Drag in aircrafts
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Drag is the force acting opposite to the direction of motion of an aircraft as it moves through the air. There are several types of drag which include parasite drag from parts not contributing to lift, profile drag which is the sum of skin friction and form drag, interference drag caused by interacting airflows, and induced drag which is a byproduct of lift and increases with higher angles of attack. Reducing drag can be accomplished through techniques such as aerodynamic shaping of surfaces, reducing surface roughness, and optimizing wing design elements.
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2) Attributes like camber, nose radius, and thickness determine stall characteristics, with a rounded nose and high camber providing a smooth stall.
3) Paraglider airfoils produce a lot of lift even at high angles of attack but also have high drag as speed increases.
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This document discusses high lift devices used on aircraft to reduce takeoff and landing speeds. It covers trailing edge flaps like plain, split, slotted, and fowler flaps and how they increase lift. Leading edge devices like Kruger flaps and slats are also discussed. The effects of flaps and slats on lift, drag, pitching moment and stall angle are summarized. The document outlines the proper sequence of deploying and retracting leading and trailing edge devices. It also discusses flap load relief systems and choosing flap settings for takeoff, climb, and landing. High lift devices allow aircraft to operate at lower speeds, reducing takeoff and landing distances.
Stall and Spins - Awareness and Avoidance
This document summarizes a presentation given by the FAASTeam to pilots and instructors on stall and spin awareness and avoidance. The presentation covers topics like normal and crosswind takeoffs, slow flight, steep turns, stalls, landings, and go-arounds. It discusses common errors during these maneuvers, such as improper pitch control, failure to maintain a stabilized approach, and inadequate compensation for wind. The goal is to help pilots identify strengths and weaknesses and reduce the risk of accidents during takeoff, landing, and low-altitude maneuvering. Quizzes are included to reinforce key concepts.
Line Up and Wait
This document from the Federal Aviation Administration provides guidance for pilots on taxi operations and procedures. It discusses topics like obtaining clearance before taxiing, communicating position when calling the tower, taxiing procedures, runway hold markings, ATC phraseology, pilot responsibilities, precision obstacle free zones, single pilot procedures, standard operating procedures, situational awareness, and runway incursion surveillance. The overall objective is to review taxi authorization, clearance, and pilot responsibilities to help prevent runway incursions.
Lift Augmentation Devices Or High Lift Devices
These slides are written in very easy language this will help aeronautics students to understand Lift augmentation devices or High lift devices
A basic introduction to aerodynamics
Basic Introduction to Aerodynamics of flight, mainly covered with physical laws related to Aerodynamics for thrust & lift of plane.
5. climb
1) Climb performance analysis considers factors like thrust, drag, lift, weight and airspeed that determine an aircraft's rate of climb and optimal climb speeds. Maximum angle and rate of climb speeds (Vx and Vy) are evaluated.
2) Factors like pressure altitude, temperature, and weight affect an aircraft's climb capability and rate of climb. Ceilings like service ceiling and design ceiling also limit maximum altitude.
3) For long flights, step climbs are used where the aircraft periodically climbs to higher altitudes to stay close to its optimal cruise altitude as weight decreases from fuel burn.
9. approach and landing
This document discusses approach and landing performance requirements. It covers topics like approach definition, maximum and minimum speeds, landing weight limitations, climb requirements, landing distances, and factors affecting landing distance. Specifically, it defines speeds like VREF (reference landing approach speed) and VAPP (actual landing speed). It also discusses requirements for landing and approach climb gradients, and how to calculate landing distance required versus landing distance available on the runway.
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Drag 1.ppt
Drag is the aerodynamic force acting parallel to the relative airflow that resists the forward motion of an aircraft. It is caused by various factors related to the aircraft's shape and the viscosity of air. Drag can be categorized as zero-lift drag, which exists even without lift generation, or lift-dependent drag, which increases with lift. Zero-lift drag includes surface friction, form, and interference drag. Lift-dependent drag includes vortex drag and increments of the zero-lift drag components. Reducing drag is important for aircraft performance and efficiency.
