This document proposes infiltration galleries as a solution for drinking water supply in urban areas near rivers. It summarizes the key benefits of infiltration galleries, which extract water from below the river bed through perforated pipes. This provides a continuous supply of filtered water, even during periods of low surface flow. A specific example is provided for constructing an infiltration gallery under the Yamuna River to supply the city of Agra. Design details are given, and calculations show the gallery could provide between 67-157 liters/second of water. Infiltration galleries provide higher quality water at lower treatment and operating costs compared to direct intake from polluted surface sources.
The type of handpump technology suitable for a particular area depends on the groundwater level, water quality and hydrogeological conditions. There are some areas like the costal belt in the southern part of Bangladesh, where the conventional shallow and deep tubewlls technologies are not successful due to the high salinity. Alternative water supply options are needed for those areas.
The annual rainfall of Iran is about 13% as compared to rainfall in India. Despite of it, due to employing Rainwater Harvesting techniques and better water management , the government of Iran has been able to match up the water demands of the citizens of Iran.The presentations gives an overview of torography,technology, various rainwater harvesting structures employed in Iran.
The type of handpump technology suitable for a particular area depends on the groundwater level, water quality and hydrogeological conditions. There are some areas like the costal belt in the southern part of Bangladesh, where the conventional shallow and deep tubewlls technologies are not successful due to the high salinity. Alternative water supply options are needed for those areas.
The annual rainfall of Iran is about 13% as compared to rainfall in India. Despite of it, due to employing Rainwater Harvesting techniques and better water management , the government of Iran has been able to match up the water demands of the citizens of Iran.The presentations gives an overview of torography,technology, various rainwater harvesting structures employed in Iran.
Rain water harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as surface runoff). One method of rainwater harvesting is rooftop harvesting
RAINWATER HARVESTING an investment for next generationMahin Thaliyath
this is prepared for my seminar presentation, i'm happy to share it, for the awareness of rainwater harvesting..
regards,
Mahin
mahinthaliyath@gmail.com
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about water born diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#borne,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Characterizing Erythrophleum Suaveolens Charcoal as a Viable Alternative Fuel...IOSR Journals
An experimental study was conducted to characterize erythrophleum suaveolens (Gwaska) charcoal. The test was conducted for proximate analysis (involving the determination of moisture content, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon) and ultimate analysis (involving the determination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen sulphur and calorific value) of erythrophleum suaveolens charcoal. The determined values of moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon were 0.94%, 6.13%, 6.77% and 86.16% respectively. Also the determined values of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and calorific value were 77.5%, 9%, 5.48%, 1.89%, 0.003% and 7158.6995 Kcal/Kg respectively. Therefore, the gwaska charcoal satisfies the blast furnace requirements for moisture, ash and sulphur in Nigeria. However, its volatile matter exceeds the specified limit except for Indian standard practice. The erythrophleum suaveolens charcoal’s thermal properties showed that it could compete favourably with coke and therefore can be an excellent reducing fuel for the production of iron.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CFD Analysis Of Multi-Phase Flow And Its MeasurementsIOSR Journals
Multiphase flow occurs when more than one material is present in a flow field and the materials are
present in different physical states of matter or are present in the same physical state of matter but with distinct
chemical properties. The materials present in multiphase flow are often identified as belonging to the primary
or secondary phases. The primary phase is characterized as the phase that is continuous about, or enveloping
of, the secondary phase. The secondary phase is thought to be the material that is distributed throughout the
primary phase. Each phase present in multiphase flow may be either laminar or turbulent, which leads to a
variety of potential flow regimes for multiple phases in the same channel. Project is based on two-phase flow
and its measurement (water + air/vapor). This is frequently encountered in thermal and nuclear power plants,
R&A/C and cryogenic applications, chemical industries and biotechnology etc., the arrangement of a vertical
tube with two water inlets and three air inlets. By varying air and water flow rates following things are
demonstrated and calculated:
Flow regime identification through visualization
Pressure drop measurement
The analysis carried out by the flow of air + water mixture using by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
technique
Rain water harvesting is a technique of collection and storage of rainwater into natural reservoirs or tanks, or the infiltration of surface water into subsurface aquifers (before it is lost as surface runoff). One method of rainwater harvesting is rooftop harvesting
RAINWATER HARVESTING an investment for next generationMahin Thaliyath
this is prepared for my seminar presentation, i'm happy to share it, for the awareness of rainwater harvesting..
