The document describes the process of transcription in eukaryotic cells. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and unwinding it to access the promoter and coding regions. RNA polymerase then reads the DNA and synthesizes a complementary mRNA strand. The mRNA strand is released and exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it binds to ribosomes. The ribosomes then use the mRNA to sequence amino acids in order to build a protein product.
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
2. The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain using tRNAs.
3. The tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons and link them together with peptide bonds to form a protein.
Transcription is the process by which a strand of mRNA is produced using DNA as a template. Key steps include:
1) The promoter region activates transcription and RNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand.
2) The mRNA strand exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
3) The mRNA attaches to the ribosome where tRNAs read its codon sequences and add complementary amino acids.
4) The amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form a protein chain.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which has two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and builds an mRNA strand using the coding region as a template, before the mRNA strand exits the nucleus. Translation then occurs on ribosomes, where tRNAs bring amino acids to the mRNA start codon and assemble a protein based on the mRNA sequence until reaching the stop codon.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes read the mRNA codon by codon and combine amino acids specified by tRNA molecules to form a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The process continues until a stop codon is reached, and the newly synthesized protein is released.
Transcription and translation flip bookpunxsyscience
This document summarizes the processes of transcription and translation in 3 sentences or less:
Transcription involves enzymes unzipping DNA and RNA polymerase adding complementary RNA bases to form mRNA, which exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. Translation attaches a ribosome to mRNA where tRNAs match codons and link amino acids by peptide bonds to form proteins until a stop codon is reached. The key steps of transcription are unzipping DNA, adding RNA bases, forming the backbone, breaking bonds, and exiting the nucleus, while the key steps of translation are attaching a ribosome, matching codons and anticodons, sliding over codons, adding amino acids, and forming proteins until a stop codon.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It consists of several steps:
1) RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it in the nucleus.
2) The RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and copies the coding region of DNA to create a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
3) The mRNA is released into the cytoplasm where it directs the assembly of amino acids to create a protein according to the DNA's genetic code.
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. A gene has a promoter region that signals the start of transcription, a coding region containing the instructions for a protein, and a termination sequence that ends transcription. RNA polymerase finds the promoter region and uses the DNA strand as a template to produce messenger RNA, which is then transported out of the nucleus where it directs protein production.
The document is a flip book that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being unwound and mRNA being created in the nucleus. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. tRNAs read the mRNA and add amino acids to form a protein, which is completed when the ribosome reaches a stop codon.
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
2. The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm where ribosomes translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain using tRNAs.
3. The tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons and link them together with peptide bonds to form a protein.
Transcription is the process by which a strand of mRNA is produced using DNA as a template. Key steps include:
1) The promoter region activates transcription and RNA polymerase produces the mRNA strand.
2) The mRNA strand exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore.
3) The mRNA attaches to the ribosome where tRNAs read its codon sequences and add complementary amino acids.
4) The amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form a protein chain.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which has two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and builds an mRNA strand using the coding region as a template, before the mRNA strand exits the nucleus. Translation then occurs on ribosomes, where tRNAs bring amino acids to the mRNA start codon and assemble a protein based on the mRNA sequence until reaching the stop codon.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. The ribosomes read the mRNA codon by codon and combine amino acids specified by tRNA molecules to form a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The process continues until a stop codon is reached, and the newly synthesized protein is released.
Transcription and translation flip bookpunxsyscience
This document summarizes the processes of transcription and translation in 3 sentences or less:
Transcription involves enzymes unzipping DNA and RNA polymerase adding complementary RNA bases to form mRNA, which exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. Translation attaches a ribosome to mRNA where tRNAs match codons and link amino acids by peptide bonds to form proteins until a stop codon is reached. The key steps of transcription are unzipping DNA, adding RNA bases, forming the backbone, breaking bonds, and exiting the nucleus, while the key steps of translation are attaching a ribosome, matching codons and anticodons, sliding over codons, adding amino acids, and forming proteins until a stop codon.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in cells. It consists of several steps:
1) RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it in the nucleus.
