The document summarizes drugs used to treat peptic ulcers. It discusses how gastric acid secretion is regulated and the roles of histamine, acetylcholine, and gastrin. It outlines approaches to treatment including eradicating Helicobacter pylori infections, reducing acid with H2 receptor antagonists or proton pump inhibitors, and protecting the mucosa. Specific drugs mentioned include omeprazole, lansoprazole, ranitidine, famotidine, misoprostol, and antacids. Adverse effects and pharmacokinetics of the various drug classes are also summarized.
Peptic Ulcer Disease Affects All Age Groups. Can occur in children, although rare. Duodenal ulcers tends to occur first at around the age 25 and continue until the age of 75. Gastric ulcers peak in people between the ages of 55 and 65. Men Have Twice The Risk as Women Do
Peptic Ulcer Disease Affects All Age Groups. Can occur in children, although rare. Duodenal ulcers tends to occur first at around the age 25 and continue until the age of 75. Gastric ulcers peak in people between the ages of 55 and 65. Men Have Twice The Risk as Women Do
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
Lecture slides for MBBS Undergraduate Medical students. Study material was taken from Essentials of pharmacology by KD Tripathi. Figures were searched from google.
H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
The H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) are a class of drugs used to block the action of histamine on parietal cells (specifically the histamine H2 receptors) in the stomach, decreasing the production of acid by these cells.
PROTON - PUMP INHIBITORS
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs): are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production.
They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.
These drugs are among the most widely sold drugs in the world, and are generally considered effective.
The vast majority of these drugs are benzimidazole derivatives, but promising new research indicates the imidazopyridine derivatives may be a more effective means of treatment.
this will give brief about the peptic ulcer and give information about the drug used for peptic ulcer and classification of drugs including drugs and there use adverse effect.
Lecture slides for MBBS Undergraduate Medical students. Study material was taken from Essentials of pharmacology by KD Tripathi. Figures were searched from google.
H2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS
The H2 receptor antagonists (H2RA) are a class of drugs used to block the action of histamine on parietal cells (specifically the histamine H2 receptors) in the stomach, decreasing the production of acid by these cells.
PROTON - PUMP INHIBITORS
Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs): are a group of drugs whose main action is a pronounced and long-lasting reduction of gastric acid production.
They are the most potent inhibitors of acid secretion available.
These drugs are among the most widely sold drugs in the world, and are generally considered effective.
The vast majority of these drugs are benzimidazole derivatives, but promising new research indicates the imidazopyridine derivatives may be a more effective means of treatment.
Presentation on Antacids and antiulcer drugs. Introduction to ulcers, classification of antiulcer drugs, their pharmacological actions, uses and adverse effects.
Drugs Acting on Gastro-Intestinal System
Pharmacotherapy PUD and GERD
Antiemetic Drugs
Agents for constipation
Antidiarrheal agents
Pharmacotherapy OF IBD
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
s an inherited autosomal recessive disease that is characterized by high concentrations of the amino acid cystine in the urine, leading to the formation of cystine stones in the kidneys, ureter, and bladder.
this presentation will talk general about the medical education in Iraq . how the universities are teaching? and what is the level of the progress for the health care system in IRAQ .
this presentation talk about the most important function of the kidney and about renal failur disease and it's effect pathophysiology hope it will be helpful for u
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. Regulation of gastric acid secretion
Gastric acid secretion is under the control of 3
principal agonists: histamine, acetylcholine and
gastrine. The final common pathway is through
the proton pump, H+ / K+ ATPase.
Inhibitiors of the activities of the first 2
secretagogues and of the proton pump have
been developed
3. Effects of acetylcholine, histamine, prostaglandin E2,
and gastrin on gastric acid secretion by the parietal cells
of stomach. Gs and Gi are membrane proteins that
mediate the stimulatory or inhibitory effect of receptor
coupling to adenylyl cyclase
4. Pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
(NSAID) use.
Infection with gram-negative Helicobacter
pylori
Increased hydrochloric acid secretion
Inadequate mucosal defense against
gastric acid.
5. Treatment approaches
1. Eradicating the H. pylori infection
2. Reducing secretion of gastric acid with the use
of H2-receptor antagonists or PPIs, and/or
3. protect the gastric mucosa from damage, such
as misoprostol and sucralfate.
4. Neutralizing gastric acid with nonabsorbable
antacids
5. Surgical treatment in( acute complications )
6. Antimicrobial agents
Combinations of antimicrobial drugs.Give 90 % or
greater eradication rate.
Triple therapy consisting of a PPI with either
metronidazole or amoxicillin plus clarithromycin
Or
Quadruple therapy of bismuth subsalicylate and
metronidazole plus tetracycline plus a PPI
Are administered for a 2-week course.
