DNA profiling is a technique used by scientists to distinguish between individuals using samples of their DNA. Alec Jeffreys invented the process of DNA fingerprinting at the University of Leicester in 1985. The process involves extracting DNA from samples, cutting the DNA into fragments using restriction enzymes, separating the fragments by size using gel electrophoresis, and analyzing the pattern of fragment distribution to obtain a unique DNA profile. DNA profiling can be used to solve crimes by comparing DNA samples from a crime scene to suspects, and to solve medical problems like determining parentage in inheritance cases.
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify living things based on samples of their DNA. Instead of looking at the whole sequence of a person’s DNA, these techniques look at the presence or absence of common markers that can be quickly and easily identified.
This presentation is about DNA fingerprinting, a brief description is given about its principle, working, technique and its application with a example.
DNA fingerprinting is a method used to identify living things based on samples of their DNA. Instead of looking at the whole sequence of a person’s DNA, these techniques look at the presence or absence of common markers that can be quickly and easily identified.
This presentation is about DNA fingerprinting, a brief description is given about its principle, working, technique and its application with a example.
DNA Fingerprinting Explained, Techniques Used, Usage, Limitations and Contradictions.
*I won an Award for the Best Power Point Project Presentation in class 12th for this project. :D
DNA profiling process, RFLP analysis, STR analysis by PCR, basic principle of dna fingerprinting, advantages and disadvantages of RFLP and STR analysis
Define DNA fingerprint and DNA fingerprinting.
Explain some terms related to DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the method of collection and preservation of biological samples.
Describe the uses of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the types of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the steps of DNA fingerprinting.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
DNA Fingerprinting Explained, Techniques Used, Usage, Limitations and Contradictions.
*I won an Award for the Best Power Point Project Presentation in class 12th for this project. :D
DNA profiling process, RFLP analysis, STR analysis by PCR, basic principle of dna fingerprinting, advantages and disadvantages of RFLP and STR analysis
Define DNA fingerprint and DNA fingerprinting.
Explain some terms related to DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the method of collection and preservation of biological samples.
Describe the uses of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the types of DNA fingerprinting.
Describe the steps of DNA fingerprinting.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
This is a final year project report on Ebola Virus Disease.....
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for more information and materials for the project contact me @ www.facebook.com/abhishekurmate
Class 12 CBSE Biology Investigatory project on the topic "Drug Addiction" which includes the appropriate format and content for the CBSE practical examinations.
2. What is DNA Profiling?What is DNA Profiling?
A technique used by scientists toA technique used by scientists to
distinguish between individuals of thedistinguish between individuals of the
same species using only samples of theirsame species using only samples of their
DNA.DNA. The only difference between peopleThe only difference between people
(or any animal) is the order of the(or any animal) is the order of the
base pairsbase pairs. The information contained in. The information contained in
DNA is determined primarily by theDNA is determined primarily by the
sequence of letters along the zipper. Thesequence of letters along the zipper. The
different sequences is the same as thedifferent sequences is the same as the
word "POST" has a different meaningword "POST" has a different meaning
from "STOP" or "POTS," even thoughfrom "STOP" or "POTS," even though
they use the same lettersthey use the same letters
3. Who Invented it?Who Invented it?
The process of DNAThe process of DNA
fingerprinting wasfingerprinting was
invented by Alecinvented by Alec
Jeffreys at theJeffreys at the
University ofUniversity of
Leicester in 1985.Leicester in 1985.
He was knighted inHe was knighted in
1994.1994.
4. Stages of DNA ProfilingStages of DNA Profiling
Stage 1Stage 1::
Cells are broken downCells are broken down
to release DNAto release DNA
If only a small amountIf only a small amount
of DNA is available itof DNA is available it
can be amplified usingcan be amplified using
the polymerase chainthe polymerase chain
reaction (PCR)reaction (PCR)
5. Stages of DNA ProfilingStages of DNA Profiling
Step 2:Step 2:
The DNA is cut into fragments usingThe DNA is cut into fragments using restrictionrestriction
enzymesenzymes..
Each restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific baseEach restriction enzyme cuts DNA at a specific base
sequence.sequence.
6. Stages of DNA ProfilingStages of DNA Profiling
The sections of DNA that are cut outThe sections of DNA that are cut out
are calledare called restriction fragments.restriction fragments.
This yields thousands of restrictionThis yields thousands of restriction
fragments of all different sizesfragments of all different sizes
because the base sequences beingbecause the base sequences being
cut may be far apart (long fragment)cut may be far apart (long fragment)
or close together (short fragment).or close together (short fragment).
7. Stages of DNA ProfilingStages of DNA Profiling
Stage 3:Stage 3:
Fragments areFragments are
separated on theseparated on the
basis of size usingbasis of size using
a process calleda process called gelgel
electrophoresis.electrophoresis.
DNA fragments areDNA fragments are
injected into wellsinjected into wells
and an electricand an electric
current is appliedcurrent is applied
along the gel.along the gel.
8. Stages of DNA ProfilingStages of DNA Profiling
DNA is negativelyDNA is negatively
charged so it ischarged so it is
attracted to theattracted to the
positive end of thepositive end of the
gel.gel.
The shorter DNAThe shorter DNA
fragments movefragments move
faster than thefaster than the
longer fragments.longer fragments.
DNA is separated onDNA is separated on
basis of size.basis of size.
9. Stages of DNA ProfilingStages of DNA Profiling
A radioactive materialA radioactive material
is added whichis added which
combines with the DNAcombines with the DNA
fragments to produce afragments to produce a
fluorescent image.fluorescent image.
