This is the presentation on flow past an airfoil . An airfoil-shaped body moving through a fluid produces an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to the direction of motion is called lift. The component parallel to the direction of motion is called drag. Subsonic flight airfoils have a characteristic shape with a rounded leading edge, followed by a sharp trailing edge, often with a symmetric curvature of upper and lower surfaces.
An airfoil is a key part of an aircraft that generates lift. It has a leading edge and trailing edge, with the chord connecting the two. The shape and thickness of the airfoil, including its camber, determine whether it is best suited for commercial or fighter aircraft. Commercial aircraft typically use thicker, cambered airfoils for low speeds and high lift, while fighter jets use thinner, symmetric airfoils for high speeds and low lift. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) developed a numbering system to classify different standard airfoil profiles.
1. An airfoil is the shape of a wing or blade that produces lift as air flows around it. It is inspired by the shape of a fish.
2. The key parts of an airfoil are the leading edge, which meets the air first, and the trailing edge, which smooths air flow.
3. NACA airfoils use a numbering system to describe characteristics like camber, thickness, and optimal lift coefficients. The 4-digit system describes camber, location of maximum camber, and thickness, while the 5-digit system provides more details.
1) The document discusses a study and CFD analysis of an aerofoil at different angles of attack. It outlines the inputs and boundary conditions used in the CFD model including the velocity, temperature, pressure, and turbulence model.
2) The methodology section describes how the aerofoil model was created in CAD software and meshed. The solver settings applied in the CFD analysis are also outlined.
3) The results and discussion section analyzes the static pressure contours on the aerofoil surface at different angles of attack from 0° to 22.5°. It is observed that lift increases with angle of attack until 20°, beyond which stall may occur.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for Aerodynamics 301A taught at Cairo University's Faculty of Engineering. The course aims to teach students: 1) how to predict aerodynamic forces on aircraft components and whole aircraft; 2) how to determine air properties moving internally through engines; and 3) how to apply various aerodynamic principles to different applications. The course covers topics such as the governing equations of fluid motion, potential flow theory, and finite wing theory.
The flow across an airfoil is studied for different angle of attack. The CFD analysis results are documented and studied for different angle of attack using fluent & gambit.
Drag is the force acting opposite to the direction of motion of an aircraft as it moves through the air. There are several types of drag which include parasite drag from parts not contributing to lift, profile drag which is the sum of skin friction and form drag, interference drag caused by interacting airflows, and induced drag which is a byproduct of lift and increases with higher angles of attack. Reducing drag can be accomplished through techniques such as aerodynamic shaping of surfaces, reducing surface roughness, and optimizing wing design elements.
An airfoil is any surface such as a wing, propeller, or helicopter blade that generates lift when air flows over it. The airfoil is designed so that the airflow speeds up over the top surface, which decreases the air pressure and increases lift. The leading edge is the front part that air first meets, and the trailing edge is the back where the top and bottom airflow meet again. Spars, ribs, and stringers make up the basic wing framework, providing structure and shape. Early wings were wood but now aluminum and lightweight composite materials are most common.
An airfoil is a key part of an aircraft that generates lift. It has a leading edge and trailing edge, with the chord connecting the two. The shape and thickness of the airfoil, including its camber, determine whether it is best suited for commercial or fighter aircraft. Commercial aircraft typically use thicker, cambered airfoils for low speeds and high lift, while fighter jets use thinner, symmetric airfoils for high speeds and low lift. The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) developed a numbering system to classify different standard airfoil profiles.
1. An airfoil is the shape of a wing or blade that produces lift as air flows around it. It is inspired by the shape of a fish.
2. The key parts of an airfoil are the leading edge, which meets the air first, and the trailing edge, which smooths air flow.
3. NACA airfoils use a numbering system to describe characteristics like camber, thickness, and optimal lift coefficients. The 4-digit system describes camber, location of maximum camber, and thickness, while the 5-digit system provides more details.
1) The document discusses a study and CFD analysis of an aerofoil at different angles of attack. It outlines the inputs and boundary conditions used in the CFD model including the velocity, temperature, pressure, and turbulence model.
2) The methodology section describes how the aerofoil model was created in CAD software and meshed. The solver settings applied in the CFD analysis are also outlined.
3) The results and discussion section analyzes the static pressure contours on the aerofoil surface at different angles of attack from 0° to 22.5°. It is observed that lift increases with angle of attack until 20°, beyond which stall may occur.