Theory of flight midterm
This document discusses the four main forces that act on an aircraft in flight: thrust, weight, lift, and drag. It provides descriptions of each force and how they relate to one another. It also examines concepts like the aerodynamic resultant, lift and drag coefficients, and the lift to drag ratio. Angle of attack and its effect on lift and drag generation are explored. Finally, the different types of drag are defined and described in more detail.
Avb 2: Aerodynamics - CCPL G. Fleming
This document provides an overview of aerodynamic concepts including:
1) It defines key parts of an airfoil like chord, camber, leading edge, and trailing edge.
2) It explains forces like lift, weight, thrust, and drag and how they relate to flight.
3) It describes factors that affect lift like air density, wing area, angle of attack, and Bernoulli's principle.
The basic principles behind flight
To fly, an airplane must balance four key forces: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Lift counters the force of weight and is generated by the wing shape and angle of the wings in relation to the oncoming air. Thrust, generated by engines, overcomes drag and allows the plane to move forward. If thrust exceeds drag, the plane speeds up, while if drag exceeds thrust or lift falls below weight, the plane will slow down or descend.
The basic principles behind flight
To fly, an airplane must balance four forces: lift, weight, thrust, and drag. Lift counters the force of weight and is generated by the wing shape and angle of the wings in relation to the oncoming air. Thrust, generated by engines, overcomes drag, the force resisting the plane's movement through the air. If thrust exceeds drag, the plane speeds up, and if lift exceeds weight, the plane climbs. The special shape and angle of airplane wings causes faster moving air above the wing, creating lower pressure and lifting the plane into the air.
6_2022_10_22!08_22_11_PM.pptx
This document discusses the different types of drag forces that act on an aircraft in flight. It defines drag as the aerodynamic force opposing the aircraft's motion. The key types of drag mentioned are parasite drag (form, friction, interference), induced drag, and wave drag. Factors affecting drag include the aircraft's shape, size, speed, air properties like density and viscosity, and surface roughness. The drag equation is introduced to calculate drag force based on drag coefficient, air density, velocity, and surface area.
Cynthia Buthelezi Factors Affecting Takeoff Roll
This document discusses various factors that affect an aircraft's takeoff roll, including:
1. Prop wash, P-factor, torque effect, and the corkscrew slipstream can cause yawing moments during takeoff. Increased speed reduces their effects.
2. Factors that increase takeoff distance include higher mass, headwinds, uphill slopes, unpaved runways, and higher field elevations. Higher mass and elevation require more distance to reach the necessary takeoff speed.
3. Factors that decrease takeoff distance include tailwinds, downhill slopes, paved runways, and lower field elevations. Tailwinds, slopes, and lower elevation reduce the speed and time needed
Theory of flight
In this document of Theory of Flight
we are discussing some topics in detail which are:
Intereference drag
Induced drag
Factors that Affects Induced Drag:
Stabilator
All these topics are discussed in detail hope you like it................
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This is the presentation on flow past an airfoil . An airfoil-shaped body moving through a fluid produces an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to the direction of motion is called lift. The component parallel to the direction of motion is called drag. Subsonic flight airfoils have a characteristic shape with a rounded leading edge, followed by a sharp trailing edge, often with a symmetric curvature of upper and lower surfaces.
Aerodynamics slide
This document discusses the basics of aerodynamics and the forces acting on aircraft in flight. It covers key concepts like:
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2. How the shape of airfoils and wings generate lift using Bernoulli's principle and how control surfaces like ailerons, elevators and rudders allow for rolling, pitching and yawing.
