The document presents an overview of evaporation, detailing its definition as a phase transition where liquid molecules become gas, the equipment involved, and the various applications in fields such as drug manufacturing and food products. It contrasts evaporation with distillation, highlighting key differences in processes, purposes, and types of evaporators, including their advantages and disadvantages. Additionally, the document discusses the factors that influence the rate of evaporation and provides insight into multiple-effect evaporators for efficient concentration methods.

1. EVAPORATION
Parag Jain
Assistant Professor
Chhattrapati Shivaji Institute
of Pharmacy
Durg, Chhattisgarh
Presented by

2. ● Evaporation is a type of phase transition;
it is the process by which molecules in a
liquid state (e.g water) spontaneously
become gaseous (e.g water vapor).
● The equipment used for evaporation is
known as Evaporator.
● Evaporation is the process of removal of
solvent from the solution by boiling the
liquid in a suitable vessel and withdrawing
the vapour, leaving a concentrated
product.

3. ● To concentrate solution by removing the
vapor from a boiling liquid solution .
● In the majority of cases, evaporation
refers to the removal of water from an
aqueous solution.
● Example: concentration of aqueous
solutions of sugar, sodium chloride,
sodium hydroxide, glycerol, glue, milk,
and orange juice.
● In these cases the concentrated solution
is the desired product and the
evaporated water is normally discarded.

4. Evaporation Distillation
In evaporation, vaporization takes In the distillation method,
place below the boiling point. vaporization takes place at the
boiling point
Evaporation takes place only from Distillation takes place from the
the surface of the liquid whole liquid mass.
It takes place below boiling point so
there is no bubble formation in
evaporation.
At the boiling point of the distillation
process, the liquid forms bubbles.
Evaporation is not necessarily
separation or purifying technique.
Distillation is a separation or
purifying technique
Evaporation is a slow process. Distillation happens rapidly.

5. ● The term drying usually refers the
removal of relatively small amounts of
water from solid or nearly solid material,
whereas Evaporation is usually limited to
the removal of relatively large amounts of
water from solutions.
● In most cases drying involves the
removal of water at temperatures below
its boiling point, whereas , Evaporation
means the removal of water by boiling a
solution.

6. ● Manufacturing of bulk drugs.
● Manufacturing of biological products.
● Manufacturing of food products.
● Manufacturing of demineralised water.
● Minimize the chances of chemical
reactions.
● Prepare the product for next operation
like drying.
● Improve product storage life.
● Decrease the impact of microbial growth.
6

7. ● Rate of evaporation α 1/ atmospheric pressure
● M α SL (Va-Vp)
(rate of
P
Where,
M= mass of vapor formed in unit time
evaporation)
SL = surface area of liquid exposed to the atmosphere
Va= maximum aqueous vapor pressure of air
Vp= pressure exerted due to liquid present in air
P= atmospheric pressure

8. ● Temperature:
Higher the temperature greater will be the
evaporation.
● Vapor pressure:
,greater will be theLower the pressure
evaporation.
● Surface area:
the liquid,Greater the surface area of
greater will be the evaporation.
● Time of evaporation:
Exposure time is longer, more will be the
evaporation.

9. ● Density:
The higher the density, slower the liquid
evaporates.
● Concentration:
Low concentration of the substance, faster
the evaporation.
● Film formation:
Some solutions deposit solid materials
called scale on the heating surfaces. results
heat-transfer
evaporator
coefficient
must be
in the overall
decreases and
cleaned.

10. ● 1. Evaporators with heating medium in jacket:
Ex. Steam jacketed kettle
● 2. Evaporators with tube placed horizontally:
Ex. Horizontal tube evaporator
● 3. Evaporators with tube placed vertically:
A) Evaporators with short tubes:
i) Single effect evaporator Ex. Short tube
vertical evaporator, Short tube vertical
evaporator with propeller, Basket type
evaporator
ii) Multiple effect evaporator Ex. Triple effect
evaporator

11. Types of evaporator
I. Natural circulation evaporators
1. Evaporating pans
2. Evaporating still
3. Short tube evaporators
II.Forced circulation evaporators
III.Film evaporators
1. Climbing film evaporators
2. Horizontal film evaporators

12. Steam Jacketed Kettle Or Evaporating Pan
• It is a hemispherical structure
consist of an inner pan called
kettle
• It is enveloped with an outer pan
called jacket
• Kettle is made up of a single sheet
of metal
• Copper is an excellent material for
the kettle because of its good
conductivity
• Tinned copper is used for acidic
material
• Jacket is made up of a iron

13. Aqueous extract placed in the kettle
The rate of evaporation is fast in
the initial stages & decreases
gradually as the liquid gets conc.
Provide ventilation for removing
the vapour
The bottom outlet is used to collect
the conc. product
kettle
Solution or
suspension
Solvent vapour
Steam is supplied through the inlet
Contents stirred continuously

14. Advantages
1.Used for both small scale and
large scale operations
2.Simple in construction and easy
to operate
3. Low maintenance and
installation
Disadvantages
1. Heat economy is less
2. Not suitable for heat sensitive
materials
3.Heat transfer rate decreases
drastically when the conc.
increased
Uses: for concentrating aqueous and thermostable liquors Ex:
liquorice extract

15. Horizontal tube evaporator
• Principle:
• Steam is passed through the horizontal tubes, which
are immersed in a pool of liquid to be evaporated. Heat
transfers through the tubes and the solvent evaporates.
Concentrated liquid is collected.

