1. DNA Replication
By: Amanda Moore

2. DNA helicase
DNA helicase unravels DNA

3. DNA helicase
DNA helicase unravels DNA

4. DNA helicase
DNA helicase unravels DNA

5. DNA helicase
DNA helicase unravels DNA

6. DNA helicase
DNA helicase unravels DNA

7. DNA helicase
DNA helicase unravels DNA

8. DNA helicase
DNA helicase unravels DNA

9. 5’
3’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
T
A
DNA
polymerase 3
G
C
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
A
T
C
G
A
3’
Adenine
T
C
G
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
5’

10. 3’
5’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
T
A
DNA
polymerase 3
G
C
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
A
T
C
G
A
T
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
3’
C
Adenine
G
5’

11. 5’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
3’
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
T
A
DNA
polymerase 3
G
C
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
A
T
C
G
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
A
3’
Adenine
T
C
G
5’

12. 5’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
3’
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
T
A
DNA
polymerase 3
G
C
T
RNA primer
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
G
A
3’
Guanine
DNA polymerase
1
A
C
Adenine
T
C
G
5’

13. 5’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
3’
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
T
A
DNA
polymerase 3
G
C
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
A
T
C
G
A
3’
Adenine
T
C
G
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
5’

14. 5’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
3’
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
G
C
A
G
A
3’
G
RNA primer
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
T
C
Guanine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
Adenine
5’

15. 5’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
3’
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
T
G
C
A
G
A
G
RNA primer
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
T
C
Guanine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
DNA
polymerase 3
A
Adenine
5’

16. 5’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
3’
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
Nucleotid
e
C
T
C
A
G
A
G
RNA primer
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
T
C
Guanine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
DNA
polymerase 3
A
G
DNA helicase
Adenine
5’

17. 5’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
3’
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
DNA
polymerase 3
C
A
G
A
G
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
T
C
Adenine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
DNA helicase
A
G
Nucleotid
e
5’

18. 5’
A
3’
T
Phosphate
Sugar
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
DNA
polymerase 3
C
A
G
A
G
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA helicase breaks the bonds between
the two base pairs and they split apart.
T
C
Adenine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
DNA helicase
A
G
Nucleotid
e
5’

19. 5’
3’
A
T
Phosphate
Sugar
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
G
C
A
G
A
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading
strand and synthesizes a new base pair
for the existing strand. DNA polymerase
3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’.
T
C
Adenine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
Nucleotid
e
G
5’

20. 3’
5’
A
T
Phosphate
Sugar
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
G
C
A
G
A
C
G
5’
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading
strand and synthesizes a new base pair
for the existing strand. DNA polymerase
3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’.
T
G
Adenine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
Nucleotid
e
5’

21. 3’
5’
A
T
Phosphate
Sugar
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
G
C
A
G
A
T
G
G
5’
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading
strand and synthesizes a new base pair
for the existing strand. DNA polymerase
3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’.
T
C
Adenine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
Nucleotid
e
5’

22. 5’
3’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
G
C
G
A
T
T
C
G
G
5’
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading
strand and synthesizes a new base pair
for the existing strand. DNA polymerase
3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’. On the lagging
strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs a RNA
primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs.
G
C
Adenine
DNA polymerase
1
T
A
3’
Nucleotid
e
5’

23. 5’
3’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
G
C
T
C
G
A
T
T
C
G
G
C
5’
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
T
A
3’
Nucleotid
e
G
5’
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading
strand and synthesizes a new base pair
for the existing strand. DNA polymerase
3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’. On the lagging
strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs a RNA
primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is
an Okazaki fragment.

24. 5’
3’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
C
G
A
T
C
G
C
A
G
T
G
5
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
T
G
A
C
T
C
3’
Nucleotid
e
5’
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading
strand and synthesizes a new base pair
for the existing strand. DNA polymerase
3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’. On the lagging
strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs a RNA
primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is
an Okazaki fragment.

25. 5’
3’
A
T
Phosphate
Sugar
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
A
A
G
C
C
T
A
C
G
A
T
A
T
C
3’
T
G
C
G
C
5’
3’
G
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading strand
and synthesizes a new base pair for the existing
strand. DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’. On
the lagging strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs a
RNA primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is an
Okazaki fragment. DNA polymerase 1 changes
5’ the RNA primer into DNA.

26. 5’
3’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
T
C
A
G
C
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
T
C
T
C
G
A
T
A
T
C
G
C
G
C
5’
3’
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
T
A
3’
Nucleotid
e
G
5’
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading strand
and synthesizes a new base pair for the existing
strand. DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’.
On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs
a RNA primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is an
Okazaki fragment. DNA polymerase 1 changes
the RNA primer into DNA.

