Dna
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DNA replication produces two identical DNA strands from one original DNA strand. The DNA unwinds and separates, with binding proteins holding the strands apart. As the replication fork moves along the DNA, the leading strand is synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase. The lagging strand is synthesized in pieces called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined by ligase. After replication is complete, two identical DNA double helices exist to maintain genetic information as cells divide.
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Dna replication1
The document describes DNA replication. It explains that DNA must be copied before cells divide so that new cells have identical DNA. Replication begins at origins of replication and forms replication bubbles or forks. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA strands, primase adds RNA primers, and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' ends of the strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short segments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by ligase. The process results in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand, supporting the semiconservative model of replication.
Poole l dna_replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of interphase and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, synthesizing new strands complementarily using existing strands as templates, and sealing the newly synthesized DNA. Key enzymes involved include DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, and DNA ligase. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading strand continuously but must add fragments called Okazaki fragments discontinuously to the lagging strand due to the anti-parallel nature of DNA replication.
Cknox dna model
DNA replication begins at the origin of replication. DNA helicase unzips the DNA helix, and nucleotides bond together on each strand to form complementary strands - one leading strand synthesized continuously and one lagging strand synthesized in fragments. DNA polymerase reads the template strand and synthesizes the new strand in the 5' to 3' direction.
Jimmy carrier dna
DNA helicase begins unwinding the DNA molecule at an AT bond in the origin of replication. It splits the double bonds between the bases, leaving two single strands. The leading strand is then replicated continuously in the 5' to 3' direction. The lagging strand must be replicated in short fragments called Okazaki fragments because DNA polymerase can only add bases in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA primase temporarily makes the lagging strand 5' to 3' to allow replication of Okazaki fragments.
ViteamDNAReplication_model
DNA replication occurs through a semi-conservative process where the parental double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. Replication begins at multiple origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and single-strand binding proteins stabilize the separated strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the 3' ends of the new strands which grow toward each other, producing daughter strands. The leading strand is continuous while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments later joined by DNA ligase.
Translation_Transcription_Greenblatt
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA sequences into messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match up with mRNA codons on the ribosome and deliver corresponding amino acids. Peptide bonds form the amino acids into a protein chain. The end result is the production of a protein from genetic instructions.
Gene Cloning Very Detailed Antibiotic Resistance
DNA replication involves converting a single DNA helix into two identical copies through a semi-conservative process. Helicase splits and unwinds the DNA strands. Nucleotides are then added in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase III to the new strands based on base pairing rules, with A joining to T and C joining to G. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is formed in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase.
Kerrreplicationmodel
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication, causing the two strands to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed strands to copy the DNA sequence. DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides to form the backbone. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each have one original and one new strand, duplicating the genetic information.
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Dna replication1
The document describes DNA replication. It explains that DNA must be copied before cells divide so that new cells have identical DNA. Replication begins at origins of replication and forms replication bubbles or forks. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA strands, primase adds RNA primers, and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' ends of the strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in short segments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by ligase. The process results in two new DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand, supporting the semiconservative model of replication.
Poole l dna_replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA before cell division. It occurs during the S phase of interphase and involves unwinding the DNA double helix, synthesizing new strands complementarily using existing strands as templates, and sealing the newly synthesized DNA. Key enzymes involved include DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, DNA primase, and DNA ligase. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the leading strand continuously but must add fragments called Okazaki fragments discontinuously to the lagging strand due to the anti-parallel nature of DNA replication.
Cknox dna model
DNA replication begins at the origin of replication. DNA helicase unzips the DNA helix, and nucleotides bond together on each strand to form complementary strands - one leading strand synthesized continuously and one lagging strand synthesized in fragments. DNA polymerase reads the template strand and synthesizes the new strand in the 5' to 3' direction.
Jimmy carrier dna
DNA helicase begins unwinding the DNA molecule at an AT bond in the origin of replication. It splits the double bonds between the bases, leaving two single strands. The leading strand is then replicated continuously in the 5' to 3' direction. The lagging strand must be replicated in short fragments called Okazaki fragments because DNA polymerase can only add bases in the 5' to 3' direction. DNA primase temporarily makes the lagging strand 5' to 3' to allow replication of Okazaki fragments.