regards,
Mahin
mahinthaliyath@gmail.com
GROUND WATER RECHARGE TECHNIQUES BY CH.APPARAO (Research Associate, ARS, ATP)Apparao Chodisetti
Ground water recharge is the process whereby the amount of water present in or flowing through the interstices of the sub-soil increases by natural or artificial means. Rainfall is the principal source for replenishment of recharge of ground water. Other sources include recharge from rivers, streams, irrigation water etc. An unconfined aquifer is recharged directly by local rainfall, rivers, and lakes, and the rate of recharge will be influenced by the permeability of overlying rocks and soils. A confined aquifer, on the other hand, is characterized by an overlying bed that is impermeable, and local rainfall does not influence the aquifer. It is normally recharged from lakes, rivers, and rainfall that may occur at distances ranging from a few kilometers to thousands of kilometers.
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about water born diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#borne,#nurses,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICER
Characterizing Erythrophleum Suaveolens Charcoal as a Viable Alternative Fuel...IOSR Journals
An experimental study was conducted to characterize erythrophleum suaveolens (Gwaska) charcoal. The test was conducted for proximate analysis (involving the determination of moisture content, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon) and ultimate analysis (involving the determination of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen sulphur and calorific value) of erythrophleum suaveolens charcoal. The determined values of moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon were 0.94%, 6.13%, 6.77% and 86.16% respectively. Also the determined values of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur and calorific value were 77.5%, 9%, 5.48%, 1.89%, 0.003% and 7158.6995 Kcal/Kg respectively. Therefore, the gwaska charcoal satisfies the blast furnace requirements for moisture, ash and sulphur in Nigeria. However, its volatile matter exceeds the specified limit except for Indian standard practice. The erythrophleum suaveolens charcoal’s thermal properties showed that it could compete favourably with coke and therefore can be an excellent reducing fuel for the production of iron.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
CFD Analysis Of Multi-Phase Flow And Its MeasurementsIOSR Journals
Multiphase flow occurs when more than one material is present in a flow field and the materials are
present in different physical states of matter or are present in the same physical state of matter but with distinct
chemical properties. The materials present in multiphase flow are often identified as belonging to the primary
or secondary phases. The primary phase is characterized as the phase that is continuous about, or enveloping
of, the secondary phase. The secondary phase is thought to be the material that is distributed throughout the
primary phase. Each phase present in multiphase flow may be either laminar or turbulent, which leads to a
variety of potential flow regimes for multiple phases in the same channel. Project is based on two-phase flow
and its measurement (water + air/vapor). This is frequently encountered in thermal and nuclear power plants,
R&A/C and cryogenic applications, chemical industries and biotechnology etc., the arrangement of a vertical
tube with two water inlets and three air inlets. By varying air and water flow rates following things are
demonstrated and calculated:
Flow regime identification through visualization
Pressure drop measurement
The analysis carried out by the flow of air + water mixture using by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
technique
Efficient Utilization of Bandwidth in Location Aided RoutingIOSR Journals
Abstract : Earlier work on routing MANETs developed several routing protocols, which finds available route from source to destination without taking into the consideration of Band width availability for data transfer, and they frequently fails to discover stable routes between source and destination. As a result of that there is a large numbers of discarding of data packets as well as overloading of packets as the consequences of that large wastage of band width. EUBLAR (Efficient Utilization of band width in Location Aided Routing) protocol is introduced in this proposed work, which is capable of calculating the available band width of all the intermediate nodes between source and destination. In this proposed protocol find the minimum available band width of all the intermediate nodes between source and destination and then according to that band width sends the data packets over that path. The EUBLAR can effectively utilized the wastage of band width and every single band width can be used for data transfer can be used over entirely configured network. In this way we can increase the quality of service of the Ad- hoc network in terms of bandwidth. Keywords: Ad Hoc Networks, Global Positioning System, Maximum & Minimum slopes, Minimum available Bandwidth, Time to Live
Assessment of the Implementation of Ventilator-associated Pneumonia Preventiv...IOSR Journals
Background: Pneumonia associated with mechanical ventilation (VAP) is one of the important
causes of nosocomial infections in pediatric intensive care units (PICU). VAP is the leading cause of morbidity
and mortality in PICUs. Aim: To assess the compliance to ventilator bundle components: elevation of the head
of bed >30, sedation interruption, spontaneous breathing trial, peptic ulcer prophylaxis and its effect on the
prevention of VAP. Subjects and Methods: A case control study at PICU of Abo EL Reish El Moneira Hospital,
including all mechanically ventilated patients admitted over a period of one year. The study tested the effect of
implementation of this bundle as regard the rate of VAP in both group, compliance to bundle and most affecting
component of it. Results: There was decrease incidence of VAP after implementation of the bundle, from (50%)
to (14%). Development of VAP was mostly affected by being in supine position, long duration of mechanical
ventilation and presence of pump failure. (p<0.05) The compliance to bundle components was statistically
significant, p= 0.001. Conclusion: VAP rate decreased after implementation of this bundle. Elevation of the
head of bed was the most compliant component of bundle in the PICU.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Congruence Lattices of Isoform LatticesIOSR Journals
A congruence of a lattice L is said to be isoform, if any two congruence classes of are isomorphic as lattices. The lattice L is said to be isoform, if all congruence's of L are isoform. We prove that every finite distributive lattice D can be represented as the congruence lattice of a finite isoform lattice.