This document outlines the course objectives and content for Aerodynamics 301A taught at Cairo University's Faculty of Engineering. The course aims to teach students: 1) how to predict aerodynamic forces on aircraft components and whole aircraft; 2) how to determine air properties moving internally through engines; and 3) how to apply various aerodynamic principles to different applications. The course covers topics such as the governing equations of fluid motion, potential flow theory, and finite wing theory.
The flow across an airfoil is studied for different angle of attack. The CFD analysis results are documented and studied for different angle of attack using fluent & gambit.
Drag is the force acting opposite to the direction of motion of an aircraft as it moves through the air. There are several types of drag which include parasite drag from parts not contributing to lift, profile drag which is the sum of skin friction and form drag, interference drag caused by interacting airflows, and induced drag which is a byproduct of lift and increases with higher angles of attack. Reducing drag can be accomplished through techniques such as aerodynamic shaping of surfaces, reducing surface roughness, and optimizing wing design elements.
An airfoil is any surface such as a wing, propeller, or helicopter blade that generates lift when air flows over it. The airfoil is designed so that the airflow speeds up over the top surface, which decreases the air pressure and increases lift. The leading edge is the front part that air first meets, and the trailing edge is the back where the top and bottom airflow meet again. Spars, ribs, and stringers make up the basic wing framework, providing structure and shape. Early wings were wood but now aluminum and lightweight composite materials are most common.
This document provides an overview of basic aerodynamics and flight controls. It explains the four main forces that act on aircraft - lift, gravity/weight, thrust, and drag. It describes how control surfaces like the ailerons, elevators, and rudder are used to control the aircraft's roll, pitch, and yaw. Finally, it gives a brief tour of common flight instruments that provide information to pilots like airspeed, altitude, heading, and vertical speed. The goal is to help readers understand how aircraft fly and how pilots control and navigate them.
The document provides information about aerodynamics and the four main forces that act on airplanes - lift, weight, thrust, and drag. It explains how the shape of an airfoil generates lift using both Bernoulli's principle of fluid dynamics and Newton's third law of equal and opposite reactions. However, it notes that neither theory fully explains lift and some aspects of each theory have flaws. It also discusses other factors that influence lift such as angle of attack.
This presentation discusses swept wing configurations and their applications for supersonic flight. Swept wings reduce wave drag at transonic speeds by angling shock waves away from the aircraft. Swept wings were first developed in Germany in the 1930s and became prominent with aircraft like the MiG-15 and F-86. Variations include forward swept wings, which provide maneuverability but are expensive, and variable sweep wings which can change sweep angle during flight. Swept wings provide benefits like lateral stability and delaying compressibility effects at transonic speeds.
The document discusses the concepts of stability, maneuverability, and controllability as they relate to aircraft design. It states that stability causes an aircraft to return to steady flight after a disturbance, maneuverability allows the pilot to move the aircraft easily about its axes, and controllability is the ability to respond to pilot inputs. However, increasing one of these characteristics typically decreases another, so aircraft designs involve compromises. The document then examines longitudinal, lateral, and directional stability in more detail.
This document discusses the basics of aerodynamics and the forces acting on aircraft in flight. It covers key concepts like:
1. Aerodynamic forces like lift, weight, thrust and drag that act on aircraft in motion through the air based on Newton's Laws of motion.
2. How the shape of airfoils and wings generate lift using Bernoulli's principle and how control surfaces like ailerons, elevators and rudders allow for rolling, pitching and yawing.
3. The different types of drag forces - induced, parasite and wave drag - and how configuration changes and altitude affect aircraft performance.
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineering undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set is about prediction of lift on thin cambered airfoils.
1) When air flows around a corner at supersonic speeds, it does not create a shock wave but rather forms an expansion wave where the flow accelerates and Mach lines diverge.
2) In supersonic flow, expansion waves occur when the cross-sectional area of the flow path increases, lowering both temperature and pressure.
3) For a flat plate at a positive angle of attack in supersonic flow, the upper surface experiences an expansion wave at the leading edge and oblique shock at the trailing edge, producing uniform suction pressure to generate lift along with associated drag.
This document discusses airfoil and rotor blade terminology. It defines symmetrical and nonsymmetrical airfoils and their characteristics. It also defines the angles of incidence, attack, and describes how collective and cyclic feathering changes these angles to control the helicopter. Flapping, lead, and lag are also summarized as important motions of the rotor blades that help control the aircraft.
Takeoff and Landing | Flight Mechanics | GATE AerospaceAge of Aerospace
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in a presentation on flight mechanics, takeoff, and landing. The core topics include basics of atmosphere, aircraft classification, airplane configuration, flight instruments, aerodynamic forces, and airplane performance including takeoff, landing, climb, descent, stability, and equations of motion. The presentation will focus on takeoff and landing performance, outlining the different segments of ground roll for takeoff and approach/flare/ground roll distances for landing, as well as factors that influence accelerated performance like drag, minimum control speeds, and decision speeds. References for further information are provided.
