4. CHON P R O T E I N S
• Made of amino acids
• Linked by peptide bonds
Peptide
bonds
Amino acid
5. P R O T E I N S
• Made of amino acids
• Most Complex
• Meat, hair, blood, insulin
• SHAPE determines function
• CLASSES
• Structure
• Enzymes
• Hormones
• Antibodies
• …more
• food
7. • One GENE on a DNA strand codes for the
production of one polypeptide.
• In the finishing stages,
the chain will fold into
a specific shape that
determines the protein’s function
Peptide bonds
Genetic Code
RNA
8. GENE EXPRESSION BRIEF OVERVIEW:
• DNA in the nucleus has the code/instructions
• Ribosomes from the cytoplasm read the code
and copy it into a draft copy-RNA (so the
original copy isn’t messed up)
• Ribosomes create the finished product
(protein) from the draft copy
• Protein is sent to the ER & Golgi Body for
finishing touches and packaging
DNA RNA Protein
9. DNA RNA Protein
NUCLEUS
has the
code
RIBOSOMES
Read the
code &
copies it
finished
product
10. A Protein carries out a function for
the cell/body
example: hemoglobin: carries oxygen
Peptide
bonds
Amino acid
11.
12. 1. DNA holds master copy of instructions in the
nucleus
2. DNA is split by enzyme, helicase
3. Transcription: DNA is read and copied by the
ribosomes into a strand of RNA (draft copy)
4. Original (master) DNA is put back together by
enzyme, amylase
5. Translation: ribosomes use RNA draft to produce
a functional protein
6. Protein goes to ER and Golgi body for finishing
touches & packaging
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
13. enzyme: substance that acts as a catalyst to bring
about a specific biochemical reaction
• speeds up reactions by lowering
activation energy
• temperature important!
• REMEMBER: Shape determines function
REMINDER:
17. NEW SEQUENCES ADDED TO RNA
RNA has the same nucleotides as DNA (with
ONE EXCEPTION) and so matchup to the split
end of the DNA
The EXCEPTION:
RNA has adenine, guanine, cytosine, & ?
What’s missing?
RNA has Uracil instead of Thymine
18. DNA Nucleotides RNA Nucleotides
A T A C T G A T A C T G
DNA strand 1
makes strand 2:
DNA strand 1
makes strand 2:
T A T G A C U A U G A C
23. RNA
DNA
RNA
polymerase
Adenine (DNA and RNA)
Cystosine (DNA and RNA)
Guanine(DNA and RNA)
Thymine (DNA only)
Uracil (RNA only)
Transcription
makes a
complementary
strand of mRNA
NUCLEUS
24. mRNA = Messenger RNA
• Carries the “message” from the DNA to make a
protein
RNA
Ribose nucleic acid
DNA
deoxyribose nucleic acid
40. Translation
• In the ribosomes
• tRNA anticodons
match to mRNA
codons
• Polypeptide chains
grow until STOP
codon is reached
41.
42. DNA vs RNA
DNA RNA
Sugar deoxyribose ribose
Strand Double Single
Bases A,T,C,G A,U,C,G,
Length Long Short
Function
Carries
instructions*
Interprets
instructions
* Exception - RNA viruses
45. Mutations: a change in the coding of a gene
-can occur through:
1. Deletion: cell accidentally omits a piece of the
DNA
2. Duplication: cell accidentally makes an extra
copy of the DNA piece
3. Insertion: cell accidentally adds a piece of
DNA
4. Translocation: cell accidentally puts a piece of
genetic sequence in the wrong place.
45
46. ACTIVITY
• THE OLD RED DOG WAS TOO BIG FOR HIS BED
• Deletion that would delete the D in OLD…
• THE OLR EDD OGW AST OOB IGF ORH ISB ED
• Inversion of the word DOG...
• THE OLD RED GOD WAS TOO BIG FOR HIS BED
46
FRAME SHIFT- confuses the
whole message: bad mutation
less of a problem
47. mutation example:
• one mutation in the gene for hemoglobin
(change T to A) causes sickle cell anemia