Evaluation of Uptake of Methylene blue dye by Sulphonated biomass of Cicer ar...IOSR Journals
The uptake of methylene blue by sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum is conducted in batch mode. The effect of parameters like contact time, sorbent dose, pH and temperature has been studied. The value Kp is found to be 0.1928 and 0.8727 for initial and final concentrations respectively. The kinetics of biosorption results indicate that sorption process follows pseudo–second order model with determination coefficients greater than 0.988 for sorbent under all experimental conditions. Thermodynamic parameter via KD, and ΔG are calculated indicates, rise in KD, negative ΔG values determine the spontaneity of the process and significantly shows that sorption process is time, temperature and concentration dependant. The adsorption obeys the Langmuir isotherm, Hall separation factor values less than unity and low value of activation energy indicate that sorption is an activated and favorable physical process. The phenomenon of sorption includes liquid-film, mass transfer mechanism is well described by Weber and Morris intraparticle diffusion model. Thus sulphonated biomass of Cicer arientinum(S-III) is a low cost and easily available good sorbent for the removal of MB+ from wastewater.
Shrinkage of Polyester Fibre in Selected Chlorinated Solvents and Effects on ...IOSR Journals
Polyester fibres were isothermally treated with four chlorinated solvents; perchloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), 1,1-dichloroethylene (1,1-DCE) and tetrachloromethane (TCM). Measurement of the longitudinal shrinkage of the treated fibres was carried out at room temperature for 30, 60, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900 and 1800 seconds that was found to be sufficient to establish dynamic equilibrium conditions for each of the solvents. From the results, a trend of 1,1-DCE > PCE > TCE > TCM was observed for the shrinkage values which showed that the solvents exhibited behaviour that cannot be explained in terms of the variations in their boiling points and molecular weights values. Solubility parameter values (δ) of the solvents were however, found to be the overriding factor as it followed the above trend. The treatment has been able to provide a means of improving polyester fibre structure to suit its use in commercial applications and also revealed that the best among the four solvents in term of effecting minimal change on the structure and quality of the fabric during laundry will be TCM.
Generalised Statistical Convergence For Double SequencesIOSR Journals
Recently, the concept of 𝛽-statistical Convergence was introduced considering a sequence of infinite
matrices 𝛽 = (𝑏𝑛𝑘 𝑖 ). Later, it was used to define and study 𝛽-statistical limit point, 𝛽-statistical cluster point,
𝑠𝑡𝛽 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 inferior and 𝑠𝑡𝛽 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 superior. In this paper we analogously define and study 2𝛽-statistical
limit, 2𝛽-statistical cluster point, 𝑠𝑡2𝛽 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 inferior and 𝑠𝑡2𝛽 − 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 superior for double sequences.
Developing Design Cracker Anacardium occidentale (mente) for Home IndustrialIOSR Journals
These purpose of my research was to design the peeled of cutting and made its quality and quantity
of the cracker mente. The method for evaluation was designing and testing several peel models, testing crack
effectively, and testing for its quality and quantity cracker. With developing design craker mente, we found the
cracker home industrial. The cracker mente have developed design a cutting knife with follow the mente’s the
top of the ellipse knife. The length effectively was the maximum produce cracker quality is 8 mm with width
mente average 25-27 mm. The result of the desain knife for cracker mente has to be grade mente quality to
produce to be 79,25% each 1 kg with time peeling take 26 menit, 55 detik.