ViteamDNAReplication_model
DNA replication occurs through a semi-conservative process where the parental double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template to produce two new DNA molecules, each with one original and one new strand. Replication begins at multiple origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. Enzymes such as helicase unwind the DNA and single-strand binding proteins stabilize the separated strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to the 3' ends of the new strands which grow toward each other, producing daughter strands. The leading strand is continuous while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short Okazaki fragments later joined by DNA ligase.
Translation_Transcription_Greenblatt
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA sequences into messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm. During translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match up with mRNA codons on the ribosome and deliver corresponding amino acids. Peptide bonds form the amino acids into a protein chain. The end result is the production of a protein from genetic instructions.
Gene Cloning Very Detailed Antibiotic Resistance
DNA replication involves converting a single DNA helix into two identical copies through a semi-conservative process. Helicase splits and unwinds the DNA strands. Nucleotides are then added in the 5' to 3' direction by DNA polymerase III to the new strands based on base pairing rules, with A joining to T and C joining to G. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is formed in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase.
Kerrreplicationmodel
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication, causing the two strands to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed strands to copy the DNA sequence. DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides to form the backbone. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each have one original and one new strand, duplicating the genetic information.
Dna replication model
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication site, where helicase enzymes cause the double helix to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed, complementary bases on each single strand. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides to form new polynucleotide chains. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each contain one original and one new strand, and the double helix reforms.
Dna model
The document describes the process of DNA replication. First, DNA helicase unzips the DNA strand and breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. Then, polymerase III uses nucleotides to build a new strand that is complementary to each original strand. This allows DNA to be copied and transmitted to new cells, ensuring each cell has the same genetic instructions. However, mutations can occasionally occur if bases pair with the wrong complementary bases, leading to genetic disorders and diseases.
Brock flipbook
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA molecules to add amino acids to form a protein chain. The protein folds into its final shape.
proteinsynthesis.shayna.dicker
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase initiating transcription by binding to the promoter region in the nucleus and producing an mRNA strand. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Through binding of tRNAs with complementary anticodons, amino acids are added to form a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence. The polypeptide then folds into its tertiary structure to form a functional protein.
Dna replication hannahd
DNA contains genetic instructions used by organisms. It is a double-stranded molecule that replicates through unwinding by helicase. The leading strand replicates continuously while the lagging strand replicates discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA replication ensures genetic material is passed from parent to daughter cells.
54 ch14replication2008
DNA replication is the process whereby a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA during cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands, which then serve as templates for new strands to be synthesized in the opposite direction by DNA polymerases. The DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, so replication occurs in both the 5' to 3' direction on one strand (the leading strand) and in short fragments joined together on the other (the lagging strand). Telomeres protect chromosome ends from erosion during replication. A complex team of enzymes including DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, ligase and single-stranded binding proteins work together to efficiently and
Genetic code & mutations
The document discusses the genetic code and mutations. It describes key discoveries such as the experiments demonstrating that codons consist of three DNA bases and the identification of the first genetic codes. It defines terms like codon, codon table, degenerate codons. It describes types of mutations like substitutions, insertions, deletions and their effects. It discusses mutagens like radiation, chemicals, and their mechanisms. It provides clinical examples of mutations causing conditions like sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis.
Sky anderson period 6 dna model
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. It involves several key steps:
1) Helicase enzyme unwinds and splits the DNA double helix into two single strands.
2) Primase enzyme makes RNA primers to which DNA polymerase can bind.
3) DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each single strand of DNA, creating two new double helices.
4) Ligase enzyme seals the DNA fragments together, completing the process of DNA replication.
Bio flipbook
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
Lightning dog belisky
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication. First, helicase splits the DNA strands apart and single-stranded binding proteins prevent the strands from rejoining. On the leading strand, primase provides a starting point for polymerase III to replicate continuously. On the lagging strand, RNA primase creates RNA primers and polymerase III synthesizes fragments called Okazaki fragments. Polymerase I then replaces the RNA with DNA and ligase joins the fragments, creating two new DNA double helices.