Wind tunnels come in several types depending on their design and airflow characteristics. The document describes blow down, atmospheric entry, high enthalpy, and continuous flow wind tunnels. Continuous flow wind tunnels can be open circuit for subsonic or supersonic testing, or closed circuit. Open circuit tunnels work by drawing in air and exhausting it, while closed circuit wind tunnels recirculate the air through a compressor. The different wind tunnel types are used to simulate various flow conditions for testing aircraft and missile components.
The presentation discusses the four main flight forces - lift, drag, weight, and thrust - and their origins. Lift is caused by air movement and pressure and allows the plane to rise. Drag is the air resistance opposing the plane's motion. Weight is the force pulling the plane downward and thrust provides the forward force to overcome drag. Each force acts through specific points on the plane like the center of pressure or center of gravity, and the interaction of these forces and points is important for stable flight.
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineeing undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set is an introduction to vortex lattice method (VLM) through the Kutta condition and circulation.
The document presents a computational fluid dynamics analysis of flow over NACA airfoils using ANSYS Fluent. It describes modeling NACA-4412, NACA-6409, and NACA-0012 airfoils, applying boundary conditions, and analyzing lift, drag, velocity and pressure distributions. The analysis found that NACA-4412 had a higher lift-to-drag ratio than NACA-6409. Additionally, increasing the angle of attack was found to initially increase lift and drag coefficients until a certain point, after which lift decreased while drag continued increasing.
Aircraft rigging, levelling and jacking systemPriyankaKg4
The document outlines safety procedures for jacking up an aircraft for maintenance. A coordinator should supervise as technicians jack up the aircraft at designated points, checking that its weight, fuel levels, and center of gravity are within specifications. The aircraft should be positioned inside a hangar on level ground protected from wind, with chocks in front of and behind the wheels and brakes released. Clearance and space for equipment must be ensured around the aircraft.
Design and analysis of wing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle using CFDPranit Dhole
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an important technology for military and security application. Various missions can be done using UAV such as surveillance in unknown areas, forestry conservation, and spying enemy territory. Selection of components such as aerofoil plays huge roll in performers of UAV in terms of lift, drag, load carrying capacity, range etc.
This project presents an approach for designing of wing by selecting proper aerofoil and CFD analysis for verifying aerodynamics characteristics.
The four main forces acting on an airplane in flight are thrust, drag, lift, and weight. Thrust is produced by the engine and propeller and opposes drag. Drag is a retarding force caused by air flowing around the airplane. Weight pulls the airplane downward due to gravity, and lift opposes weight and is produced by air flowing over the wings. Understanding and controlling these four forces through power and flight controls is essential to flight.
Airfoil Terminology, Its Theory and Variations As Well As Relations with Its ...paperpublications3
This document discusses airfoil terminology, theory, and variations in lift and drag forces. It begins with definitions of key airfoil terms like lift, drag, angle of attack, and pressure distributions. It then covers thin airfoil theory, relating angle of attack to coefficients of lift and drag. Derivations of thin airfoil theory and the relationship between various aerodynamic coefficients are provided. Finally, it examines static pressure and velocity contours around sample airfoils at different angles of attack. In summary, the document provides an overview of airfoil aerodynamic fundamentals including terminology, theoretical models, and illustrative computational fluid dynamics results.
This document provides an overview of basic aerodynamics and flight controls. It explains the four main forces that act on aircraft - lift, gravity/weight, thrust, and drag. It describes how control surfaces like the ailerons, elevators, and rudder are used to control the aircraft's roll, pitch, and yaw. Finally, it gives a brief tour of common flight instruments that provide information to pilots like airspeed, altitude, heading, and vertical speed. The goal is to help readers understand how aircraft fly and how pilots control and navigate them.
The document provides information about aerodynamics and the four main forces that act on airplanes - lift, weight, thrust, and drag. It explains how the shape of an airfoil generates lift using both Bernoulli's principle of fluid dynamics and Newton's third law of equal and opposite reactions. However, it notes that neither theory fully explains lift and some aspects of each theory have flaws. It also discusses other factors that influence lift such as angle of attack.
This presentation discusses swept wing configurations and their applications for supersonic flight. Swept wings reduce wave drag at transonic speeds by angling shock waves away from the aircraft. Swept wings were first developed in Germany in the 1930s and became prominent with aircraft like the MiG-15 and F-86. Variations include forward swept wings, which provide maneuverability but are expensive, and variable sweep wings which can change sweep angle during flight. Swept wings provide benefits like lateral stability and delaying compressibility effects at transonic speeds.