Kata kunci : Peeling mente.
Enhance the Throughput of Wireless Network Using Multicast RoutingIOSR Journals
Wireless Mesh Network is designed static or limited mobility environment .In multicast routing for
wireless mesh networks has focused on metrics that estimate link quality to maximize throughput
andtoprovide secure communication. Nodes must collaborate in order to compute the path metric and
forward data.Node identify the novel attacks against high- throughput multicast protocols in wireless
mesh network.. The attacks exploit the local estimation and global aggregation of the metric to allow
attackers to attract a large amount of traffic These attacks are very effective b a s e d on high
throughput metrics. The aggressive path selection is a double-edged sword: It is maximizes throughput,
it also increases attack effectiveness. so Rate guard mechanism will be used.Rate guard mechanism
means combines Measurement-based detection and accusation-based reaction techniques.The attacks
and the defense using ODMRP, a representative multicast protocol for wireless mesh networks, and
SPP, an adaptation of the well-known ETX unicast metric to the multicast setting
Critical barriers impeding the delivery of Physical Education in Zimbabwean p...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This article reviews and analyses the critical factors that have contributed to the trivialisation and
the consequent non teaching of Physical Education in Zimbabwean primary and secondary schools. The paper
analyses and reviews relevant Zimbabwean studies and literature in order to come up with a pattern that
explains the major reasons for the non teaching of this significant, but often neglected subject. The paper also
projects forward by presenting practical suggestions for improvement of the status quo.
Keywords: Physical education delivery, impeding factors, primary and secondary schools, Zimbabwe
Experimental Investigation on Use of Methyl Ester Kusum Oil and Its Blends In...IOSR Journals
The research on alternative fuels for compression ignition engine has become essential due to depletion of petroleum products, higher oil prices and its major contribution for pollutants, where vegetable oil promises best alternative fuel. Vegetable oils, due to their agricultural origin, are able to reduce net CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. In the present paper, the research efforts directed towards improving the performance of C.I. engine using vegetable oil (Methyl ester kusum oil) as a fuel. The paper deals with results of performance of a single cylinder, four stroke, C.I. engine using kusum oil methyl ester and its blends with diesel. The performance of engine was studied at constant speed, with the engine operated at various loading conditions. Performance parameters considered for comparing are brake specific fuel consumption, thermal efficiency, brake power, exhaust gas temperature, smoke density and part load and peak load performance of the engine. The engine offers increase in thermal efficiency when it is powered by kusum oil and its blends at various loads. The power developed and exhausts gas temperature increases with the increase and specific fuel consumption is higher than diesel fuel
Native AM fungal colonization in three Hibiscus species under NaCl induced Sa...IOSR Journals
The pot experiments were conducted to study influence of sodium chloride salinity on Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungal consortium (NAMC) with respect to three Hibiscus species viz., H. cannabinus, H. sabdariffa and H. tiliaceus (Fam. Malvaceae). All three plant species exhibited appreciable colonization and showed excellent salt tolerance potential at 300 mM NaCl treatment. Results obtained revealed that Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungal (AM) species spore recovery (SR) was in the range of 50-100% in treated plants. AM species studied in present paper were viz., Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Sclerocystis coremoides (H. cannabinus); Acaulospora myriocarpa, Acaulospora spp. (H. sabdariffa) and Acaulospora foveata, Acaulospora spp., C. etunicatum, Glomus botryoides, G. caledonicum & G. formosanum (H. tiliaceus).