Flipbook
The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it before creating mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. In translation, rRNA forms ribosomes which mRNA binds to. tRNA transfers amino acids based on the mRNA sequence, forming peptide bonds and ultimately a completed protein when a stop codon is reached.
Mighty flower transcription and translation
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in a cell. DNA in the nucleus contains the code for proteins. This code is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA code and translate it into a chain of amino acids. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code. The amino acids are linked together into a protein chain and then folded into a unique protein structure.
Flip book mlck5789375937592739
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA in the nucleus. It unwinds the DNA and reads the coding regions to create a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA then passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.
In the cytoplasm, the ribosome binds to the mRNA. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the completed protein.
Flip book
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the double helix to access the coding region.
2. RNA polymerase reads the coding region and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
3. The mRNA is released and moves to the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes and is translated into a protein using tRNA and amino acids.
Lightning Dog Flipbook
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
SP, AR Bio flipbook
The document describes the process of transcription in eukaryotic cells. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and unwinding it to access the promoter and coding regions. RNA polymerase then reads the DNA and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA strand is released and exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it binds to ribosomes. The ribosomes then use the mRNA to sequence amino acids in order to build a protein product.
Ndjc1flipbook
The document describes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA in the cell nucleus and reads the genetic code to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and enters the cytoplasm. In translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the sequence of codons in the mRNA to form a polypeptide chain. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids until reaching a stop codon, resulting in a complete protein molecule.
Translation and Transcription Flipbook
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
2. The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain using tRNAs.
3. The tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons and link them together with peptide bonds to form a protein.
Dbrown.dnareplication
This document discusses several key steps and concepts related to DNA replication:
1) In the first step of DNA replication, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine as the DNA strands start to unzip. The phosphate groups also attach to the strands.
2) Next, the DNA strands fully unzip and the phosphate groups move in opposite directions.
3) Then, the appropriate nucleotide base pairs start to replicate on each strand.
4) Finally, the two newly formed DNA strands are completed and the phosphate groups attach to their respective molecules.
EberhartDNAmodel
Replication begins at the origin of replication. The DNA helicase unwinds the double helix into two single strands. DNA polymerase III synthesizes one strand continuously, while RNA primers and DNA polymerase I are used to synthesize the other strand in fragments. DNA ligase joins the fragments together to form a complete double helix copy of the original DNA.
Plant cells
The document summarizes the functions of various cell organelles:
- The cell wall provides protection and structural support and regulates transport in and out of the cell.
- The cell membrane controls movement of substances in and out and performs cell signaling and adhesion.
- The cytoplasm holds organelles and their nutrients and products in suspension.
- The nucleus controls cell activities and transport of proteins and nutrients. It contains the cell's DNA.
- The vacuole stores materials like water and waste. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for transport. Chloroplasts capture light for photosynthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum prepares proteins for transport. Mitochondria produce ATP for energy.
Flipbook m and a
Transcription is the process by which a strand of mRNA is produced using DNA as a template. Key steps include:
1) The promoter region activates transcription and RNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand.
2) The mRNA strand exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
3) The mRNA attaches to the ribosome where tRNAs read its codon sequences and add complementary amino acids.
4) The amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form a protein chain.
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Dna replication model
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication site, where helicase enzymes cause the double helix to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed, complementary bases on each single strand. DNA polymerase joins the nucleotides to form new polynucleotide chains. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each contain one original and one new strand, and the double helix reforms.
Dna model
The document describes the process of DNA replication. First, DNA helicase unzips the DNA strand and breaks the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. Then, polymerase III uses nucleotides to build a new strand that is complementary to each original strand. This allows DNA to be copied and transmitted to new cells, ensuring each cell has the same genetic instructions. However, mutations can occasionally occur if bases pair with the wrong complementary bases, leading to genetic disorders and diseases.
