The process by which DNA molecule makes its identical copies is known as DNA replication or DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
The process by which DNA molecule makes its identical copies is known as DNA replication or DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the basis for biological inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential.
DNA replication is a semiconservative process. It means that each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. Therefore, this process takes us from one parent molecule to two daughter molecules, with each newly formed double helix containing one new and one old strand.
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. DNA replication occurs in all living organisms acting as the basis for biological inheritance. The cell possesses the distinctive property of division, which makes replication of DNA essential.
DNA replication is a semiconservative process. It means that each strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. Therefore, this process takes us from one parent molecule to two daughter molecules, with each newly formed double helix containing one new and one old strand.
DNA replication is the most important process central dogma in the molecular genetics. So i hope this power point presentation useful to the students of B.Sc Agriculture and M.Sc Genetics and Plant Breeding.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
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Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2. Origins of replication
Replication Bubbles:
Hundreds of replicating bubbles (eukaryotes)
(Prokaryotes) Single replication fork (bacteria)
Parental Strand
Origin of replication
Daughter strand
Bubble
In Eukaryotes, DNA
replication begins at
many sites along the
giant DNA molecule of
each chromosome.
Bubble
Replication Fork
3. Strand Seperation:
1.Helicase: enzyme which catalyze the unwinding and
separation (breaking H- Bonds ) of the parental double helix.
2. Single- Strand Binding Proteins: proteins which attach
and help keep the separated strands apart.
Unwind DNA
Helicase enzyme
unwinds part of DNA helix
stabilized by single-stranded binding proteins
3. Semi-conservative replication
1. Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand &
one old strand
4. 1. Complementary base
pairing
DNA
Guanine- a compound
that occurs in guano
and fish scales, and is
one of the four
constituent bases of
nucleic acids. A purine
derivative, it is paired
with cytosine in
double-strand DNA.
5’
3’
G-C
Thymine- a compound that
is one of the four
constituent bases of
nucleic acids. A pyrimidine
derivative, it is paired with
adenine in double-stranded
DNA.
T-A
C-G
A-T
T-A
Adenine- a compound
that is one of the four
constituent bases of
nucleic acide. A purine
derivative,it is paired
with thymine in
double-stranded DNA.
T-A
G-C
A-T
3’
Makes replication possible
C-G
A-T
5’
Cytosine- A compound
found in living tissue as a
constituent base of
nucleic acids. It is paired
with guanine in doublestranded DNA.
5. Base Pairing in DNA
Purines
Adenine(A)
Guanine(G)
Pryimidines
Thymine(T)
Cytosine (C)
Pairing
A:T
2 bonds
C:G
3 bonds
Two strands coiled called a double
helix
Sides made of a pentose sugar
Deoxyribose bonded to phosphate
(po4) groups by phosphodiester
bonds.
Center made of nitrogen bases
bonded together by weak
hydrogen bonds.
7. DNA
5’
3’
T-A
C-G
A-T
3’
5’
G-C
T-A
DNA Helicase
(unwinds DNA)
C-G
A-T
T-A
T-A
T-A
Parental DNA molecule
G-C
Origins of replication
Replication Forks: hundreds of
Y-shaped regions of replicating DNA
molecules where new strands are
growing.
1. Uncoil & unzip
DNA molecule
enzyme breaks weak
2. Hydrogen Bond
between bases
T -A
G-C
A-T
Starts in origin of
Replication
helicase
5’
3’
5’
Begins at Origins of Replication
Two strands open forming Replication Forks (y-shaped region)
New strands grow at the forks.
G-C
A-T
3’
Replication
Fork
8. DNA polymerase
Sugar-Phosphate
backbone
5’
3’
Reads 3’- 5’
synthesises 5’3’
G-C
Base Pair (Joined by
Hydrogen bonding)
Old Strand
T-A
C-G
Replication of DNA
*base pairing
allows each strand to
serve as a template for a
new strand.
T-A
T
*new strand is ½ parent
template & ½ new DNA.
Nucleotide about
to be added to a
new strand
A-T
A-T
Each parent strand
remains intact
G-C
5’
New Strand
3’
Every DNA molecule is
half “old” and half “new”
9. Synthesis of the new DNA Strands:
DNA Polymerase: with a RNA primer in place,
DNA Polyymerase (enzyme) catalyze the synthesis
of a new DNA strand in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
5’
3’
5’
Nucleotide
DNA Polymerase
RNA Primer
10. Leading Strand:
The leading Strand is synthesized as a single strand
from the point of origin toward the opening replication
fork.
5’
3’
5’
Nucleotide
DNA Polymerase
RNA Primer
11. Synthesis of the New DNA Strands
The Lagging Strand is synthesized discontinuously
against overall direction of replication
This strand is made in MANY short segments it is
replicated from the replication fork toward the origin.
Leading Strand
5’
3’
5’
DNA Polymerase
RNA Primer
3
’
5’
5’
3’
Lagging strand
12. Okazaki Fragments: series of shore segments on the
lagging Strand.
Must be joined together by an enzyme.
Okazaki Fragment
DNA Polymerase
RNA Primer
3
’
5’
5’
3’
Lagging Strand
13. DNA ligase: a linking enzyme that catalyzes the formation of a
covalent bond from the 3’ to 5’ end of joining strands
Example: joining two Okazaki fragments together.
DNA
ligase
Okazaki Fragment 1
Okazaki Fragment 2
3
’
5’
5’
3’
Lagging Strand