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS IN INDIA IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #water,#waterborne,#ICDS,#diseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on var...ijtsrd
Kolhapur city is one of the major cities in Maharashtra and well source of water bodies available in the western region of Maharashtra. But still facing the water scarcity in summer days due to the polluted water is unfit to use. Kolhapur district and city have major problems with water quality. Some of the parts of district blessed with River or lakes but due to human activities pollute the surface water sources. Groundwater table lowering day by day pass or contaminated due to industrial activities. So basically, it is not fit for drinking and for also irrigation purpose. This review paper is to analyze the groundwater and also surface water physicochemical parameter analysis and potential of calculating parameters and remedies the effect of pollution activities. A. A. Adsule | Dr. G. S. Kulkarni"Comparative Analysis of Ground Water & Surface Water of Kolhapur based on various Physico-Chemical Parameters" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-4 , June 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd12899.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/environmental-engineering/12899/comparative-analysis-of-ground-water-and-surface-water-of-kolhapur-based-on-various-physico-chemical-parameters/a-a-adsule
Rain Water Harvesting and Impact of Microbial Pollutants on Ground Water Rese...IJERA Editor
Developing countries are under heavy stress due to continuous depletion of ground water reserves. The urban
areas are developing and growing very fast due to population growth, increase in commercial and trade
activities, national and international tourism development as trade. The local migration of rural population due
to better job opportunities. Civic amenities are also the reason for population explosion in urban areas and thus
there is increase in the demand of basic needs like water, shelter and power. Due to the overall consumption of
water in urban and rural areas which has increased many fold in the recent past, causing depletion of water subsurface
reserves due to difference in natural recharge of reservoirs and the corresponding water demand. The
ground water is an integral part of the environment and there has been a lack of adequate attention to water
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1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684 Volume 5, Issue 3 (Jan. - Feb. 2013), PP 29-33
www.iosrjournals.org
Infiltration Galleries:-A Solution To Drinking Water Supply For
Urban Areas Near Rivers.”
Er. Rajvir Singh Jurel1, Er. Raj Bahadur Singh2, Dr. Sunit Kumar Jurel3, Dr.
Raghuwar D.Singh 3
1
Formerly Chief Engineer, Minor Irrigation, lucknow (u.p) presently working as Senior Faculty in Department
of civil engineering, Hindustan college of Science and technology, Farah , Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
2
Superintending engineer Department of Minor Irrigation, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
3
Department of Prosthodontics, faculty of dental sciences , King George Medical University, Lucknow Uttar
Pradesh, India
Abstract: Most of the big cities are situated on river banks and are dependent on river water for drinking
purpose, which is supplied after treatment, to inhabitants.Due to pollution and sewerage disposed in the river,
the quality of water has become poor and the treatment cost has gone up. During summer the quantity of
water flowing in the river is very less on account of which concentration of impurities is also more. On the other
hand due to over exploitation of ground water for irrigation, the ground water table is also going down at fast
rate, hence availability of ground water is also not certain. The quality of ground water is also becoming poor
due to pollution, intrusion of brackish/saline water, and concentration of fluoride etc. If system of infiltration
galleries1 is provided in the bed of the river at 5 to 10m below bed level, by means of perforated pipes (Strainer)
the availability of water in terms of quality and quantity will improve. Hence a solution to drinking water supply
for major cities has been presented in this article, along with a typical example for design of infiltration gallery
for Agra City (U.P.,India) .
Keywords - Brackish Water; Drinking Water Supply, Infiltration Gallery;
I. Introduction
Water is indispensable for the survival of human, animal, and plant life. It is used for variety of
purposes like drinking, washing, irrigation, industry, hydroelectric – power - generation, navigation etc. Water is
inexhaustible natural resource and it constitutes the basic element, without which life on earth is not possible.
Water occurs in nature as solid, liquid, and gaseous form.
The availability of a water supply adequate in terms of both quality and quantity is essential to human
existence. Early people recognized the importance of water from a quantity view point. Civilization developed
around of water bodies that could support agriculture and transportation as well as provide drinking water. “The
quantity of water on earth2 is fixed and is estimated to be 1,38,550 B.ham (Billion hectare metre), out of which
1,34,800 B.ham, which is 97.3% is contained in oceans, as salty water. The quantity of fresh water on earth is
only 3750 B.ham, which is only 2.7%. Even out of this 2.7% fresh water, about 2.03% is contained as polar ice
and glaciers, and 0.61% is ground water. Out of this 0.61% ground water the exploitable ground water up to
800m depth below ground is only 0.27%. Fresh available surface water in river and lakes is only 0.01%.
It is clear from above that available fresh surface water is only 0.01% and fresh utilizable ground
water is only 0.27% of the total water available on earth. This shows the scarcity of fresh water on earth. On
account of increasing population the demand for fresh water is increasing at rapid rate and the sources of fresh
water are decreasing. As per “Water and Related Statistics” 3 Published by Central water commission New Delhi
in the month of May 2004 availability of internal renewable fresh water resources in India is only 190.8 M ham.