Brock flipbook
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA molecules to add amino acids to form a protein chain. The protein folds into its final shape.
proteinsynthesis.shayna.dicker
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase initiating transcription by binding to the promoter region in the nucleus and producing an mRNA strand. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Through binding of tRNAs with complementary anticodons, amino acids are added to form a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence. The polypeptide then folds into its tertiary structure to form a functional protein.
Dna replication hannahd
DNA contains genetic instructions used by organisms. It is a double-stranded molecule that replicates through unwinding by helicase. The leading strand replicates continuously while the lagging strand replicates discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA replication ensures genetic material is passed from parent to daughter cells.
54 ch14replication2008
DNA replication is the process whereby a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA during cell division. It involves unwinding the DNA double helix into single strands, which then serve as templates for new strands to be synthesized in the opposite direction by DNA polymerases. The DNA polymerases can only add nucleotides to the 3' end of the growing strand, so replication occurs in both the 5' to 3' direction on one strand (the leading strand) and in short fragments joined together on the other (the lagging strand). Telomeres protect chromosome ends from erosion during replication. A complex team of enzymes including DNA polymerases, helicase, primase, ligase and single-stranded binding proteins work together to efficiently and
Genetic code & mutations
The document discusses the genetic code and mutations. It describes key discoveries such as the experiments demonstrating that codons consist of three DNA bases and the identification of the first genetic codes. It defines terms like codon, codon table, degenerate codons. It describes types of mutations like substitutions, insertions, deletions and their effects. It discusses mutagens like radiation, chemicals, and their mechanisms. It provides clinical examples of mutations causing conditions like sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis.
Sky anderson period 6 dna model
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. It involves several key steps:
1) Helicase enzyme unwinds and splits the DNA double helix into two single strands.
2) Primase enzyme makes RNA primers to which DNA polymerase can bind.
3) DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each single strand of DNA, creating two new double helices.
4) Ligase enzyme seals the DNA fragments together, completing the process of DNA replication.
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Bio flipbook
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
Lightning dog belisky
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication. First, helicase splits the DNA strands apart and single-stranded binding proteins prevent the strands from rejoining. On the leading strand, primase provides a starting point for polymerase III to replicate continuously. On the lagging strand, RNA primase creates RNA primers and polymerase III synthesizes fragments called Okazaki fragments. Polymerase I then replaces the RNA with DNA and ligase joins the fragments, creating two new DNA double helices.
Flipbook
The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it before creating mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. In translation, rRNA forms ribosomes which mRNA binds to. tRNA transfers amino acids based on the mRNA sequence, forming peptide bonds and ultimately a completed protein when a stop codon is reached.
Mighty flower transcription and translation
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in a cell. DNA in the nucleus contains the code for proteins. This code is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA code and translate it into a chain of amino acids. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code. The amino acids are linked together into a protein chain and then folded into a unique protein structure.
Flip book mlck5789375937592739
RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA in the nucleus. It unwinds the DNA and reads the coding regions to create a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA then passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm.
In the cytoplasm, the ribosome binds to the mRNA. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the ribosome releases the completed protein.
Flip book
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the double helix to access the coding region.
2. RNA polymerase reads the coding region and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
3. The mRNA is released and moves to the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes and is translated into a protein using tRNA and amino acids.
Lightning Dog Flipbook
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
SP, AR Bio flipbook
The document describes the process of transcription in eukaryotic cells. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and unwinding it to access the promoter and coding regions. RNA polymerase then reads the DNA and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA strand is released and exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it binds to ribosomes. The ribosomes then use the mRNA to sequence amino acids in order to build a protein product.
Ndjc1flipbook
The document describes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA in the cell nucleus and reads the genetic code to produce messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and enters the cytoplasm. In translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the sequence of codons in the mRNA to form a polypeptide chain. The ribosome moves along the mRNA, catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids until reaching a stop codon, resulting in a complete protein molecule.
Translation and Transcription Flipbook
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
2. The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain using tRNAs.
3. The tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons and link them together with peptide bonds to form a protein.
