This document discusses dot plots, which are a visual technique for determining sequence alignment and similarity. Dot plots create a matrix where dots are placed at positions where characters match between two sequences being compared. This allows regions of similarity to be identified as diagonals within the matrix. Dot plots can reveal homologs, repeats, insertions/deletions, and be used to compare genes to mRNA sequences. They provide a first-level analysis of sequence alignment before more detailed scoring methods are applied.
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can be used to test whether the mutations in two strains are in different genes. By taking an example of Benzer's work, complementation has been explained.
Automated sequencing of genomes require automated gene assignment
Includes detection of open reading frames (ORFs)
Identification of the introns and exons
Gene prediction a very difficult problem in pattern recognition
Coding regions generally do not have conserved sequences
Much progress made with prokaryotic gene prediction
Eukaryotic genes more difficult to predict correctly
What is Genome,Genome mapping,types of Genome mapping,linkage or genetic mapping,Physical mapping,Somatic cell hybridization
Radiation hybridization ,Fish( =fluorescence in - situ hybridization),Types of probes for FISH,applications,Molecular markers,Rflp(= Restriction fragment length polymorphism),RFLPs may have the following Applications;Advantages of rflp,disAdvantages of rflp, Rapd(=Random amplification of polymorphic DNA),Process of rapd, Difference between rflp &rapd
A complementation test (sometimes called a "cis-trans" test) can be used to test whether the mutations in two strains are in different genes. By taking an example of Benzer's work, complementation has been explained.
Automated sequencing of genomes require automated gene assignment
Includes detection of open reading frames (ORFs)
Identification of the introns and exons
Gene prediction a very difficult problem in pattern recognition
Coding regions generally do not have conserved sequences
Much progress made with prokaryotic gene prediction
Eukaryotic genes more difficult to predict correctly
Gene mapping means the mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Such maps indicates the positions of genes in the genome and also distance between them.
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
Module 2 Sequence similarity.
Part of bioinformatics training session "Basic Bioinformatics concepts, databases and tools" - http://www.bits.vib.be/training
Gene mapping means the mapping of genes to specific locations on chromosomes.
Such maps indicates the positions of genes in the genome and also distance between them.
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
Module 2 Sequence similarity.
Part of bioinformatics training session "Basic Bioinformatics concepts, databases and tools" - http://www.bits.vib.be/training
This PPT explores the different attributes related to numerical taxonomy or Taxi- metrics in the domain of plant taxonomy along with different fundamental principles.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
2. Alignment
• In molecular biology, a common question is to
ask whether or not two sequences are related.
• The most common way to tell whether or not
they are related is to compare them to one
another to see if they are similar.
3. • Biological sequences that are similar (but not exact)
provide useful information to help discover functional,
structural, and evolutionary information.
• One common mistake is to describe two sequences as
having some sort of homology or a percent homology
based on their sequence similarity.
• This is a misuse of the biological term.
• Two sequences in different organisms are homologous if
they have been derived from a common ancestor
sequence.
• However, the greater the sequence similarity, the greater
chance there is that they share similar function and/or
structure.
4. Biological Definitions for Related
Sequences
• Homologs are similar sequences in two different
organisms that have been derived from a
common ancestor sequence.
– Homologs can be described as either orthologous or
paralogous.
• Orthologs are similar sequences in two different
organisms that have arisen due to a speciation
event.
Orthologs typically retain their functionality
throughout evolution.
5. • Paralogs are similar sequences within a single
organism that have arisen due to a gene
duplication event.
• Xenologs are similar sequences that do not
share the same evolutionary origin, but rather
have arisen out of horizontal transfer events
through symbiosis, viruses, etc
6. Hamming or edit distance
• One method in determining sequence
similarity is to determine the edit distance
between two sequences.
• If we take the example of pear and tear, how
similar are these two words?
• There is a mismatch in the first letter, and
matches in the last three
• An alignment of these two is as follows
7. • P E A R
| | |
• T E A R
One way to score this alignment is to calculate the Hamming distance,
which is the minimum number of letters by which the two words
differ.
In this example, the Hamming distance would be 1.
The Hamming distance is calculated by summing up the
number of mismatches when two words are aligned to one another.
8. • Which alignment is the better alignment? One
way to judge this is to assign a positive score for
each match, and a negative score for each
mismatch, and a negative score for each
insertion/deletion
– (collectively referred to as indels).
• One scoring scheme might assign the following
values:
– match: +2
– mismatch: -1
– indel –2
Scoring alignment
9. Using this scoring scheme, the first alignment has 5 matches, 1 mismatch, and 4
indels.
The score for this alignment is: 5 * 2 – 1(1) – 4(2) = 10 – 1 – 8 = 1.
The second alignment has 6 matches, 1 mismatch, and 2 indels. The score for the
second
alignment is 6 * 2 – 1(1) – 2 (2) = 12 – 1 – 4 = 7.
Therefore, using the above scoring scheme, the second alignment is a
better alignment, since it produces a higher alignment score.
10. Dot Plots
• One of the more basic, yet important techniques
for determining the alignment between two
sequences is by using a visual alignment known
as dot plots.
• Dot plots of sequence similarity are created
using a matrix where the rows in the matrix
correspond to the characters in the first sequence
and the columns in the matrix correspond to the
characters in the second sequence.
11. • The dot plot is created as follows:
• loop through each row. For the current row,
take the character in that row and compare it
to the character in each column.
• If they are equal, place a dot in the matrix.
• Continue until all nodes in the matrix have
been considered.
12.
13.
14. Information within Dot Plots
• Dot plots are useful as a first-level filter for
determining an alignment between two
sequences.
• Regions of similarity will show up as diagonals
within the dot plot matrix
• Regions containing insertions/deletions can be
readily determined
• One potential application is to determine the
number of coding regions (exons) contained
within a processed mRNA.
15. • Regions of genomic DNA can contain
repetitive regions.
• For instance, approximately 50 percent of the
human genome -repetitive elements, which
can be on the order of a few hundred bases
• low complexity are present as well
• In addition to repetitive elements, regions of a
genome can be duplicated
16. • The duplicated region can be found either as a
direct repeat or as an inverted repeat meaning
– Direct - it occurs in the same direction,
- inverted repeat - meaning that the sequence
of the duplicated region is found in the
reverse complement direction
• Dot plots can readily show regions of direct
and inverted repeats.
17.
18. • Dot plots show all possible matches of
residues
• the researcher can decide which alignments
are the most significant.