1. Abnormal MitochondrialAbnormal Mitochondrial
DiseasesDiseases

2.  What are mitochondria ?
 What’s the mitochondria disease?
 What causes mitochondria disease?
 What Symptoms could result from abnormal
mitochondria?
 What should we do to conquer this disease?
 Parkinson's disease —The most popular
disease caused by disorder of mitochondria.
CatalogCatalog

3. A mitochondrion (singular of
mitochondria) is part of every cell
in the body that contains genetic
material. Mitochondria are
responsible for processing oxygen
and converting substances from
the foods we eat into energy for
essential cell functions.
Mitochondria produce energy in
the form of ATP, which is then
transported to the cytoplasm of a
cell for use in numerous cell
functions.
MitochondriaMitochondria

4. Mitochondria are responsible for producing
most of the energy that's needed for our cells
to function. In fact, they provide such an
important source of energy that a typical
human cell contains hundreds of them. A
mitochondrial disease can shut down some
or all the mitochondria, cutting off this
essential energy supply. Mitochondrial DNA
(mtDNA) mutations is thought to be the
reason which cause mitochondria disease
Mitochondria DiseasesMitochondria Diseases

5. Symptoms of abnormal mitochondrialSymptoms of abnormal mitochondrial
Poor growth
Loss of muscle coordination, muscle
weakness
Visual or hearing problems
Developmental delays, learning disabilities
Mental retardation
Heart, liver, or kidney disease
Gastrointestinal disorders severe
constipation

6. Symptoms of abnormal mitochondrialSymptoms of abnormal mitochondrial
Respiratory disorders
Diabetes （糖尿病）
Increased risk of infection
Neurological problems, seizures
Thyroid dysfunction （甲状腺功能紊乱）
Dementia( 痴呆 )

7. Causes of mitochondrial diseaseCauses of mitochondrial disease
 DNA (DNA contained in the nucleus of the cell)
inheritance
 MtDNA (DNA contained in the mitochondria)
inheritance
 Combination of mtDNA and nDNA defects
 Random occurrences

8. TreatmentTreatment
Certain vitamin and enzyme therapies
Diet therapy
Antioxidant treatments

9. Parkinson’s Disease (PD)Parkinson’s Disease (PD)
Parkinson's disease is a disorder of the
brain characterized by shaking (tremor)
and difficulty with walking, movement, and
coordination. The disease is associated
with damage to a part of the brain that is
involved with movement.

10. Causes of PDCauses of PD
Parkinson‘s disease is caused by progressive
deterioration of the nerve cells of the part of the brain
that controls muscle movement. Dopamine( 多巴胺 ),
which is one of the substances used by cells to
transmit impulses, is normally produced in this area.
Deterioration of this area of the brain reduces the
amount of dopamine available to the body.
Insufficient dopamine disturbs the balance between
dopamine and other transmitters, such as
acetylcholine( 乙酰胆碱 ). Without dopamine, the
nerve cells cannot properly transmit messages, and
this results in the loss of muscle function.

11. communication network in nervous system

12. Healthy balance of dopamine
and acetylcholine
Imbalance of dopamine and
acetylcholine in Parkinson's
disease.

13. signs and symptoms of Parkinson's diseasesigns and symptoms of Parkinson's disease
 Tremors
 Slowed motion (bradykinesia).
 Rigid muscles
 Loss of automatic movements
 Impaired speech
 Difficulty swallowing
 Dementia

14. TreatmentTreatment
 Drug treatmentDrug treatment
The most successful treatment that we can reduce
our pain caused by Parkinson’s disease.
 Surgical TreatmentSurgical Treatment
Recent advances in neuroimaging and stereotactic
surgery have led to a renaissance in neurosurgery
for Parkinson’s disease.

15. I believe that we can finally conquer
our diseases caused by all abnormal
organs , and make our life long!