1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the double helix to access the coding region. 2. RNA polymerase reads the coding region and creates a complementary mRNA strand. 3. The mRNA is released and moves to the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes and is translated into a protein using tRNA and amino acids.

1. Nucleus

2. TA C G T C C T A A T T C G T T T A G C C TTT A T A A GT TCG CCG TCG TA G CAT
A U G CA G GA U UAA G CA AA U CGG AAA UA U U CA A G C AUC AGC AUC G UA

3. Nucleus

4. Nucleus

5. Nucleus
Promotor region

6. Nucleus
Coding Region
Promotor region

7. Nucleus
Termination Sequence
Coding Region
Promotor region

8. Nucleus
Termination Sequence
Coding Region
Promotor region

9. Nucleus
Termination Sequence
Coding Region
Promotor region

10. Nucleus
Termination Sequence
Coding Region
Promotor region
RNA Polymerase

11. Nucleus
Termination Sequence
Coding Region
Promotor region
RNA Polymerase

12. Nucleus
Termination Sequence
Coding Region
Promotor region
RNA Polymerase

13. Nucleus
Termination Sequence
Coding Region
Promotor region
RNA Polymerase

14. Protmoter Region

15. 1. RNA Polymerase binds to the DNA strand
and DNA double helix unwinds.
2. The RNA polymerase binds to the promoter
RNA Polymerase region
Protmoter Region

16. Protmoter Region

17. Protmoter Region

18. Protmoter Region

19. Protmoter Region

20. Protmoter Region

21. Protmoter Region

22. Protmoter Region

23. Protmoter Region

24. Coding Region

25. Coding Region

26. Coding Region

27. RNA polymerase
Coding Region
mRNA strand

28. 3. RNA Polymerase
reads DNA &
creates mRNA
A G T C G A C T
mRNA strand
A G U C G A C U
T C A G C T G A

29. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
Start Codon
G U A
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T C A T

30. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

31. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

32. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

33. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

34. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

35. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

36. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

37. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

38. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

39. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
A G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

40. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
U A G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

41. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
C U A G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

42. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
A C U A G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

43. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
G A C U A G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

44. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
C G A C U A G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

45. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
U C G A C U A G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

46. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
G U C G A C U A G U C G A C U A C A U
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T G T A

47. A G T C G A C TA G T C G A C T A G T C
4. mRNA
reaches
stop codon
A G U C G A C U A G U C G A C U A G U A
T C A G C T G A T C A G C T G A T C A T

48. Polymerase
reaches the mRNA folds back
termination on itself
sequence
Terminator Sequence

49. RNA
polymerase &
mRNA strand
fall off the
DNA strand
Terminator Sequence

50. 5. mRNA now releases to the cytoplasm & going
through nuclear pore.
Cytoplasm
mRNA

51. Translation happening in the cytoplasm
1. The rRNA forms a ribosome
Ribosome
mRNA

52. 2. mRNA binds with tRNA
ribosomes and reads
the first codon.
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CTA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA
mRNA

53. Amino Acid
tRNA
3. tRNA brings in the
anti codon. meth
Anti-codon
CA U
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA
mRNA

54. Peptide bond
lys meth
CUU
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

55. ser lys meth
U GA
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

56. ala ser lys meth
AGC
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

57. ala ala ser lys meth
UGC
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

58. thr ala ala ser lys meth
CGU
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

59. lys thr ala ala ser lys meth
CUU
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

60. ser lys thr ala ala ser lys meth
U GA
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

61. ala ser lys thr ala ala ser lys meth
AGC
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

62. ala ala ser lys thr ala ala ser lys meth
UGC
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

63. stop ala ala ser lys thr ala ala ser lys meth
U UA
AA U A C G U C GA C U GAA G CAA C G U C GA C U GAA G UA

64. ala
Finished Protein
ser ala
lys meth
lys thr
ala ser
stop ala

65. Transcription Summary
• RNA polymerase binds to an unwound DNA and unwinds it. Creates
initiation bubble
• RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA
• RNA polymerase reads DNA and creates the mRNA
• RNA polymerase hits the stop codon and stops making mRNA
• mRNA now releases to the cytoplasm

66. Translation Summary
• rRNA forms the ribosome
• mRNA binds to ribosome and reads the
first codon (AUG)