2) The RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and copies the coding region of DNA to create a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
3) The mRNA is released into the cytoplasm where it directs the assembly of amino acids to create a protein according to the DNA's genetic code.
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. A gene has a promoter region that signals the start of transcription, a coding region containing the instructions for a protein, and a termination sequence that ends transcription. RNA polymerase finds the promoter region and uses the DNA strand as a template to produce messenger RNA, which is then transported out of the nucleus where it directs protein production.
The document is a flip book that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being unwound and mRNA being created in the nucleus. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm. tRNAs read the mRNA and add amino acids to form a protein, which is completed when the ribosome reaches a stop codon.
The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it before creating mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. In translation, rRNA forms ribosomes which mRNA binds to. tRNA transfers amino acids based on the mRNA sequence, forming peptide bonds and ultimately a completed protein when a stop codon is reached.
The document summarizes the functions of various cell organelles:
- The cell wall provides protection and structural support and regulates transport in and out of the cell.
- The cell membrane controls movement of substances in and out and performs cell signaling and adhesion.
- The cytoplasm holds organelles and their nutrients and products in suspension.
- The nucleus controls cell activities and transport of proteins and nutrients. It contains the cell's DNA.
- The vacuole stores materials like water and waste. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for transport. Chloroplasts capture light for photosynthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum prepares proteins for transport. Mitochondria produce ATP for energy.
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication. First, helicase splits the DNA strands apart and single-stranded binding proteins prevent the strands from rejoining. On the leading strand, primase provides a starting point for polymerase III to replicate continuously. On the lagging strand, RNA primase creates RNA primers and polymerase III synthesizes fragments called Okazaki fragments. Polymerase I then replaces the RNA with DNA and ligase joins the fragments, creating two new DNA double helices.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
This document discusses several key steps and concepts related to DNA replication:
1) In the first step of DNA replication, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine as the DNA strands start to unzip. The phosphate groups also attach to the strands.
2) Next, the DNA strands fully unzip and the phosphate groups move in opposite directions.
3) Then, the appropriate nucleotide base pairs start to replicate on each strand.
4) Finally, the two newly formed DNA strands are completed and the phosphate groups attach to their respective molecules.
Mighty flower transcription and translationpunxsyscience
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in a cell. DNA in the nucleus contains the code for proteins. This code is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA code and translate it into a chain of amino acids. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code. The amino acids are linked together into a protein chain and then folded into a unique protein structure.
The document describes the two-stage process of protein synthesis: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA in the nucleus to produce mRNA. Translation then occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes read the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain according to the mRNA's codons. Through this two-step process, the genetic code stored in DNA is used to synthesize functional proteins.
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates mRNA, which is exported to the cytoplasm.
2. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA and assemble amino acids into a protein chain using tRNA according to the mRNA sequence.
3. The protein folds into its final shape and carries out its functions in the cell.
1. The document describes the process of gene expression from transcription of DNA to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
2. RNA polymerase transcribes a DNA strand into a complementary mRNA strand.
3. The mRNA strand is translated by a ribosome into a polypeptide chain using tRNA molecules and amino acids.
4. Translation continues until a stop codon is reached, terminating protein synthesis.
This document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in DNA to RNA to protein. It shows DNA in its double helix structure with promoter and coding regions. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and transcribes the DNA into mRNA. The mRNA passes through the nuclear pore and binds to ribosomes where tRNA reads the mRNA codons and adds the corresponding amino acids, forming peptide bonds and ultimately a protein chain.
This document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in DNA to RNA to protein. It shows DNA in its double helix structure with promoter and coding regions. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and transcribes the DNA into mRNA. The mRNA passes through the nuclear pore and binds to ribosomes where tRNA reads the mRNA codons and adds the corresponding amino acids, forming peptide bonds and ultimately a protein chain.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase unwinding DNA and reading its base pairs to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes use the mRNA code to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. First, rRNA forms ribosomes which mRNA binds to. tRNA then checks the mRNA and transfers amino acids to link with peptide bonds until a stop codon signals completion.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase unwinding DNA and reading its base pairs to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids brought by tRNAs into a protein chain. tRNAs check for mistakes and bind amino acids to the growing protein via peptide bonds until a stop codon signals completion.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and transcribes the mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes form from rRNA and bind to the mRNA. tRNA transfers amino acids specified by the mRNA to form a protein through peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached.
