This document discusses the basics of aerodynamics and the four main forces of flight - lift, weight, thrust, and drag. It explains how lift is generated by the airflow around an airfoil based on Bernoulli's principle. It also discusses factors like angle of attack, stalls, and the primary flight controls of ailerons, elevators, and rudder that allow pilots to maneuver aircraft by changing lift. Additionally, it covers the different types of drag forces and wake turbulence created by wingtip vortices. Secondary flight controls like flaps and trim are also summarized.

1. Basics ofBasics of
AerodynamicsAerodynamics
Presented by:
Zubayer Al Billal Khan
Consultant
zubayer_007@yahoo.com
www.zubayer.name
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2. AerodynamicsAerodynamics
“A branch of dynamics that deals with the motion of air and
other gaseous fluids and with the forces acting on bodies in
motion relative to such fluids.”
Source: Merriam-Webster Online

3. Forces of FlightForces of Flight

4. Forces Of FlightForces Of Flight
Lift
Weight
Thrust
Drag
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5. Definitions: Forces Of FlightDefinitions: Forces Of Flight10/27/18 Zubayer Al Billal Khan 5

6. LiftLift

7. LiftLift
In addition to allowing the aircraft to fly,
changing the force of lift on various parts
of the aircraft allows the aircraft to be
maneuvered in flight
◦ We will review how lift is created first
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8. Physics ReviewPhysics Review
Newton’s laws summed up.
◦ 1st
- A body at rest tends to stay at rest and a
body in motion will stay in motion unless acted
on by a force.
◦ 2nd
– Force = Mass * Acceleration
◦ 3rd
– For every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction
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9. Bernoulli’s Theory of LiftBernoulli’s Theory of Lift
Bernoulli’s principal summed up:
◦ as the velocity of a fluid increase, its internal
pressure decreases.
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10. LiftLift
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11. LiftLift
Changing the basic shape of the airfoil
allows for different flow patterns about the
wing changing the amount of lift created
Changing the amount of lift created by
various airfoils on the aircraft allows the
pilot to maneuver the aircraft in-flight
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12. TermsTerms

13. TermsTerms
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14. Chord LineChord Line
Chord Line : An imaginary line leading
from the leading edge to the trailing edge
of an airfoil
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15. Angle Of AttackAngle Of Attack
Angle of attack: Referred to as “AOA”, is
the angle made up between the chord line
and the relative wind
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16. StallsStalls

17. Airspeed and StallsAirspeed and Stalls
We can only increase AOA so much before
we induce an aerodynamic stall
Though airspeed is often associated with a
stall, a stall can happen at any airspeed
and in any attitude if the critical AOA is
exceeded
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18. StallsStalls
For a given airfoil, we can only increase
AOA so much before we experience an
aerodynamic stall
Airfoil in normal flight Airfoil in stalled condition
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19. StallsStalls
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20. Maneuvering FlightManeuvering Flight

21. Primary Flight ControlsPrimary Flight Controls
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22. Maneuvering FlightManeuvering Flight
The flight controls allow pilots to
maneuver the aircraft by changing the
pressure distribution (and the amount of
lift created) on various parts of the
aircraft.
The primary flight controls do this by
changing the AOA to change the lift
created thereby allowing the aircraft to
pitch bank and yaw
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23. AileronsAilerons
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24. RudderRudder
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25. DragDrag

26. DragDrag
Drag is broken into two types
◦ Parasite
◦ Induced
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27. DragDrag
Parasite drag:
◦ Further broken into
 Form drag
 Skin friction drag
 Interference drag
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28. DragDrag
Parasite / form drag
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29. DragDrag
Parasite / Skin friction drag
◦ Airflow is stagnate near the surface of the wing
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30. DragDrag
Parasite / Interference drag
◦ Airflow is disrupted by how various objects are
arranged on the aircraft
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31. DragDrag
Parasite drag increases with velocity
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32. DragDrag
Induced drag
◦ Any time a wing is producing lift their is
induced drag
◦ The higher the AOA the more induced drag
◦ Slow aircraft = high AOA = high induced drag
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33. DragDrag
Combined drag curves gives us total drag
◦ 1 airspeed gives us least total drag
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34. Wake TurbulenceWake Turbulence

35. Wingtip VorticesWingtip Vortices
Aircraft producing lift produce a wake
(wingtip vortices)
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36. Wingtip VorticesWingtip Vortices
Airflow moves from
high to low – at the
wing tips it is allowed
to spill over the top
creating a vortex
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37. Wake TurbulenceWake Turbulence
Avoid flight where the wake turbulence
could be.
Taking Off
Landing
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38. Secondary FlightSecondary Flight
ControlsControls

39. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls
On most training aircraft secondary flight
controls are limited to:
◦ Flaps
◦ Trim
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40. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls
Flaps
◦ Allow decreased minimum flight speed
◦ Allow increased drag / Steeper descents
 Often used during landing for this purpose
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41. Secondary Flight ControlsSecondary Flight Controls
Flaps
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42. TrimTrim
Accelerate you get more tail down force
◦ Not desirable if you want to maintain level
flight
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43. Multi Rotor Flying PrincipalMulti Rotor Flying Principal
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44. Weight Balance MechanismWeight Balance Mechanism
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45. TrimTrim
Trim reduces pilot workload (yes)
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46. ConclusionConclusion
Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks
What was not discussed
◦ Transonic flow
◦ Drag-divergence Mach number
◦ Supersonic flow
◦ Wave drag
◦ Swept wings
◦ Compressibility effects
◦ Boundary layer theory
◦ The history of aerodynamics
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47. Ask your question:Ask your question:
For more information
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Email: zubayer_007@yahoo.com
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