The document discusses the concepts of stability, maneuverability, and controllability as they relate to aircraft design. It states that stability causes an aircraft to return to steady flight after a disturbance, maneuverability allows the pilot to move the aircraft easily about its axes, and controllability is the ability to respond to pilot inputs. However, increasing one of these characteristics typically decreases another, so aircraft designs involve compromises. The document then examines longitudinal, lateral, and directional stability in more detail.
This document discusses the basics of aerodynamics and the forces acting on aircraft in flight. It covers key concepts like:
1. Aerodynamic forces like lift, weight, thrust and drag that act on aircraft in motion through the air based on Newton's Laws of motion.
2. How the shape of airfoils and wings generate lift using Bernoulli's principle and how control surfaces like ailerons, elevators and rudders allow for rolling, pitching and yawing.
3. The different types of drag forces - induced, parasite and wave drag - and how configuration changes and altitude affect aircraft performance.
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineering undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set is about prediction of lift on thin cambered airfoils.
1) When air flows around a corner at supersonic speeds, it does not create a shock wave but rather forms an expansion wave where the flow accelerates and Mach lines diverge.
2) In supersonic flow, expansion waves occur when the cross-sectional area of the flow path increases, lowering both temperature and pressure.
3) For a flat plate at a positive angle of attack in supersonic flow, the upper surface experiences an expansion wave at the leading edge and oblique shock at the trailing edge, producing uniform suction pressure to generate lift along with associated drag.
This document discusses airfoil and rotor blade terminology. It defines symmetrical and nonsymmetrical airfoils and their characteristics. It also defines the angles of incidence, attack, and describes how collective and cyclic feathering changes these angles to control the helicopter. Flapping, lead, and lag are also summarized as important motions of the rotor blades that help control the aircraft.
Takeoff and Landing | Flight Mechanics | GATE AerospaceAge of Aerospace
This document provides an overview of the topics covered in a presentation on flight mechanics, takeoff, and landing. The core topics include basics of atmosphere, aircraft classification, airplane configuration, flight instruments, aerodynamic forces, and airplane performance including takeoff, landing, climb, descent, stability, and equations of motion. The presentation will focus on takeoff and landing performance, outlining the different segments of ground roll for takeoff and approach/flare/ground roll distances for landing, as well as factors that influence accelerated performance like drag, minimum control speeds, and decision speeds. References for further information are provided.
Wind tunnels come in several types depending on their design and airflow characteristics. The document describes blow down, atmospheric entry, high enthalpy, and continuous flow wind tunnels. Continuous flow wind tunnels can be open circuit for subsonic or supersonic testing, or closed circuit. Open circuit tunnels work by drawing in air and exhausting it, while closed circuit wind tunnels recirculate the air through a compressor. The different wind tunnel types are used to simulate various flow conditions for testing aircraft and missile components.
The presentation discusses the four main flight forces - lift, drag, weight, and thrust - and their origins. Lift is caused by air movement and pressure and allows the plane to rise. Drag is the air resistance opposing the plane's motion. Weight is the force pulling the plane downward and thrust provides the forward force to overcome drag. Each force acts through specific points on the plane like the center of pressure or center of gravity, and the interaction of these forces and points is important for stable flight.
ME438 Aerodynamics is offered by Dr. Bilal Siddiqui to senior mechanical engineeing undergraduates at DHA Suffa University. This lecture set is an introduction to vortex lattice method (VLM) through the Kutta condition and circulation.
The document presents a computational fluid dynamics analysis of flow over NACA airfoils using ANSYS Fluent. It describes modeling NACA-4412, NACA-6409, and NACA-0012 airfoils, applying boundary conditions, and analyzing lift, drag, velocity and pressure distributions. The analysis found that NACA-4412 had a higher lift-to-drag ratio than NACA-6409. Additionally, increasing the angle of attack was found to initially increase lift and drag coefficients until a certain point, after which lift decreased while drag continued increasing.
Aircraft rigging, levelling and jacking systemPriyankaKg4
The document outlines safety procedures for jacking up an aircraft for maintenance. A coordinator should supervise as technicians jack up the aircraft at designated points, checking that its weight, fuel levels, and center of gravity are within specifications. The aircraft should be positioned inside a hangar on level ground protected from wind, with chocks in front of and behind the wheels and brakes released. Clearance and space for equipment must be ensured around the aircraft.