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It explains that mRNA is produced from DNA in the cell nucleus and passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then read the mRNA and translate its codon sequence into a chain of amino acids, attaching different tRNAs to each codon. This continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a polypeptide that can fold into a functional protein. The key stages are transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and protein folding.
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the double helix to access the coding region.
2. RNA polymerase reads the coding region and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
3. The mRNA is released and moves to the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes and is translated into a protein using tRNA and amino acids.
The document describes the process of transcription in a cell. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the double strand. It then creates a complementary mRNA strand with the coding region of DNA as a template, until it reaches a stop codon. The mRNA strand exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm through a nuclear pore.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads DNA and produces mRNA, which exits into the cytoplasm. The ribosome then reads the mRNA and uses tRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein according to the mRNA's codon sequence.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and uses the DNA as a template to transcribe mRNA. It moves along the DNA strand until reaching a terminator sequence, at which point transcription of that gene is complete. Transcription factors help unwind the DNA strand to allow RNA polymerase access to the template.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the processes of transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it before creating mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. In translation, rRNA forms ribosomes which mRNA binds to. tRNA transfers amino acids based on the mRNA sequence, forming peptide bonds and ultimately a completed protein when a stop codon is reached.
The document summarizes the functions of various cell organelles:
- The cell wall provides protection and structural support and regulates transport in and out of the cell.
- The cell membrane controls movement of substances in and out and performs cell signaling and adhesion.
- The cytoplasm holds organelles and their nutrients and products in suspension.
- The nucleus controls cell activities and transport of proteins and nutrients. It contains the cell's DNA.
- The vacuole stores materials like water and waste. The Golgi apparatus modifies and packages proteins for transport. Chloroplasts capture light for photosynthesis. The endoplasmic reticulum prepares proteins for transport. Mitochondria produce ATP for energy.
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication. First, helicase splits the DNA strands apart and single-stranded binding proteins prevent the strands from rejoining. On the leading strand, primase provides a starting point for polymerase III to replicate continuously. On the lagging strand, RNA primase creates RNA primers and polymerase III synthesizes fragments called Okazaki fragments. Polymerase I then replaces the RNA with DNA and ligase joins the fragments, creating two new DNA double helices.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
This document discusses several key steps and concepts related to DNA replication:
1) In the first step of DNA replication, adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine as the DNA strands start to unzip. The phosphate groups also attach to the strands.
2) Next, the DNA strands fully unzip and the phosphate groups move in opposite directions.
3) Then, the appropriate nucleotide base pairs start to replicate on each strand.
4) Finally, the two newly formed DNA strands are completed and the phosphate groups attach to their respective molecules.
Mighty flower transcription and translationpunxsyscience
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in a cell. DNA in the nucleus contains the code for proteins. This code is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then moves to the cytoplasm where ribosomes read the mRNA code and translate it into a chain of amino acids. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code. The amino acids are linked together into a protein chain and then folded into a unique protein structure.
The document describes the two-stage process of protein synthesis: transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase copies DNA in the nucleus to produce mRNA. Translation then occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes read the mRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein chain according to the mRNA's codons. Through this two-step process, the genetic code stored in DNA is used to synthesize functional proteins.
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
1. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads the DNA and creates mRNA, which is exported to the cytoplasm.
2. In the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA and assemble amino acids into a protein chain using tRNA according to the mRNA sequence.
3. The protein folds into its final shape and carries out its functions in the cell.
1. The document describes the process of gene expression from transcription of DNA to translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain.