India is having only 4 % of the world’s average annual supplies of 4.70 B-ham, while its population
is 16% of the world population, which shows how much stress is there on fresh water resources in India. Due to
excessive drawl of ground water in some areas, the ground water table is going down at fast rate and shallow
tube wells are going dry. Some areas around river Yamuna from Delhi to Agra are having brackish/saline water
which cannot be used for drinking as well as for irrigation. The sources of drinking water supplies are
Reservoirs, Lakes, Rivers which depend on surface flow of water and tube wells which are dependent on ground
water.
II. Water Treatment Process-
The following is the treatment process for drinking water supply from rivers-
1. Aeration – Removes undesirable gases and /or oxidation of Iron and Manganese.
2. Sedimentation – used for solid separation
www.iosrjournals.org 29 | Page
2. Infiltration Galleries:- A Solution To Drinking Water Supply For Urban Areas Near Rivers.”
3. Coagulation – Agglomeration of small suspended particles into groups.
4. Flocculation - increasing the effective size for settling.
5. Softening –Removes calcium and /or magnesium hardness.
6. Filtration – Removes residual CaCo3, Crystals and Mg(OH)2 floc left over from softening.
7. Disinfection – Destroys pathogens, enough chlorine added to provide a residues in the distribution system.
8. Storage – Provide contact time for disinfection and stores water for peak demands.
Hence normal drinking water purification system consists of 8 steps for river as source. In case of water
supply from infiltration galleries, first 6 steps are not required and only two steps of disinfection and storage are
required. In other words the water received from infiltration galleries is comparable with ground water.
III. Need For Infiltration Gallery -
In urban areas along rivers drinking water supply is mainly dependent upon river. Due to pollution the quality of
water in these rivers has gone down and in few areas it is so much polluted due to which water is not even fit for
irrigation. The surface flow of these rivers is negligible in summer on account of which required amount of
water is not available from the month of January to June every year.
Hence there is problem of quality as well as of quantity of available drinking water. An adequate
supply of pure water is absolutely essential to human existence. The consequence of contaminated water supply
results in outbreak of water Borne diseases like Cholera and Typhoid.
One of the most suitable solution for getting drinking water at low cost and throughout the year is
provision of “Infiltration Galleries” in the river bed which will provide clean filtered water continuously even in
summer.2,4
IV. Infiltration Galleries-
Infiltration galleries are permeable horizontal or inclined conduits into which water can infiltrate from
an overlying or adjacent source. They are constructed below the water table in an area where there is sufficient
recharge to offset the pumping rate and where the permeability of the soil is sufficient to transmit the quantity of
water to the existing gallery under the existing head conditions.
For getting water from infiltration galleries for drinking purpose, perforated pipes will be laid below
the river bed at a depth about 5 to 10m from bed level. These pipes will be connected to a sump-well in which
filtered water will flow under gravity due to head of water about it. This stored water after disinfection –
treatment will be supplied for drinking purpose. The concept of infiltration gallery is that when water passes
through the bed of river which has sand with filter, it is filtered and even when there is negligible surface flow
in the river, there is always sub surface flow in the permeable strata of sand below the bed of river, Hence we
get filtered water continuously.
The performance of Infiltration galleries has been studied by Alvaro Camacho5 and following conclusions
have been drawn:-
“Infiltration galleries built in the permeable alluvial deposits of the rivers can be suitable systems
for improving water quality from surface waters. Removal ratios of more than 90 percent for turbidity, SS, and
FC have been recorded (during this research project). Infiltration galleries produce high-quality and stable
volumes of water independent of seasonal variations in the quality and quantity of raw surface stream,
minimizing environmental effects.
It seems that there is a natural and self-cleaning filtration process at work here. The permeable
deposits of the Parapeti River form a highly efficient system for the pretreatment of water that contains high
concentrations of solids. Moreover, the filtration qualities of the deposits are constantly maintained by the
action of the river itself: during periods of flooding, the top layer of filtration material – the coarse sand – is
stirred-up and cleaned by the sheer force of water flow. As flooding subsides, the clean, loose sand re-settles on
the river bed, thus preventing the natural process of clogging and hardening, which would otherwise impair its
efficacy as a filter. It is, therefore, possible that the natural composition of the river deposits, assisted by the
cycle of the river itself, are acting as an effective and self-cleaning filter of the solids contained in the river.