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Analysis of Ground Effect on a Symmetrical Airfoil
A Detailed Study and Computational Fluid Dynamics investigation was conducted to ascertain and highlight the
different ways in which ground effect phenomena are present around a symmetrical aerofoil-NACA 0015- when
in close proximity to the ground. The trends in force and flow field behaviour were observed at various ground
clearances, for different angle of attack. The analysis was carried out by varying the angle of attack from 00 to
100 and ground clearance of the trailing edge from minimum possible value to one chord length. It was found
that high values of pressure coefficient are obtained on the lower surface when the airfoil is close to the ground.
This region of high pressure extended almost over the entire lower surface for higher angles of attack. As a
result, higher values of lift coefficient are obtained when the airfoil is close to the ground. The flow accelerates
over the airfoil due to flow diversion from the lower side and higher mean velocity is observed near the suction
peak location. The pressure distribution on the upper surface did not change significantly with ground clearance
for higher angles of attack. The lift was found to drop at lower angles of attack at some values of ground
clearance due to suction effect on the lower surface as the result of formation of a convergent–divergent passage
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clearance, which is found to be decreasing as the airfoil is approaching to a closer ground clearance. This ground
effect is analyzed using FLUENT 5/6 code.
Final slides
Drag on an aircraft is determined by its speed, cross-sectional area, and shape. There are two main types of drag: zero-lift drag which includes form, skin friction, and interference drag; and induced drag. Form drag depends on the body shape and area and can be reduced by making surfaces more streamlined. Skin friction drag is caused by viscosity and can be lowered by keeping surfaces smooth. Interference drag occurs at junctions which can be decreased through filleting.
Aerodynamics Part 1.pptx
1. The document discusses various aerodynamic concepts including bluff bodies, tandem bodies, scant angle, and attack angle. It explains that bluff bodies have high drag due to their irregular shape, while tandem bodies refer to studying the airflow between two or more bodies placed in a line.
2. Ground effects are described as changes in aerodynamic behavior that occur when an object is near the ground. This can affect lift and drag forces on the object. In racing cars, ground effects are used to increase downforce through venturi tunnels and diffusers under the car.
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Unit 1 Basic Aerodynamics ATPP 200
The document discusses the four forces of flight - lift, weight, thrust, and drag. It explains that lift is produced by the interaction of air moving over an airfoil shape according to Bernoulli's principle. The angle of attack and airspeed determine the amount of lift generated. For steady level flight, the opposing forces of lift and weight and of thrust and drag must balance. Induced drag is caused by lift and increases with higher angles of attack needed for slower flight. Exceeding the critical angle of attack causes a stall from airflow separation over the wing.
ppt 1
This document analyzes the aerodynamic performance of three different wing configurations for unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The three wings analyzed are a hybrid wing, joined wing, and tailless wing. CFD simulations were run at varying Mach numbers and angles of attack. Results show the tailless wing generates the lowest vortices and has the highest lift-to-drag ratio and stall angle, indicating it provides the best aerodynamic performance of the three wings analyzed for UAV applications.
AERODYNAMICS FORCES AND MOMENTS.ppt
This document discusses various aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils and wings. It describes how aerodynamic forces are generated by pressure and shear stress distributions on surfaces. It also defines key terms like lift, drag, angle of attack, center of pressure, aerodynamic center. Methods to increase lift or reduce drag like high-lift devices, supercritical airfoils, and winglets are explained. Different types of airfoils and their characteristics are also summarized.
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Pressure
1. Pressure is defined as the force applied per unit area. The SI unit for pressure is the pascal.
2. Knowledge of pressure can be applied to understand how vehicles brake. Applying a larger force over a smaller area increases pressure and allows for faster braking.
3. Proper tire pressure is important for vehicles. Too much or too little pressure can cause issues like overheating or an unstable ride. Bicycle tires require less pressure than car tires due to softer road surfaces.
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Class G airspace has the fewest restrictions and is closest to the ground, while Class A airspace is the most restrictive and prohibits VFR flight. Each class has different pilot certification, equipment, and weather minimum requirements that become more stringent from Class G to Class A airspace. Special use airspaces also exist for security or military reasons and may impose additional limitations on aircraft. Knowledge of the national airspace system is essential for safe cross-country soaring flights.