2. RNA polymerase transcribes a DNA strand into a complementary mRNA strand.
3. The mRNA strand is translated by a ribosome into a polypeptide chain using tRNA molecules and amino acids.
4. Translation continues until a stop codon is reached, terminating protein synthesis.
This document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in DNA to RNA to protein. It shows DNA in its double helix structure with promoter and coding regions. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and transcribes the DNA into mRNA. The mRNA passes through the nuclear pore and binds to ribosomes where tRNA reads the mRNA codons and adds the corresponding amino acids, forming peptide bonds and ultimately a protein chain.
This document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in DNA to RNA to protein. It shows DNA in its double helix structure with promoter and coding regions. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region and transcribes the DNA into mRNA. The mRNA passes through the nuclear pore and binds to ribosomes where tRNA reads the mRNA codons and adds the corresponding amino acids, forming peptide bonds and ultimately a protein chain.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase unwinding DNA and reading its base pairs to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes use the mRNA code to assemble amino acids into a protein chain. First, rRNA forms ribosomes which mRNA binds to. tRNA then checks the mRNA and transfers amino acids to link with peptide bonds until a stop codon signals completion.
Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase unwinding DNA and reading its base pairs to produce mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble amino acids brought by tRNAs into a protein chain. tRNAs check for mistakes and bind amino acids to the growing protein via peptide bonds until a stop codon signals completion.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and transcribes the mRNA. The mRNA is then exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes form from rRNA and bind to the mRNA. tRNA transfers amino acids specified by the mRNA to form a protein through peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached.
The document summarizes the process of transcription and translation in protein synthesis. During transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA to produce mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and binds to ribosomes in the cytoplasm during translation. tRNAs bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, linking the amino acids together to form a protein chain. Once a stop codon is reached, the protein is complete and released. This two-step process explains how genetic code in DNA is used to synthesize proteins.
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. It explains that mRNA is produced from DNA in the cell nucleus and passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. Ribosomes then read the mRNA and translate its codon sequence into a chain of amino acids, attaching different tRNAs to each codon. This continues until a stop codon is reached, resulting in a polypeptide that can fold into a functional protein. The key stages are transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus, translation of mRNA to protein by ribosomes in the cytoplasm, and protein folding.
1. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the double helix to access the coding region.
2. RNA polymerase reads the coding region and creates a complementary mRNA strand.
3. The mRNA is released and moves to the cytoplasm where it binds to ribosomes and is translated into a protein using tRNA and amino acids.
The document describes the process of transcription in a cell. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of DNA and unwinds the double strand. It then creates a complementary mRNA strand with the coding region of DNA as a template, until it reaches a stop codon. The mRNA strand exits the nucleus into the cytoplasm through a nuclear pore.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. RNA polymerase in the nucleus reads DNA and produces mRNA, which exits into the cytoplasm. The ribosome then reads the mRNA and uses tRNA to assemble amino acids into a protein according to the mRNA's codon sequence.
RNA polymerase binds to DNA and uses the DNA as a template to transcribe mRNA. It moves along the DNA strand until reaching a terminator sequence, at which point transcription of that gene is complete. Transcription factors help unwind the DNA strand to allow RNA polymerase access to the template.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase transcribes mRNA from DNA in the nucleus. The mRNA strand passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm where it is translated into amino acids to make proteins.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. DNA in the nucleus contains the genetic code. RNA polymerase copies the DNA into an mRNA strand, which passes through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. There, the mRNA code is read to produce a chain of amino acids specified by the DNA.
The document is a flipbook that summarizes the process of transcription and translation. It shows RNA polymerase binding to DNA and unwinding it to access the template strand. It then moves along the DNA, reading the promoter region and creating mRNA. The mRNA exits the nucleus and attaches to ribosomes. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a protein chain. RNA polymerase eventually reaches a stop codon and protein synthesis is complete.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation. It shows how DNA is unwound and copied into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA strand then detaches and moves into the cytoplasm. The mRNA strand has a start codon and stop codon flanking its coding sequence. During translation, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where transfer RNAs match anticodons to codons and deliver amino acids to form a polypeptide chain according to the mRNA sequence.
