn is sent to the Base Station. The sensor nodes are
partitioned in to two zones as shown in the fig 1. Each zone is
divided in to three clusters with each cluster having a Cluster](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)