Design and analysis of wing for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle using CFDPranit Dhole
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an important technology for military and security application. Various missions can be done using UAV such as surveillance in unknown areas, forestry conservation, and spying enemy territory. Selection of components such as aerofoil plays huge roll in performers of UAV in terms of lift, drag, load carrying capacity, range etc.
This project presents an approach for designing of wing by selecting proper aerofoil and CFD analysis for verifying aerodynamics characteristics.
The four main forces acting on an airplane in flight are thrust, drag, lift, and weight. Thrust is produced by the engine and propeller and opposes drag. Drag is a retarding force caused by air flowing around the airplane. Weight pulls the airplane downward due to gravity, and lift opposes weight and is produced by air flowing over the wings. Understanding and controlling these four forces through power and flight controls is essential to flight.
Airfoil Terminology, Its Theory and Variations As Well As Relations with Its ...paperpublications3
This document discusses airfoil terminology, theory, and variations in lift and drag forces. It begins with definitions of key airfoil terms like lift, drag, angle of attack, and pressure distributions. It then covers thin airfoil theory, relating angle of attack to coefficients of lift and drag. Derivations of thin airfoil theory and the relationship between various aerodynamic coefficients are provided. Finally, it examines static pressure and velocity contours around sample airfoils at different angles of attack. In summary, the document provides an overview of airfoil aerodynamic fundamentals including terminology, theoretical models, and illustrative computational fluid dynamics results.
1) The document discusses the significance of the speed of sound in flight, defining subsonic, transonic, and supersonic flight based on Mach numbers.
2) It explains how air pressure and airflow behave differently depending on whether aircraft speed is below or above the speed of sound.
3) The key principles discussed include how lift is generated via pressure differences on the top and bottom surfaces of airfoils, as well as how angle of attack and airfoil shape impact lift and drag forces.
A Good Effect of Airfoil Design While Keeping Angle of Attack by 6 Degreepaperpublications3
Abstract: Airfoil is a shape of wing or blade of (a propeller, rotor or turbine) by which a fluid generates an aerodynamic force. The component of this force perpendicular to the direction of its speed is called lift force and the component parallel to its speed is called drag forces. Here we see that if we set the angle of attack by 6 degree in fluid NACA0012 we found the aerodynamic forces with suitable positive result our research is totally based on iterations method and based on the help of cfd software.
This document provides an overview of aerodynamic concepts including:
1) It defines key parts of an airfoil like chord, camber, leading edge, and trailing edge.
2) It explains forces like lift, weight, thrust, and drag and how they relate to flight.
3) It describes factors that affect lift like air density, wing area, angle of attack, and Bernoulli's principle.
The document summarizes the aerodynamics of helicopters. It describes how helicopters generate lift through rotating wings and discusses key concepts like torque. It also analyzes airfoil shapes, pressure distributions, and how different airfoil designs impact lift and drag properties. Additionally, the summary defines important rotor system components and terminology used in helicopter aerodynamics.
This document provides an overview of basic aerodynamic principles and aircraft flight theory. It covers key topics such as the atmosphere, Newton's laws of motion, Bernoulli's principle, airfoils, the four forces of flight, stability and control surfaces. The presentation introduces fundamental concepts including pressure, density, humidity, inertia, lift, drag, thrust, weight, angles of attack and incidence, and the three axes of movement. It also explains how stability is achieved through aircraft design elements like dihedral wings, sweepback, and keel effect.
The document provides an overview of basic aerodynamics and principles of helicopter flight. It discusses the four forces acting on a helicopter - lift, weight, thrust, and drag. It explains airfoils, including their camber, angle of attack, and pitch angle. It describes how the venturi effect and Bernoulli's principle relate to lift and drag on an airfoil. The key factors that determine lift are explained as the coefficient of lift, air density, airfoil velocity, and surface area in the lift equation.
Drag is the aerodynamic force acting parallel to the relative airflow that resists the forward motion of an aircraft. It is caused by various factors related to the aircraft's shape and the viscosity of air. Drag can be categorized as zero-lift drag, which exists even without lift generation, or lift-dependent drag, which increases with lift. Zero-lift drag includes surface friction, form, and interference drag. Lift-dependent drag includes vortex drag and increments of the zero-lift drag components. Reducing drag is important for aircraft performance and efficiency.
Swept wings reduce wave drag at transonic and supersonic speeds due to a reduced relative airflow velocity. However, swept wings also generate less lift due to this reduced velocity. Delta wings are used for transonic and supersonic aircraft to reduce wave drag through vortex lift, providing high maximum lift despite a small lift slope. For wing-body combinations, the lift can be approximated as the wing lift alone, including the portion masked by the fuselage. Drag on airfoils and wings is caused by pressure and skin friction. Pressure drag results from boundary layer separation and skin friction drag from shear stresses. Formulas are provided for estimating profile drag on laminar and turbulent flat plates in incompressible flow.