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. It explains that RNA polymerase first breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA to copy it and make an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where tRNA reads its bases and adds complementary amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus where DNA is unzipped and RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template strand, forming mRNA. The mRNA is processed - a cap and tail are added and introns are removed. The completed mRNA contains codons of three nucleotides that code for amino acids. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA binds to ribosomes and tRNA molecules with matching anticodons deliver amino acids specified by mRNA codons, assembling the polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
This document is a flip book that summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and binds transfer RNA (tRNA) with complementary anticodons. The tRNA brings amino acids to form peptide bonds and a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein.
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and creates an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then moves to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand binds to a ribosome where tRNA brings amino acids to add to a growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. The polypeptide chain then folds into the final 3D protein structure.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. In translation, the mRNA strand is sent to the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome. tRNA molecules then bind to the ribosome and add amino acids specified by the mRNA code, forming a peptide bond between amino acids and creating a protein chain.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. The mRNA strand is then released and the DNA strands rebind. In translation, the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes. tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, and each tRNA connects to a specific amino acid. Translation begins as tRNA molecules form base pairs with the mRNA, and peptide bonds form between the amino acids, creating a protein.
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.
DNA replication begins at the origin of replication where DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix. DNA polymerase reads the bases on one strand and adds complementary bases to the other strand. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA primase adds primers to fill in the lagging strand, and DNA ligase seals the fragments together with phosphodiester bonds.
This protein synthesis flip book illustrates the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it passes through ribosomes. During this process, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain through peptide bonds. Eventually a full protein is synthesized from the mRNA instructions.
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Protein synthesis flipbook @yoloswagginator24punxsyscience
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It describes how RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and copies it to mRNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, the mRNA is read and translated to form a polypeptide chain of amino acids.
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
The document shows the process of protein synthesis:
1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.
3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons).
4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.
The document is a flip book that summarizes the key steps of protein synthesis: 1) DNA is unwound in the cell nucleus and an mRNA strand is produced, 2) the mRNA strand moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located, 3) ribosomes read the mRNA strand and amino acids are attached through peptide bonds to form a protein, which then folds into its tertiary structure.
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA molecules to add amino acids to form a protein chain. The protein folds into its final shape.
The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
The process of transcription begins in the cell nucleus, where RNA polymerase breaks apart DNA and uses it as a template to create mRNA strands. During this process, thymine is replaced with uracil to form RNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by ribosomes in groups of three codons. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon base pairing. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the growing polypeptide chain is released once a stop codon is reached.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Threats to mobile devices are more prevalent and increasing in scope and complexity. Users of mobile devices desire to take full advantage of the features
available on those devices, but many of the features provide convenience and capability but sacrifice security. This best practices guide outlines steps the users can take to better protect personal devices and information.
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
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Webinar: Designing a schema for a Data WarehouseFederico Razzoli
Are you new to data warehouses (DWH)? Do you need to check whether your data warehouse follows the best practices for a good design? In both cases, this webinar is for you.
A data warehouse is a central relational database that contains all measurements about a business or an organisation. This data comes from a variety of heterogeneous data sources, which includes databases of any type that back the applications used by the company, data files exported by some applications, or APIs provided by internal or external services.
But designing a data warehouse correctly is a hard task, which requires gathering information about the business processes that need to be analysed in the first place. These processes must be translated into so-called star schemas, which means, denormalised databases where each table represents a dimension or facts.
We will discuss these topics:
- How to gather information about a business;
- Understanding dictionaries and how to identify business entities;
- Dimensions and facts;
- Setting a table granularity;
- Types of facts;
- Types of dimensions;
- Snowflakes and how to avoid them;
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The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
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Partecipate alla presentazione per immergervi in una storia di interoperabilità, standard e formati aperti, per poi discutere del ruolo importante che i contributori hanno in una comunità open source sostenibile.
BIO: Sostenitrice del software libero e dei formati standard e aperti. È stata un membro attivo dei progetti Fedora e openSUSE e ha co-fondato l'Associazione LibreItalia dove è stata coinvolta in diversi eventi, migrazioni e formazione relativi a LibreOffice. In precedenza ha lavorato a migrazioni e corsi di formazione su LibreOffice per diverse amministrazioni pubbliche e privati. Da gennaio 2020 lavora in SUSE come Software Release Engineer per Uyuni e SUSE Manager e quando non segue la sua passione per i computer e per Geeko coltiva la sua curiosità per l'astronomia (da cui deriva il suo nickname deneb_alpha).