Dbrown.dnareplication
This document discusses several key steps and concepts related to DNA replication:
1) In the first step of DNA replication, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine as the DNA strands start to unzip. The phosphate groups also attach to the strands.
2) Next, the DNA strands fully unzip and the phosphate groups move in opposite directions.
3) Then, the appropriate nucleotide base pairs start to replicate on each strand.
4) Finally, the two newly formed DNA strands are completed and the phosphate groups attach to their respective molecules.
EberhartDNAmodel
Replication begins at the origin of replication. The DNA helicase unwinds the double helix into two single strands. DNA polymerase III synthesizes one strand continuously, while RNA primers and DNA polymerase I are used to synthesize the other strand in fragments. DNA ligase joins the fragments together to form a complete double helix copy of the original DNA.
Plant cells
The document summarizes the functions of various cell organelles:
- The cell wall provides protection and structural support and regulates transport in and out of the cell.
- The cell membrane controls movement of substances in and out and performs cell signaling and adhesion.
- The cytoplasm holds organelles and their nutrients and products in suspension.
- The nucleus controls cell activities and transport of proteins and nutrients. It contains the cell's DNA.
- The vacuole stores materials like water and waste. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for transport. Chloroplasts capture light for photosynthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum prepares proteins for transport. Mitochondria produce ATP for energy.
Flipbook m and a
Transcription is the process by which a strand of mRNA is produced using DNA as a template. Key steps include:
1) The promoter region activates transcription and RNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand.
2) The mRNA strand exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
3) The mRNA attaches to the ribosome where tRNAs read its codon sequences and add complementary amino acids.
4) The amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form a protein chain.
ProteinSynthesisbyoung
The document describes the two-stage process of protein synthesis: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA in the nucleus to produce mRNA. Translation then occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes read the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain according to the mRNA's codons. Through this two-step process, the genetic code stored in DNA is used to synthesize functional proteins.
Transcription and Translation Flipbook
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates mRNA, which is exported to the cytoplasm.
2. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA and assemble amino acids into a protein chain using tRNA according to the mRNA sequence.
3. The protein folds into its final shape and carries out its functions in the cell.
Plants
The document discusses plant growth and development. It describes how meristematic cells allow for growth and differentiation and how germination allows growth from a seed to a seedling. It outlines the main plant tissues - dermal, vascular, and ground tissues - and how they function. It also discusses the main plant systems and structures - roots, stems, leaves - and how they transport water and nutrients. It provides details on leaf structure and the process of photosynthesis.
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The document discusses biodiversity hotspots in West Africa and the Philippines. In West Africa, the Guinean Forest region contains two sub-regions that are under threat from hunting, logging, and mining. The forests support over 9,000 plant species, including 185 that are endemic. In the Philippines, only 3% of original forest remains in the lowlands, with 14% remaining as secondary growth. 80 million people depend on the natural resources of the Philippines for their livelihoods. Several internet resources are also listed that provide additional information on biodiversity conservation efforts in these regions.
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MooreDNAreplication
DNA replication involves DNA helicase unwinding the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase then synthesizes a complementary strand to each original strand. On the leading strand DNA polymerase synthesizes continuously, while on the lagging strand it synthesizes in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined together. DNA polymerase needs an RNA primer to begin synthesizing each Okazaki fragment, which is later replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase 1. This process continues until the entire DNA double helix is replicated.
Dn areplicationbio
DNA replication involves DNA helicase unwinding the DNA double helix. DNA polymerase then synthesizes a complementary strand to each original strand. On the leading strand DNA polymerase synthesizes continuously, while on the lagging strand it synthesizes in fragments called Okazaki fragments, which are later joined together. DNA polymerase needs an RNA primer to begin synthesizing each Okazaki fragment, which is later replaced with DNA by DNA polymerase 1. This process continues until the entire DNA double helix is replicated.
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The document discusses the history and process of DNA replication. It describes how DNA was determined to be the genetic material and the discovery of its double helix structure by Watson and Crick using Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction images. DNA replication begins at origins of replication and proceeds bidirectionally. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments that are later joined by ligase. Each new DNA molecule contains one original parental strand and one newly synthesized strand.