The document discusses boundary layers and flow separation. It defines a boundary layer as the layer of fluid close to a surface where viscous forces are present when there is relative motion between the fluid and surface. It notes that boundary layers can be laminar or turbulent, and the Reynolds number determines which type will form. It then explains that flow separation occurs when the boundary layer detaches from the surface, often due to an adverse pressure gradient causing the flow speed at the surface to reduce to zero or become negative. Flow separation can reduce lift and increase drag on objects like aircraft.
A helicopter is an aircraft that is lifted and propelled by one or more horizontal rotors, each
consisting of two or more rotor blades. The main objective of this seminar topic is to study the basic
concepts of helicopter aerodynamics. The forces acting on helicopter i.e. lift, drag, thrust and weight
are considered for developing analytic equations. The main topics that are discussed include blade
motions like blade flapping, feathering and lead-lag. The effect of stall on helicopter blade flapping is
studied and it was noticed that there is a sudden lift drop at this stall condition. It was also found that
dynamic stall occurs due to rapidly changing angle of attack, which inturn affect the air flow over the
airfoil. Blade flapping angle and induced angle of attack are the main parameters concerned with stall.
The theory behind blade element analysis has been inferred in detail. The importance of all these in the
present scenario are also taken into consideration
Boundary layer PCS1.pptx Fluid Mechanics and Fluid DynamicsRoshanNayak26
The document discusses boundary layer theory and flow separation. Some key points:
- A boundary layer exists near surfaces where a fluid is flowing, within which viscous forces are present. Boundary layers can be laminar or turbulent depending on the Reynolds number.
- Flow separation occurs when the boundary layer detaches from the surface, such as when flowing in an adverse pressure gradient. After separation, eddies and vortices form downstream.
- Separation causes increased drag and other problems. Efforts are made to delay separation through surface design, such as dimples on golf balls and vortex generators on aircraft.
- The Strouhal number characterizes vortex shedding and is a function of flow
The document discusses vibration damping and Aeolian vibration in overhead power lines. It provides information on different types of wind-induced oscillations like Aeolian vibration, gallop, and simple swinging. It explains the concepts of bluff bodies, vortex shedding, Reynolds number, and their relationship to Aeolian vibration. Finally, it describes different types of vibration dampers used to control Aeolian vibration in conductors, including Stockbridge dampers, spiral vibration dampers, and tuned mass dampers.
Wind induced oscillations
Aeolian vibration
Gallop
Simple swinging
Types of bodies
Bluff/blunt bodies
Vortex shedding
Reasons for vortex shedding
Governing equation
The Reynolds number
Relationship with the Reynolds number
What is Aeolian vibration?
Effect of Aeolian vibration
Working of vibration damper
Stock bridge damper
Spiral vibration damper
Tuned mass damper
Working principle
This document analyzes the aerodynamic performance of three different wing configurations for unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The three wings analyzed are a hybrid wing, joined wing, and tailless wing. CFD simulations were run at varying Mach numbers and angles of attack. Results show the tailless wing generates the lowest vortices and has the highest lift-to-drag ratio and stall angle, indicating it provides the best aerodynamic performance of the three wings analyzed for UAV applications.
A STUDY ON VISCOUS FLOW (With A Special Focus On Boundary Layer And Its Effects)Rajibul Alam
This document summarizes a study on viscous flow with a focus on boundary layers and their effects. It defines viscosity and describes the boundary layer that forms along a solid surface moving through a fluid. Laminar and turbulent boundary layers are differentiated. The boundary layer equations are presented and used to derive the Navier-Stokes equations that govern viscous fluid flow. Key properties of boundary layers like thickness and velocity profiles are discussed. The interaction of boundary layers and shockwaves is also summarized.
1) The document provides an overview of flight basics, including the four forces of flight (lift, weight, thrust, drag), Newton's laws of motion, Bernoulli's principle, airfoils, parts of an airplane, stability, and control.
2) It explains concepts such as angles of attack and incidence, how wings generate lift, the role of thrust and drag, and the three axes of movement for an aircraft.
3) The document discusses different types of stability, including static and dynamic stability, and how control surfaces like ailerons, elevators, and rudders are used to control an airplane's movement around each axis.
This document discusses the four main forces that act on an aircraft in flight: thrust, weight, lift, and drag. It provides descriptions of each force and how they relate to one another. It also examines concepts like the aerodynamic resultant, lift and drag coefficients, and the lift to drag ratio. Angle of attack and its effect on lift and drag generation are explored. Finally, the different types of drag are defined and described in more detail.