With proper studies and depending on local conditions and the characteristics of raw-water quality,
infiltration galleries are a suitable alternative for supplying drinking water to small and medium communities,
with minimum capital costs and lower O&M costs. The system in Camiri has been running since the early
1980s, and no critical O&M problems have been observed (particularly clogging). It is essential that galleries
must have easy access to facilitate the periodic cleaning of sediments from conduits (the minimum channel
section should be 1.0 x 1.0 m or more for manual cleaning). The infiltration gallery system in Camiri has shown
that the amount of maintenance required
on the galleries is very small indeed. For this reason, as well as the benefits of improved or maintained water
quality, infiltration galleries have a significant advantage over other conventional systems”.
www.iosrjournals.org 30 | Page
3. Infiltration Galleries:- A Solution To Drinking Water Supply For Urban Areas Near Rivers.”
From above it is clear that a proposal of drinking water supply through infiltration galleries should
work well for cities situated on river bank.
The concept and benefits of infiltration galleries for city water supply will be further clear from a typical
example given below for proposed water supply for Agra.
1. TYPICAL PROPOSAL FOR CITY WATER SUPPLY OF AGRA CITY – THROUGH
INFILTRATION GALLERIES:-
Agra City is famous for “TAJMAHAL” the seventh wonder of world. Large number of tourists from India
and abroad come to see this “Monument of Love” But the drinking water supply is a big problem for this
city. The reasons are given below:
(i) The ground water is brackish/highly saline and also contains fluoride; hence drinking water supply from
Tube wells is not feasible.
(ii) The quality of Yamuna River water, which is the main source of water supply for the city is poor as is clear
from the Table-1.
On account of this poor quality of raw water, the treatment cost is high.
(iii) The quantity of water flowing in the river during the summer season is negligible.
(iv) The ground water table is going down at fast rate due to over exploitation of ground water for irrigation
in this district.
(v) The top layer of soil is clayey up to about 15-18 m, on account of which recharge of ground water is
unsatisfactory as rain water flows down to river and then to sea during monsoons.
(vi) The river Yamuna is effluent, as it is taking water from aquifer, affecting availability of ground water.
(vii) The flow of ground water is towards Yamuna and Chambal River.
At present the city is getting water supply from river Yamuna by providing water treatment plant at Sikandra
and Near Jivani Mandi (Known as Water Works).
One of the solutions to this problem is construction of “INFILTRATION GALLERY” under the bed of river
Yamuna at different places. To start with this a pilot project can be taken up on the downstream of sikandara
water works and after the success of this pilot project, more number of galleries can be provided.
A typical drawing for Infiltration Gallery for Yamuna River at Agra has been shown in Figure- 1. In this 10
No’s of plain PVC Pipe of 200 mm internal dia, 10 mm thick for a length of 200m each, along with 10 No’s of
200 mm internal diameters PVC strainer having ribs on outer surface and horizontal slots of 1 mm thickness
each, with 8 percent open area for alength of 300 m have been provided. The plain PVC pipe (CM casing pipe)
and ribbed PVC Screen are as per IS 12818/92 “ Indian Standard on UNPLASTICIZED PVC SCREEN AND
CASING PIPES FOR BORE/TUBE WELL SPECIFICATION.” 6
The pipes and screens placed 5 m below bed of river Yamuna. The R.L. of different points at site are given
below-
R.L. of Bed of river Yamuna = 150.1m
R.L. of minimum Water level in Yamuna = 152.2 m
R.L. of high flood level of river Yamuna = 161.7 m
R.L. of Top of sump well = 163.0 m
R.L. of Bottom of Sump well = 143.0 m
R.L. of centre line of strainer = 145.1 m
The strainer will be covered with 2-4 mm P. gravel all around. After this a layer of coarse sand 2.0 m thickness
will be placed. Over this coarse sand, the natural Yamuna sand will be placed for 2.50 m depth. The pit will be
excavated at 1:3 (H:V) Slope and the work will be done in the month of summer so that laying of pipes is
possible. If required dewatering may be done by pumping out water through bore wells at required spacing on
up stream side of the site.
The coefficient of permeability of different materials is as given below:
For P. gravel K = 1x 10-1 m/sec
For Course Send K = 4x10-4 m/sec
For Yamuna Sand K = 2x10-4 m/sec
The average vertical permeability of this deposit will be
H
KV=
H1+ H2 + H3
K1 K2 K3
Where H = 5.0 m
H1 = 2.5 m & K1 = 2x 10-4 m/sec
H2 = 2.0 m & K2 = 4 x 10-4m/sec
www.iosrjournals.org 31 | Page
4. Infiltration Galleries:- A Solution To Drinking Water Supply For Urban Areas Near Rivers.”
H3 = 0.50 m & K3 = 1 x 10-1m/sec
Hence
KV = 2.86 x 10-4m/sec
The Strainer assembly will have minimum head of (152.50 – 145.10 m) = 7.1 m. of Water and Maximum of
(161.70 – 145.10 M) = 16.60 m. of Water.