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DNA consists of a double helix structure made of nucleotides. Each nucleotide contains a phosphate, sugar, and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G) that bond together in base pairs between DNA strands. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific protein by way of triplets of bases called codons. RNA carries out this code by transcribing genes and carrying the code to ribosomes, where transfer RNA matches bases to corresponding amino acids and assembles the protein chain.
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DNA replication involves unwinding the double helix, separating the strands, and using DNA polymerase to add complementary nucleotides to each strand. The leading strand is continuously synthesized from 5' to 3', while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments called Okazaki fragments that are later joined by DNA ligase. DNA must replicate to produce new cells for growth and repair. Mutations can occur if the wrong nucleotide base pairs are formed during replication.
DNA Replication Project P. Fedigan
DNA replication is the process where DNA duplicates itself during cell division. It involves unwinding the double-stranded DNA at the origin of replication using the enzyme helicase. Single-strand binding proteins then stabilize the separated strands. DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each exposed strand in different ways, continuously for the leading strand but discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments for the lagging strand.
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DNA replication begins with DNA helicase unwinding the double helix at the origin of replication. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA primase adds an RNA primer and DNA polymerase extends each primer into DNA. DNA ligase joins the Okazaki fragments together to form a complete lagging strand.
Biology lecture 4
The document discusses the history and structure of DNA. Some key points include:
- DNA was identified as the genetic material through experiments by Griffith, Hershey and Chase.
- The structure of DNA was discovered in the 1950s by Watson and Crick using data from Rosalind Franklin. They identified DNA's double helix structure.
- DNA is made up of nucleotides containing phosphate, sugar (deoxyribose) and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). The bases bond together in a complementary, antiparallel fashion between strands.
Lecture8
DNA replication is semi-conservative and involves many enzymes. It begins at a replication origin where the DNA unwinds. RNA primers are added and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the primers to synthesize new DNA strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously while the lagging strand is synthesized in fragments that are later joined. Transcription and translation then convert gene information into proteins.
DNA Replication-----(Biochem)
The document describes DNA replication. It explains that DNA must be copied before cells divide so that new cells have identical DNA. Replication begins at origins of replication and forms replication bubbles. Enzymes like helicase unwind and separate the DNA strands. RNA primers are added and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of DNA in the 5' to 3' direction, building new strands. The leading strand is continuous while the lagging strand is discontinuous and forms Okazaki fragments that are later joined by ligase. Proofreading ensures high fidelity of replication. The semiconservative model proposes that the parental DNA strands separate and each acts as a template for a new complementary strand.
Dna replication model
The document describes the process of DNA replication. It begins with DNA unwinding at the origin of replication, causing the two strands to separate. Free nucleotides then base pair with the exposed strands to copy the DNA sequence. DNA polymerase joins the new nucleotides to form the backbone. Finally, the two new DNA molecules each have one original and one new strand, duplicating the genetic information.
Structure of dna and replication2012
The document discusses the structure and replication of DNA. It describes DNA as being made up of nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogenous bases. The two strands of DNA are held together in the iconic double helix structure by hydrogen bonds between the bases, with adenine bonding only with thymine and cytosine bonding only with guanine. DNA replication involves enzymes unwinding the double helix, and DNA polymerase then synthesizing new matching strands by adding complementary bases to each template strand from 5' to 3' according to the base-pairing rules, thus replicating the genetic information.
Gene Expression/ Protein Synthesis
1. DNA contains the genetic code and instructions for making proteins, which it stores in the cell nucleus. 2. During transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA into messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the code to the cytoplasm. 3. In translation, ribosomes use mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code by linking amino acids specified by mRNA codons. 4. Newly formed proteins travel to the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi body for processing and packaging before use in the cell.
DNA Replication & Repair.
It is a short and concise slide about DNA replication and Repair. It is prepared keeping in mind for Undergraduates level but PG also might find it handy.