Note: Bismuth salts inhibit pepsin and increase the
secretion of mucus& form a barrier against the
diffusion of acid in the ulcer.
8. Indication of use of H2-Antagonists :
1. Peptic ulcer.
2. Gastro esophageal reflux disease(GERD)
3. Erosive esophagitis.
4. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome.
5. Before anesthesia.
9. Cimetidine: cause gynecomastia, galactorrhea,
and reduced sperm count& inhibits metabolism
of warfarin, phenytoin.
Ranitidine: Compared to cimetidine, ranitidine
is
longer acting, and is 5-10 fold more potent.
Famotidine is 3-20 times more potent than
ranitidine.
Are metabolized by liver but nizatidine is
eliminated principally by kidney.
10. Pharmacokinetic of H2-Antagonists :
Well absorbed from the gut.
Undergo varying degrees of hepatic
inactivation before being excreted in the
urine.
Half-life is 2-3 hours.
Duration of action is longer.
Administered once or twice daily.
11. Adverse effects
1. Central nervous system.
2. Cardiovascular reaction.
3. Hepatic reaction.
4. Hematological reaction.
5. Endocrine.
6. Risk to the fetus
12. Inhibitors of the H+/K+-ATPase proton
pump (PPIs)
Omeprazole
Lansoprazole
Rabeprazole
Pantoprazole
Esomeprazole
The proton pump inhibitors produce quicker
healing and provide greater symptomatic
relief than H2 - antagonists in patients with
peptic ulcer disease and GERD
13. Omeprazole is the first drug of this class ,it
bind to the H+/K+-ATPase enzyme system
(proton pump) of the parietal cell, thereby
suppressing secretion of hydrogen ions into the
gastric lumen.
The proton pump is the final step in the
secretion of gastric acid
14. Actions of PPIs
These agents are prodrugs with an acidresistant
enteric coating to protect them
from premature degradation by gastric
acid.
The coating is removed in the alkaline
duodenum, and the prodrug, a weak
base, is absorbed and transported to the
parietal cell canaliculus.
15. Omeprazole
Omeprazole in itself is not the active
inhibitor of the H+ / K+ - ATPase. It needs
transformation in acid media to an
intermediate compound, a sulphenamide,
that effectively inhibits the H+ / K+ - ATPase
The sulphenamide interacts covalently with
the sulphydryl groups of cysteine residues in
the extracellular domain of the H+ / K+ -
ATPase, thereby inhibiting its activity
16. Indications of PPIs
1. Peptic ulcer (Duodenal and Gastric ulcers
2. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in the gut
that causes ulcers in combination with
antibiotics
3. NSAID - induced gastric ulcers
4. Gastroesophageal reflux disease ulcers
5. Zollinger - Ellison syndrome: proton pump
inhibitors are the treatment of choice for
zollinger - Ellison syndrome
17. Pharmacokinetics of PPIs
All these agents are delayed-release
formulations and are effective orally.
Some are also available for intravenous
injection.
Metabolites of these agents are excreted
in urine and feces.
19. Prostaglandins
Misoprostol
Prostaglandin E2, produced by the gastric mucosa, inhibits
secretion of HCl and stimulates secretion of mucus and
bicarbonate (cytoprotective effect).
Misoprostol an analog of prostaglandin E1, as well as
some PPIs, are used for prevention of gastric ulcers
induced by NSAIDs (in the elderly )& also used in patients
with ulcer complications
It is less effective than H2 antagonists and the PPIs
Side effects of Misoprostol
1. Produces uterine contractions
2. Diarrhea and nausea
20. Antimuscarinic agents (anticholinergic agents)
Muscarinic receptor stimulation increases
gastrointestinal motility and secretory activity.
A cholinergic antagonist, such as dicyclomine can
be used as an adjunct in the management of
peptic ulcer disease and Zollinger-Ellison
syndrome, particularly in patients who are
refractory to standard therapies.
Its many side effects (for example, cardiac
arrhythmias, dry mouth, constipation, and urinary
retention) limit its use.
21. Antacids
Aluminum hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide
Calcium carbonate
Sodium bicarbonate.
Are weak bases that react with gastric acid to
form water and a salt, thereby diminishing
gastric acidity. Because pepsin is inactive at a pH
greater than 4, antacids also reduce pepsin
activity.
Used for symptomatic relief of peptic ulcer
disease and GERD; they may promote healing of
duodenal ulcers
22. Adverse effects
1. Constipating (aluminum hydroxide)
2. Diarrhea (magnesium hydroxide)
3. Preparations that combine these agents aid
in normalizing bowel function.
4. Important consideration in patients with
hypertension or congestive heart failure
(sodium content of antacids)