This document provides definitions and explanations of various aerodynamic concepts and principles. It covers topics such as air flow, pressure, density, airspeed measurements, laminar and turbulent flow, aerodynamic forces including lift and drag, angle of attack, wing profiles, chord line, thickness, camber, aspect ratio, and more. The document uses diagrams and equations to illustrate key ideas from aerodynamics.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
2. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 AIRFOIL TERMINOLOGIES AND TYPE
3 DIFFERENT FLOWS PAST AN
AIRFOIL
4 FLOW AROUND AN AIRFOIL
CONTENTS
3. INTRODUCTION
Aerofoil or airfoil is defined as the cross-sectional shape that is designed with curved surface
giving it the most favorable ratio between lift and drag in flight. Lift is the component such that
the force is perpendicular to the direction of motion and drag is the component parallel to the
direction of motion. A similar idea is used in the designing of hydrofoils which is used when water
is used as the working fluid. .
The lift on an airfoil is primarily the result of its angle of attack. When oriented at a suitable angle,
the airfoil deflects the oncoming air (for fixed-wing aircraft, a downward force), resulting in a
force on the airfoil in the direction opposite to the deflection. This force is known as aerodynamic
force and can be resolved into two components: lift and drag. This pressure difference is
accompanied by a velocity difference, via Bernoulli's principle, so the resulting flowfield about the
airfoil has a higher average velocity on the upper surface than on the lower surface. The lift
force can be related directly to the average top/bottom velocity difference without computing
the pressure by using the concept of circulation and the Kutta–Joukowski theorem
4. AIRFOIL TERMINOLOGIES AND TYPES
1. AIRFOIL TERMONOLIGIES
v The Chord Line (1) is a straight line connecting the leading and trailing edges of the airfoil.
vThe Chord (2) is the length of the chordline from leading edge to trailing edge and is the
characteristic longitudinal dimension of an airfoil.
vThe Mean Camber Line (3) is a line drawn halfway between the upper and lower surfaces. The
chord line connects the ends of the mean camber line. The shape of the mean camber is
important in determining the aerodynamic characteristics of an airfoil section.
vMaximum Camber (4) (displacement of the mean camber line from the chord line) and where
it is located (expressed as fractions or percentages of the basic chord) help to define the
shape of the mean camber line.
5. vThe Maximum Thickness (5) of an airfoil andwhere it is located
(expressed as a percentage of the chord) help define the airfoil
shape,and hence its performance.
vThe Leading Edge Radius (6) of the airfoil is the radius of
curvature given the leading edge shape.
Following are the terms used to describe the behavior when the
aerofoil is moving through a fluid:
ü Aerodynamic center: The pitching moment is independent of lift
coefficient and angle of attack at this center.
ü Center of pressure: The pitching moment is zero at this center.
ü Angle of attack : The angle formed between a reference line on
a body and the oncoming flow.
ü Pitching moment: The moment or torque produced the
aerodynamic force on the aerofoil.
6. 2. AIRFOIL TYPES
Ø SYMMETRIC AIRFOIL -Symmetric airfoils are those which have the same
shape below and above the cord line. The opposite of symmetric airfoil
would be a cambered airfoil. The aerodynamic force is generated by
the relative motion of the body with respect to the mediumA
symmetrical airfoil will generate zero lift at zero angle of attack. But
as the angle of attack increases, the air is deflected through a larger
angle and the vertical component of the airstream velocity increases,
resulting in more lift.
Ø CAMBER AIRFOIL - Camber is the asymmetry between the two acting
surfaces of an airfoil, with the top surface of a wing (or
correspondingly the front surface of a propeller blade) commonly
being more convex (positive camber).Camber is usually designed into
an airfoil to maximize its lift coefficient. This minimizes the stalling
speed of aircraft using the airfoil. An aircraft with cambered wings will
have a lower stalling speed than an aircraft with a similar wing loading
and symmetric airfoil wings.
7. DIFFERENT FLOWS PAST AN AIRFOIL
1. LAMINAR FLOW : Laminar Flow is the smooth, uninterrupted
flow of air over the contour of the wings, fuselage, or other parts
of an aircraft in flight. Laminar flow is most often found at the
front of a streamlined body and is an important factor in flight. If
the smooth flow of air is interrupted over a wing section,
turbulence is created which results in a loss of lift and a high
degree of drag. An airfoil designed for minimum drag and
uninterrupted flow of the boundary layer is called a laminar airfoil
2. TURBULENT FLOW : turbulent layer is thicker than a laminar
flow layer and it generates more skin-friction drag. While the
speed increases evenly in a laminar flow layer, friction affects the
airflow more in the lower region of a turbulent flow layer. Most of
the airflow's speed reduction occurs right above the surface.