DNA replication
DNA replication is the process where a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA. It occurs in three main steps: unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, addition of nucleotides to both strands by DNA polymerase, and ligation of the nucleotide fragments by DNA ligase. The two resulting DNA molecules each have one original parent strand and one new daughter strand. DNA replication ensures fidelity of the genetic material and is essential for cell division and reproduction.
Dna.model.vanleer
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication. It explains that DNA is made of two strands bound together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotide base pairs (A-T, C-G). DNA helicase unwinds the double helix, RNA polymerase helps synthesize new strands, and DNA polymerase adds complementary nucleotides to each new strand by finding the matching bases. Okazaki fragments are produced on the lagging strand and later joined by DNA ligase. The process faithfully duplicates DNA so that each new cell produced through cell division contains a full set of genes.
DNAaishman
DNA replication is the process by which DNA copies itself during cell division. It occurs in three main stages: first, DNA helicase unwinds the double helix at the origin of replication; then, RNA primase constructs an RNA primer to mark the starting point for DNA polymerase to synthesize new strands of DNA by adding nucleotides; and finally, DNA ligase seals the DNA strands by forming phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. DNA replication ensures each new cell formed during cell division contains an identical copy of the DNA code.
Dna protein synthesis_ppt
DNA contains the master code for proteins. During transcription, mRNA is created by copying sections of DNA, which carry the code for proteins. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids brought by tRNA molecules. The amino acids bond together through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains, also known as proteins, according to the mRNA instructions. This allows DNA to direct the synthesis of proteins through intermediate RNA molecules.
DNA Replication and Protein Synthesis.pdf
The slides also contain a short historical background on DNA; concepts on DNA replication and protein synthesis; and sample activities for DNA replication and protein synthesis.
Bio dna replication
This document describes the process of DNA replication. It shows a DNA double helix model and identifies the four nitrogenous bases - adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine. It illustrates how the helicase enzyme unwinds and unzips the DNA strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the bases. On the leading strand, DNA replication occurs continuously, while on the lagging strand it occurs discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to extend the DNA strands and DNA ligase bonds the fragments together, duplicating the DNA. This process continues until enough new DNA has been synthesized.
Similar to Dna (20)
More from punxsyscience
Genetics power point
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.
Protein synthesis trenton stouffer
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. It explains that RNA polymerase first breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA to copy it and make an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where tRNA reads its bases and adds complementary amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
Presentation1
Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus where DNA is unzipped and RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template strand, forming mRNA. The mRNA is processed - a cap and tail are added and introns are removed. The completed mRNA contains codons of three nucleotides that code for amino acids. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA binds to ribosomes and tRNA molecules with matching anticodons deliver amino acids specified by mRNA codons, assembling the polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
Atcheson flip book
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
Protein synthesis
This document is a flip book that summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and binds transfer RNA (tRNA) with complementary anticodons. The tRNA brings amino acids to form peptide bonds and a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein.
Protein synthesis
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
Protein synthesis project
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and creates an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then moves to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand binds to a ribosome where tRNA brings amino acids to add to a growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. The polypeptide chain then folds into the final 3D protein structure.
Steven detrie protein synthesis model
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. In translation, the mRNA strand is sent to the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome. tRNA molecules then bind to the ribosome and add amino acids specified by the mRNA code, forming a peptide bond between amino acids and creating a protein chain.
Steven detrie protein synthesis model
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. The mRNA strand is then released and the DNA strands rebind. In translation, the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes. tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, and each tRNA connects to a specific amino acid. Translation begins as tRNA molecules form base pairs with the mRNA, and peptide bonds form between the amino acids, creating a protein.
alexis vite flip book
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.
Dna replicaton byrd
DNA replication begins at the origin of replication where DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix. DNA polymerase reads the bases on one strand and adds complementary bases to the other strand. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA primase adds primers to fill in the lagging strand, and DNA ligase seals the fragments together with phosphodiester bonds.
Mine all mine
This protein synthesis flip book illustrates the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it passes through ribosomes. During this process, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain through peptide bonds. Eventually a full protein is synthesized from the mRNA instructions.