The Available Discharge of filtered water by the assembly will be
Q = k.i.a
Where K = Average Vertical Coefficient of Permeability
= 2.86 x 10-4 m/sec
i = H/L
H = Head of Water Which is Minimum of 7.10 M. and maximum of 16.60 M.
L = Length of passage of water
= 5.0 M from bed of river to central line of assembly.
Hence , Min. i = 7.1/5 = 1.42
Max. i = 16.6/5 = 3.32
A = Area of Flow of Water (8% of Strainer Pipe)
A = π x 0.22 x 300 x 0.08 x 10
= 165.80 m2
Minimum Discharge = 2.86 x 10-4 x 1.42 x 165.80
= 0.0673 Cum./Sec.
= 67.30 Lit./Sec.
= 48456. 0 Gallons per Hour.
Maximum Discharge = 2.86 x 10-4 x 3.32 x 165.80
= 0.1574 Cum./Sec
=157.40 Lit./Sec.
= 1, 13, 328 Gallons/Hr.
Providing a R.C.C. Sump Well of 6.0 m. of internal dia. and 20 m. Depth, Having freeboard of 1.3 m above
H.F.L.
The Capacity of Well is:
= π x ((6x6)/4) x 18.2 Cum.
= 514.35 Cum.
Hence the Sump Well Will be able to store 514.35Cum.of Water.
The Minimum Capacity of Sump Well Will be :
= π x ((6x6)/4) x 8.7
= 245.86 Cum.
The arrangement will provide 48,456 to 1,13,328 gallons of filtered water per hour continuously. Such
galleries can be made at different places in the river. The depth of strainer, length of strainer, No’s of pipes will
depend on the site conditions. If required the cleaning of filter can be done by sending compressed air through
pipes.
V. Conclusion:
Infiltration galleries can provide a cheaper solution for getting filtered water continuously for
drinking purposes for cities situated on river banks. By provision of Infiltration galleries treatment cost will be
reduced and we can have adequate drinking water in quality and quantity even in summer when practically no
water is flowing on the bed of river.
References
[1] Project on rain water harvesting and ground water recharge of Agra District (U.P.), to augment drinking water supply – May 2005
Submitted by R.S. JUREL Chief Engineer Minor Irrigation (U.P.)
[2] Amartya kumar bhattacharya . Artificial ground water recharge with a special reference to india.
[3] Central water commission New delhi – water and related statistics. May 2004.
[4] Ray, C., G. Melin, and R.B. Linsky, editors (2002). Riverbank Filtration Improving Source-Water Quality, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht.
[5] Evaluation of the existing performance of infiltration galleries in alluvial deposits of the parapeti river by Diploma Engineer Alvaro
Camacho , Bolivian Association of Sanitary Engineers Casilla 9348 La Paz, Bolivia.
[6] Indian Standard on “Unplasticized PVC Screen and casting Pipes for Bore / Tubewell – Specification IS 12818/1992.
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
5. Infiltration Galleries:- A Solution To Drinking Water Supply For Urban Areas Near Rivers.”
Figure Legends
Fig.1 Drawing Of Infiltration Gallery
Table Legends
Table -1
Sr. Item Quality of raw water of Norms as Pollution
No. Yamuna at Agra recommended as
by Central compared
Pollution to Norms
Control Board
1 Colour (Haizon Unit) 300-900 300 3 times
more
2 Biochemical oxygen Demand 5.0 – 35.0 3.0 12 times
(BOD) more
3 P.H. 7.8 – 9.5 6.5 – 8.5 1 point
more
4 Chemical oxygen demand 38 – 110 10 11 times
(COD) more
5 Disolved Oxygen 0 – 12 mg/L minimum 4 mg/L Less by 4
mg/L
6 M.P.N. Index per 100 ml. 4 x 104 – 240 x 104 5000 50 times
more
7 Fikal coliform per 100 ml. 11 x 103 – 18 x 103 2000 9 times
more
8 Total Anomical Nitrogen 4.4 – 40.0 1.0 40 times
more
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page