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Artificial feel systems in aircraft provide pilots with feedback about control surface positions and aerodynamic loads without direct mechanical linkage. They use springs or dynamic air pressure differentials to create resistance proportional to pilot control inputs and airspeed. Modern aircraft use spring or Q feel systems, with Q feel employing a piston or hydraulic actuator biased by pitot-static differential pressure to generate opposing forces on controls.
Fuselage structures
The document discusses the different types and functions of aircraft fuselages. It describes how fuselages form the main body of an aircraft and house key components. There are three main types of fuselage structures: frame, monocoque, and semi-monocoque. Frame structures use a series of pipes but are heavier, while monocoque structures rely on the skin to take all loads but are fragile. Semi-monocoque fuselages provide a balance by sharing loads between the skin and internal structures. The document also outlines features like windows, doors, engines mounts and shapes that fuselages can take.
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Fuel systems on aircraft can be complex, utilizing multiple tank designs located throughout the aircraft. Fuel is distributed via pumps and valves, and aircraft may have systems to prevent issues like fuel starvation, icing, and contamination. Large aircraft often carefully manage fuel burn between tanks to control weight and balance. Fuel gauges indicate quantity, but dipsticks provide backup readings, and crossfeed capabilities are important for multi-engine aircraft in emergencies. Fuel systems aim to reliably deliver clean fuel to aircraft engines.
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
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在线办理(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证毕业完成信一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
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一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero Water
Sharlene Leurig - Enabling Onsite Water Use with Net Zero WaterTexas Alliance of Groundwater Districts
Presented at June 6-7 Texas Alliance of Groundwater Districts Business MeetingImmersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptx
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Or: Beyond linear.
Abstract: Equivariant neural networks are neural networks that incorporate symmetries. The nonlinear activation functions in these networks result in interesting nonlinear equivariant maps between simple representations, and motivate the key player of this talk: piecewise linear representation theory.
Disclaimer: No one is perfect, so please mind that there might be mistakes and typos.
dtubbenhauer@gmail.com
Corrected slides: dtubbenhauer.com/talks.html
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Recently uploaded (20)
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
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20240520 Planning a Circuit Simulator in JavaScript.pptx
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bordetella pertussis.................................ppt
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Equivariant neural networks and representation theory
Drag in aircrafts
- 2. The force against the thrust is drag OR The force acting in the direction of relative airflow is drag OR During flight all parts of an aircraft exposed to the airflow experiences a resistance as aircraft moves through the air, the force is known as drag
- 6. The parts not contributing to lift are called parasite and the drag they produce is called parasite drag The sum of skin friction drag and form drag is known as profile drag
- 7. Skin friction drag is the reaction to the retardation of the airflow within boundary layer, it depends upon the rate at which the air trying to slide adjacent to the aircraft surface
- 8. Directly proportional to square of speed Roughness Irregular Shape
- 9. Cruise at optimum efficiency speed Polishing Aerodynamic shapes
- 10. When streamline air flow passing over an aircraft separates from the surface and becomes turbulent, this phenomena is known as form drag
- 11. Directly proportional to square of speed Hindrance (e.g. undercarriage) Irregular shapes Roughness
- 12. Aerodynamic shapes (even, smooth, well cambered) Fairing on undercarriage
- 13. When two differently directed airflows interfere they produce interference drag e.g. joint between different aircraft parts such as wing and fuselage, lights, stabilizers and antennas
- 15. The force that occurs when the aircraft redirects the airflow coming at it, this drag force occurs due to wings OR Pressure difference from top to bottom of wing (span- wise flow) causes vortices along the wings particularly wing tips
- 17. It is a by-product of lift Increases with increasing angle of attack inversely proportional to speed increases
- 18. Increase wing span (Aspect ratio) Wing-lets Washout
- 19. Fuel tank on wing tips Tapered wings Wing tips modification