RNA_LexiZanaglio
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Protein synthesis flipbook @yoloswagginator24
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It describes how RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and copies it to mRNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, the mRNA is read and translated to form a polypeptide chain of amino acids.
Rna bio
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Presentation1
The document shows the process of protein synthesis:
1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.
3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons).
4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.
Josh.godo protein synthesis
The document is a flip book that summarizes the key steps of protein synthesis: 1) DNA is unwound in the cell nucleus and an mRNA strand is produced, 2) the mRNA strand moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located, 3) ribosomes read the mRNA strand and amino acids are attached through peptide bonds to form a protein, which then folds into its tertiary structure.
Jimmy Carrier Protein Synthesis
The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
Protein synthesisDevonDubensky
The process of transcription begins in the cell nucleus, where RNA polymerase breaks apart DNA and uses it as a template to create mRNA strands. During this process, thymine is replaced with uracil to form RNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by ribosomes in groups of three codons. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon base pairing. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the growing polypeptide chain is released once a stop codon is reached.
FlipbookHannahD
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It explains that mRNA is produced from DNA in the cell nucleus and passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then read the mRNA and translate its codon sequence into a chain of amino acids, attaching different tRNAs to each codon. This continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a polypeptide that can fold into a functional protein. The key stages are transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and protein folding.
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Dna
- 1. DNA Replication By Kyle Yoho
- 2. DNA Replication 5 T A C A G T G A T C G C T A G A G 3 C T C T 3 C A G A T C G 5 Adenine Thymine cytosine Guanine The helix is unwinding and splitting the DNA strand. DNA strand Nucleotides RNA primer Okazaki fragment Helicase Binding Proteins Replication fork sugar Phosphate
- 3. DNA Replication 5 T A C A G T G A T C G C T A G A G 3 C T C T 3 C A G A T C G 5 Adenine Thymine DNA strand RNA primer Okazaki fragment Binding Proteins Replication fork cytosine Guanine Nucleotides Binding proteins hold the separating DNA into a stable position so it doesn't’t fold back on itself and become destroyed.
- 4. DNA Replication Leading strand 5 T A C A G T G A T C G C T A G A G 3 C T C T 3 C A G A T C G 5 Adenine Thymine DNA strand RNA primer Okazaki fragment Binding Proteins Replication fork cytosine Guanine Nucleotides The lead strand of DNA gets synthesized by DNA polymerase to form one whole DNA strand.
- 5. DNA Replication 5 T A C A G T G A T C G C T A G A G 3 C T C T 3 C A G A T C G 5 Adenine Thymine DNA strand RNA primer Okazaki fragment Binding Proteins Replication fork cytosine Guanine Nucleotides The RNA primer forms Okazaki fragments which are formed the opposite way to the leading DNA strand to be used for making another whole DNA strand.
- 6. DNA Replication 5 T A C A G T G A T C G C T A G A G 3 C T C T 3 C A G A T C G 5 Adenine Thymine DNA strand RNA primer Okazaki fragment Binding Proteins Replication fork cytosine Guanine Nucleotides The Okazaki fragments get connected to the nucleotides through ligase.
- 7. DNA Replication 5 T A C A G T G A T C G C T A G A T C G A T C G C T A G C 5 3 5 T A C A G G T A T C Thymine DNA strand RNA primer Okazaki fragment Binding Proteins Replication fork G C A G T C T A C G A T G C T A 3 G C 5 3 Adenine 3 cytosine Guanine Nucleotides After DNA replication takes place two identical DNA strands exist. The importance of DNA replication is so that when a DNA cell dies it can be replaced with another exact copy so the body can maintain a steady blood level. Also it helps with the transfer of traits. If a mutation occurs the wrong base pairs have connected together in the DNA molecule. This can cause many health problems like cancer. It also adds to the aging of cells causes more mutations to occur. Also mitosis occurs after DNA replication. There is also DNA ligase that are important because they help Form a permanent bond in the lagging strand because the form the Okazaki fragment to the other nucleotides giving it the proper bases their pairs.