A photographic copy ofA photographic copy of
the DNA bands isthe DNA bands is
obtained.obtained.
10. Stages of DNA ProfilingStages of DNA Profiling
Stage 4:Stage 4:
The pattern of fragment distributionThe pattern of fragment distribution
is then analysed.is then analysed.
11. Uses of DNA ProfilingUses of DNA Profiling
DNA profiling isDNA profiling is
used to solveused to solve
crimescrimes andand
medicalmedical
problemsproblems
12. CrimeCrime
Forensic science is the use ofForensic science is the use of
scientific knowledge in legalscientific knowledge in legal
situations.situations.
The DNA profile of each individual isThe DNA profile of each individual is
highly specific.highly specific.
The chances of two people havingThe chances of two people having
exactlyexactly the same DNA profile isthe same DNA profile is
30,000 million to 1 (except for30,000 million to 1 (except for
identical twins).identical twins).
13. Biological materials used for DNABiological materials used for DNA
profilingprofiling
BloodBlood
HairHair
SalivaSaliva
SemenSemen
Body tissue cellsBody tissue cells
DNA samples haveDNA samples have
been obtained frombeen obtained from
vaginal cellsvaginal cells
transferred to thetransferred to the
outside of a condomoutside of a condom
during sexualduring sexual
intercourse.intercourse.
14. DNA Profiling can solve crimesDNA Profiling can solve crimes
The pattern of the DNA profile is thenThe pattern of the DNA profile is then
compared with those of the victim and thecompared with those of the victim and the
suspect.suspect.
If the profileIf the profile matchesmatches the suspect itthe suspect it
provides strong evidence that the suspectprovides strong evidence that the suspect
was present at the crime scene (was present at the crime scene (NB:itNB:it
does not prove they committed thedoes not prove they committed the
crime).crime).
If the profileIf the profile doesn’tdoesn’t match the suspectmatch the suspect
then that suspect may be eliminated fromthen that suspect may be eliminated from
the enquiry.the enquiry.
15. ExampleExample
A violent murder occurred.A violent murder occurred.
The forensics team retrieved a bloodThe forensics team retrieved a blood
sample from the crime scene.sample from the crime scene.
They prepared DNA profiles of theThey prepared DNA profiles of the
blood sample, the victim and ablood sample, the victim and a
suspect as follows:suspect as follows:
16. Was the suspect at the crime scene?Was the suspect at the crime scene?
Suspects
Profile
Blood sample
from crime
scene
Victims
profile
17. Solving Medical ProblemsSolving Medical Problems
DNA profiles can be used to determineDNA profiles can be used to determine
whether a particular person is the parentwhether a particular person is the parent
of a child.of a child.
A childs paternity (father) andA childs paternity (father) and
maternity(mother) can be determined.maternity(mother) can be determined.
This information can be used inThis information can be used in
• Paternity suitsPaternity suits
• Inheritance casesInheritance cases
• Immigration casesImmigration cases
18. Example: A Paternity TestExample: A Paternity Test
By comparing the DNA profile of aBy comparing the DNA profile of a
mother and her child it is possible tomother and her child it is possible to
identify DNA fragments in the childidentify DNA fragments in the child
which are absent from the mother andwhich are absent from the mother and
must therefore have been inheritedmust therefore have been inherited
from the biological father.from the biological father.
19. Is this man the father of the child?Is this man the father of the child?
Mother Child Man
20. Personal IdentificationPersonal Identification
The notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sortThe notion of using DNA fingerprints as a sort
of genetic bar code toof genetic bar code to identify individualsidentify individuals hashas
been discussedbeen discussed
Diagnosis of Inherited DisordersDiagnosis of Inherited Disorders
diagnosis inherited disordersdiagnosis inherited disorders in bothin both prenatalprenatal
andand newborn babiesnewborn babies
These disorders may include cystic fibrosis,These disorders may include cystic fibrosis,
hemophilia, Huntington's disease, familialhemophilia, Huntington's disease, familial
Alzheimer's, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia,Alzheimer's, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia,
and many others.and many others.
21. In 2002 ElizabethIn 2002 Elizabeth
Hurley used DNAHurley used DNA
profiling to proveprofiling to prove
that Steve Bingthat Steve Bing
was the fatherwas the father
of her child Damienof her child Damien
22. DNA Fingerprinting using VNTR'sDNA Fingerprinting using VNTR's
On some human chromosomes, a short sequence ofOn some human chromosomes, a short sequence of
DNA has been repeated a number of times.DNA has been repeated a number of times.
the repeat number may vary from one to thirty repeatsthe repeat number may vary from one to thirty repeats
these repeat regions are usually bounded by specificthese repeat regions are usually bounded by specific
restriction enzyme sitesrestriction enzyme sites
cut out the segment of the chromosome containingcut out the segment of the chromosome containing
thisthis variable number of tandem repeatsvariable number of tandem repeats ((VNTR'sVNTR's ))
identify the VNTR's for the DNA sequence of theidentify the VNTR's for the DNA sequence of the
repeat.repeat.
23. Famous CasesFamous Cases
Colin Pitchfork wasColin Pitchfork was
the first criminalthe first criminal
caught based oncaught based on
DNA fingerprintingDNA fingerprinting
evidence.evidence.
He was arrested inHe was arrested in
1986 for the rape1986 for the rape
and murder of twoand murder of two
girls and wasgirls and was
sentenced in 1988.sentenced in 1988.