16. • It consists of a large cylindrical body
with conical or dome- shaped top &
bottom
• It is made up of plate steel
• Average size of the body ranges
from 1.8 to 2.4 meters diameter &
from 2.4 to 3.6 meters height
• Lower part of the body consists of a
steam compartment with an inlet for
steam at one end & a vent for
noncondensed gases on the other end
• In the steam compartment, 6-8
stainless steel horizontal tubes are
placed
Feed
inlet
vent steam
Horizontal
tubes
Solvent
vapour
body
Conc.
product
Horizontal Tube Evaporator

17. Feed is introduced into the evaporator
Steam is introduced into the steam
compartment
The horizontal tubes receive heat from
the steam
Steam condensate passes through the
corresponding outlet
The feed absorbs heat & solvent gets
evaporated
The vapour the escapes through the
outlet placed at the top
This process is continued until a thick
liquid is formed
Which can be collected from the
bottom outlet
steam
Horizontal
tubes
Solvent
vapour
Feed
inlet
vent
body
Conc.
product

18. Uses: for non-viscous solutions that do not deposit scales or crystals on evaporation
Ex: cascara extract
Disadvantages:
1.Not suitable for viscous liquids
b/c of poor circulation
Advantage:
1.Low cost Cheap
2.Easy to install
3.Require less space for
installation
4.Suitable for liquids
that not crystallize
5.Can be used for
batch/continuous
operation

19. • The heating unit consists of
steam jacketed tubes
• The evaporator carries steam
inlet, vent outlet & condensate
outlet
• The feed inlet is from the
bottom of the steam
compartment
Climbing Film Evaporators (rising film evaporator)

20. The preheated liquid feed is
introduced from the bottom of the
unit
Steam enters into the spaces outside
the tubes through the inlet
Heat is transferred to the liquor
through the walls of the tubes
The liquid becomes vapour & forms
smaller bubbles, which tend to fuse
to larger bubbles
The mix. Of liquid conc. & vapour
eject at a high velocity from the top
of the tubes
The vapour leaves from the top,
while conc. is collected from the
bottom

21. Advantages:
1.Large area for heat transfer is
provided employing long &
narrow tubes
2.The time of contact between
the liquor & the heating surface
is very short
3.Suitable for foam-forming
liquids, because foam can be
broken by an entrainment
separator
4.It requires low hold up &
small floor space
Disadvantages:
1.expensive, construction is quite
complicated
2. It is difficult to clean &
maintain
3. Large head space is required
4.Very viscous liquids, salting
liquids & scaling liquids are not
used
Uses:
For thermolabile substances such as insulin, liver extracts & vitamins
can be concentrated

22. Forced Circulation Evaporator
• The steam jacketed tubes are
held between two tube sheet
• The tube measures 0.1 meters
inside diameter & 2.5 meters
long
• The part of the tubes projects
into the vapour head which
consists of a deflector
• The vapour head is connected
to a return pipe, which runs
downwards & enters into the
inlet of a pimp

23. Steam is introduced into calendria
Pump sends the liquid to the tubes
The liquid moves up through the
tubes, it gets heated and begins to
boil
This mix. strikes the deflector, which
throws the liquid downward
Separation of liquid & vapour
The vapour enters the cyclone
separator & laves the equipment
The conc. Liquid returns to the pump
for further evaporation
Conc. Product collected

24. Advantages:
1.The heat transfer coefficient is
high due to rapid liquid
movement
2.It is suitable for thermolabile
substances because of rapid
evaporation
3.Suitable for high viscous
preparations because pumping
mechanism is used
Disadvantages:
1.The hold-up liquid is high
2.Expensive
Uses:
Used for the concentration of insulin & liver extracts
Also used for crystallizing operations where crystals are to be
suspended at all times

25. • Its also known as triple effect
evaporator
• The vapour from first
evaporator serves as a heating
medium for the 2nd evaporator
• Similarly, vapour from 2nd
evaporator serves as a heating
medium for the 3rd evaporator
• Last evaporator is connected to
a vacuum pump
Multiple-effect Evaporator

26. • Parallel feed:
Hot saturated solution of the feed is directly fed to each of the three effects
in parallel without transferring the material from one effect to the other
The parallel feed arrangement is commonly used in the conc. of salt
solutions, where the solute crystallizes on conc. Without increasing the
viscosity

27. • Operations:
Liquid feed is introduced to all the 3 evaporators up to the level of the
upper tube sheets
1.The vent valves V1, V2 & V3 are kept open & all other valves are
closed
2. High vacuum is created in the liquid chambers of evaporators
3.The steam valve S1 & condensate valve C1 are closed
Steam is supplied
Steam first replaces cold air in the steam space of 1st evaporator
When all the cold air is removed, the valve, V1 is closed
4. The supply of steam is continued

28. 5.Steam give its temp. to the liquid feed in the 1st evaporator & gets
condensed
Condensate is removed through the valve C1
6. Due to heat transfer, the liquid temperature increases & reaches the
boiling point
During this process, vapour will be generated from the liquid feed

29. 7. So formed vapour displaced air in the upper part of 1st evaporator
The vapour also displaces the air in the steam space of the 2nd evaporator
8.After complete displacement of air by vapour in the steam compartment of
2nd evaporator, the valve V2 isclosed
9. The vapors of 1st evaporator transmits its heat to the liquid of2nd
evaporator & gets condensed
Condensate is removed through the valve C2

30. Advantages:
1. It is suitable for large scale & for continuous operation
2. It is highly economical when compared with single effect
3. About 5 evaporators can be attached

31. Website: www.probecell.com Email: probecellinfo@gmail.com
Ph: 7415211131
Office: Smriti Nagar, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh - 490020
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