27. 5’
3’
A
T
Phosphate
Sugar
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
G
C
C
T
A
T
A
G
C
G
C
T
A
C
G
A
T
A
T
C
3’
T
G
C
G
C
5’
3’
G
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading strand
and synthesizes a new base pair for the existing
strand. DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’. On
the lagging strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs a
RNA primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is an
Okazaki fragment. DNA polymerase 1 changes
5’ the RNA primer into DNA.

28. 3’
5’
A
3’
T
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
G
C
C
T
A
T
C
G
DNA
polymerase 3
C
A
T
A
G
C
G
A
T
A
T
C
G
C
G
5’ 3’
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
DNA helicase
A
G
Nucleotid
e
5’
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading strand
and synthesizes a new base pair for the existing
strand. DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’.
On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs
a RNA primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is an
Okazaki fragment. DNA polymerase 1 changes
the RNA primer into DNA.

29. 3’
5’
A
5’
T
3’
A
T
Phosphate
Sugar
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
G
C
C
T
A
T
A
G
C
G
C
A
A
T
C
G
C
G
A
T
A
T
C
3’
T
G
C
G
5’ 3’
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading strand
and synthesizes a new base pair for the existing
strand. DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’. On
the lagging strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs a
RNA primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is an
Okazaki fragment. DNA polymerase 1 changes
5’ the RNA primer into DNA.

30. 3’
5’
A
5’
T
3’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
G
C
C
C
T
A
T
C
G
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
A
G
C
A
T
A
G
C
G
A
T
A
T
C
G
C
G
5’ 3’
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
Nucleotid
e
5’
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading strand
and synthesizes a new base pair for the existing
strand. DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’.
On the lagging strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs
a RNA primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is an
Okazaki fragment. DNA polymerase 1 changes
the RNA primer into DNA.

31. 3’
5’
A
5’
T
3’
A
T
Phosphate
Sugar
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
G
C
G
C
T
A
T
A
G
C
G
C
A
A
T
C
G
C
G
A
T
A
T
C
3’
T
G
C
G
5’ 3’
Nucleotid
e
DNA helicase
DNA
polymerase 3
Adenine
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase
1
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading strand
and synthesizes a new base pair for the existing
strand. DNA polymerase 3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’. On
the lagging strand, DNA polymerase 3 needs a
RNA primer, made by DNA primase, for it to
synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The
fragment made off of the RNA primer is an
Okazaki fragment. DNA polymerase 1 changes
5’ the RNA primer into DNA.

32. 3’
5’
A
5’
T
3’
A
Phosphate
Sugar
T
Thymine
Cytosine
C
G
G
C
G
C
G
C
T
A
T
C
G
DNA
polymerase 3
C
A
T
A
G
C
T
A
T
C
G
C
G
5’ 3’
Guanine
RNA primer
DNA polymerase 3 starts on the leading strand and
synthesizes a new base pair for the existing strand. DNA
polymerase 3 synthesizes 3’ to 5’. On the lagging strand,
DNA polymerase 3 needs a RNA primer, made by DNA
primase, for it to synthesize more base pairs. Then DNA
polymerase makes more base pairs. The fragment made
off of the RNA primer is an Okazaki fragment. DNA
polymerase 1 changes the RNA primer into DNA. DNA
ligase makes phosodiester bonds between the Okasaki
fragments and the RNA primers that are now DNA.
G
A
Adenine
DNA polymerase
1
T
C
3’
DNA helicase
A
G
Nucleotid
e
5’

33. The Reason Why DNA Replicates
DNA replicates for inheritance. DNA replicates in
Interphase by making a copy of itself before the
cell splits. It can be made into a new cell or a
new organism. This process occurs in the
nucleus of the cell in eukaryotes and in the
cytoplasm of prokaryotes.

34. Genetic Mutations
Telomeres make chromosomes longer at the ends and
they can make genetic mutations better by fixing them.
Telomerase makes telomere make the chromosome
longer so the genetic mutation can be gone faster. The
difference between normal cells and cancer cells is that
cancer cell can grow forever and never die but normal
cells will. Transplanted cells are changed by putting
different genes in them and they probably won’t
develop into cancer.

35. Genetic Mutations cont.
Cloning is when a scientist takes a cells nucleus
from an organism and uses that nucleus to make
the same organism entirely, only younger.
During the process of aging, cells lose their
telomerase.