AI 101: An Introduction to the Basics and Impact of Artificial IntelligenceIndexBug
Imagine a world where machines not only perform tasks but also learn, adapt, and make decisions. This is the promise of Artificial Intelligence (AI), a technology that's not just enhancing our lives but revolutionizing entire industries.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
6. Strand of DNA
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
7. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon
8. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon
Coding region
9. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
10. Step 1
Promoter RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
polymerase
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
11. Step 2
RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA
Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
12. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
13. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
14. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
15. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
16. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
17. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
18. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
19. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
20. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
21. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
22. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
23. Promoter
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C
polymerase
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
24. Step 3
RNA polymerase reads DNA and creates
Promoter mRNA
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C UG
A
polymeras
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
25. Step 4
RNA polymerase hits stop codon and releases
Promoter mRNA
region
A T G G T C A A A G C T T A C G A A T C G A T C G T C T G A
polymeras
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A
T A C C A G T T T C G A A T G C T T A G C T A G C A G A C T
Starting codon Termination
Coding region
sequence
29. Cytoplasm
Step 1
rRNA forms Ribosome
Ribosome
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A
U A G
Anticodon
Starting Codon Codon Codon
Codon
tRNA
Amino Acid
35. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A A C
U
Codon Codon Codon
MET
36. Cytoplasm
Step 2
mRNA binds to the ribosome and starts to be
read
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A A C
U
Codon Codon Codon
37. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A A C
U
Codon Codon Codon
38. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A A C C A G
U
Codon Codon Codon
39. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C A G
Codon Codon Codon
40. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C A G
Codon Codon Codon
41. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C A G U U U
Codon Codon Codon
42. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C A G U U U
Codon Codon Codon
43. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A U U U
Codon Codon Codon
44. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A U U UC G A
Codon Codon Codon
45. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C G A
Codon Codon Codon
46. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C G A
Codon Codon Codon
47. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C G A A U G
Codon Codon Codon
48. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C G A A U G
Codon Codon Codon
49. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C G A A U G
Codon Codon Codon
50. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A A U G A U G
Codon Codon Codon
Met VAL LYS ALA TYR GLU SER ISO VAL STOP
51. Cytoplasm
Step 3
tRNA proofreads mRNA and transfers amino
acids
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A U A G C U A
Codon Codon Codon
Peptide
bonds
52. Cytoplasm
Step 4
amino acids attached to tRNA bind with
peptide bond
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C U A
Codon Codon Codon
Peptide
bonds
53. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C U A
Codon Codon Codon
54. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C U A
Codon Codon Codon
55. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C U A
Codon Codon Codon
56. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C U A
Codon Codon Codon
57. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C U A
Codon Codon Codon
58. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C U A
Codon Codon Codon
59. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A C U A G C A
Codon Codon Codon
60. Cytoplasm
Step 5
ribosome hits stop codon and completes the
protein
Stop Codon
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A G C A
Codon Codon Codon
61. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A G C A
Codon Codon Codon
62. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A G C A
Codon Codon Codon
63. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A G C A
Codon Codon Codon
64. Cytoplasm
mRNA strand
A U G G U C A A A G C U U A C G A A U C G A U C G U C U G
A G C A
Codon Codon Codon
71. In real life, there are thousands
more of amino acids.
72.
73.
74.
75. The amino acids are folded
together to make the protein
have an unique shape.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99. Transcription
1. RNA polymerase binds to DNA and unwinds it
2. RNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA
3. RNA polymerase reads DNA and creates mRNA
4. RNA polymerase hits stop codon and releases mRNA
5. mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm
Translation
1. rRNA forms Ribosome
2. mRNA binds to the ribosome and starts to be read
3. tRNA proofreads mRNA and transfers amino acids
4. amino acids attached to tRNA bind with peptide bond
5. ribosome hits stop codon and completes the protein