8. It turns out that the air's velocity combined with the distance it has traveled across a
surface determine whether the boundary layer is laminar or turbulent. Engineers measure
this using a "Reynolds Number" - named after Osborne Reynolds, who popularized its use. A
low Reynolds number indicates laminar flow, and a high Reynolds number indicates
turbulent flow.
3. VISOCOUS FLOW :The viscosity of a fluid is a measurement of that fluid?s resistance to
shearing. Fluids behave in such a way that, unlike solids, it is not the amount of shear
placed upon the liquid but the rates at which that shear is applied that determines its
resistance to flow.
From the perspective of a small amount of fluid, flowing along with the greater stream of
fluid the following behaviors can be deduced. As the fluid particle passes over the surface,
viscous forces cause it to stick to the surface. Meanwhile, the rest of the flow continues on
its way, providing a shearing force to that particle.
A wing provides lift because the viscosity of air causes an acceleration in the flow of air as
it moves to equalize the pressure difference of the wake of the wing. Changing the direction
of the air as it flows over the wing brings about this acceleration, and therefore an increase
in velocity, and a decrease in pressure. Without this viscous force to change the direction
of the flow, it would be impossible to fly.
9. 4. POTENTIAL FLOW: potential flow describes the velocity field
as the gradient of a scalar function: the velocity potential. As a
result, a potential flow is characterized by an irrotational velocity
field, which is a valid approximation for several applications. The
irrotationality of a potential flow is due to the curl of the gradient
of a scalar always being equal to zero.
In the case of an incompressible flow the velocity potential
satisfies Laplace's equation, and potential theory is applicable.
However, potential flows also have been used to describe
compressible flows. The potential flow approach occurs in the
modeling of both stationary as well as nonstationary flows.
Applications of potential flow are for instance: the outer flow field
for aerofoils, water waves, electroosmotic flow, and groundwater
flow. For flows (or parts thereof) with strong vorticity effects, the
potential flow approximation is not applicable.
10. FLOW AROUND AN AIRFOIL
The Kutta-Joukowski theorem shows that lift is proportional to circulation, but apparently the value of
the circulation can be assigned arbitrarily.
The solution of flow around a cylinder tells us that we should expect to find two stagnation points
along the airfoil the position of which is determined by the circulation around the profile. There is a
particular value of the circulation that moves the rear stagnation point (V=0) exactly on the trailing
edge.
This condition, which fixes a value of the circulation by simple geometrical considerations is the Kutta
condition.
Using Kutta condition the circulation is not anymore a free variable and it is possible to evaluate the
lift of an airfoil using the same techniques that were described for the cylinder. Note that the flow
fields obtained for a fixed value of the circulation are all valid solutions of the flow around an airfoil.
The Kutta condition chooses one of these fields, one which represents the best actual flow.
11. We can try to give a feasible physical justification of the Kutta
condition; to do this we need to introduce a concept that is
ignored by the theory for irrotational inviscid flow: the role
played by the viscosity of a real fluid.
Suppose we start from a static situation and give a small
velocity to the fluid. If the fluid is initially at rest it is also
irrotational and, neglecting the effect of viscosity, it must
remain irrotational due to Thompson theorem.
The flow field around the wing will then have zero circulation,
with two stagnation points located one on the lower face of
the wing, close to the leading edge, and one on the upper face,
close to the trailing edge.
12. A very unlikely situation is created at the trailing edge: a fluid particle on the lower side
of the airfoil should travel along the profile, make a sharp U-turn at the trailing edge, go
upstream on the upper face until it reaches the stagnation point and then, eventually,
leave the profile. A real fluid cannot behave in this way. Viscosity acts to damp the sharp
velocity gradient along the profile causing a separation of the boundary layer and a wake
is created with shedding of clockwise vorticity from the trailing edge.
Since the circulation along a curve that includes both the vortex and the airfoil must still
be zero, this leads to a counterclockwise circulation around the profile. But if a nonzero
circulation is present around the profile, the stagnation points would move and in
particular the rear stagnation point would move towards the trailing edge. The sequence
vortex shedding -> increase of circulation around the airfoil -> downstream migration of
the rear stagnation point continues until the stagnation point reaches the trailing edge.
When this happens the sharp velocity gradient disappears and the vorticity shedding
stops. This ``equilibrium'' situation freezes the value of the circulation around the airfoil,
which would not change anymore.