This document summarizes different types of hypersensitivities and immunopathologies:
Type I hypersensitivity involves IgE antibodies and leads to allergic reactions through mast cell and basophil degranulation. Type II involves IgG antibodies targeting cell surfaces and can cause transfusion reactions. Type III occurs when immune complexes deposit in tissues, like in Arthus reaction. Type IV is cell-mediated and causes delayed hypersensitivities like contact dermatitis.
Autoimmunity results from immune responses against self antigens. Immunodeficiencies involve deficiencies in B cells, T cells, or phagocytes. Cancer arises due to immune surveillance failures and genetic/environmental factors activating oncogenes or deactivating tumor suppress
Types of Pathogenic Organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Animal
Parasites
mecahnism
Utilization of host nutritional resources
Physical damage to host tissues
Production of toxic substances
Chromosomal and gene damage
Body cells behave abnormally
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses
- sweat has a low pH
Mucus traps foreign particles
Tears
- Lysozyme has antimicrobial action
Gastric stomach acid
2nd line of defence
Phagocytic cells (WBCs)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells
Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial proteins
Lysozyme
Interferon
Antibodies
What is immunology?
What is Tumor?
Types of tumor
Classification of Malignant tumors
Malignant transformation of cells
General features of Tumor immunity
Tumor antigens
Tumor specific antigen
Tumor associated antigens
Immune response to tumor
Evasion of immune response by tumor
Cancer Immunosurveillance versus Immunoediting
Immunotechniques
RIA
ELISA
Types of Pathogenic Organisms
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoan
Fungi
Animal
Parasites
mecahnism
Utilization of host nutritional resources
Physical damage to host tissues
Production of toxic substances
Chromosomal and gene damage
Body cells behave abnormally
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Antigens
Some chemical that creates immune response
Most are proteins or large polysaccharides from a foreign organism.
Microbes: Capsules, cell walls, toxins, viral capsids, flagella, etc.
Nonmicrobes : Pollen,, serum proteins, and surface molecules from transplanted tissue.
Skin acts as barrier to microbes and viruses
- sweat has a low pH
Mucus traps foreign particles
Tears
- Lysozyme has antimicrobial action
Gastric stomach acid
2nd line of defence
Phagocytic cells (WBCs)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: attack virus infected cells
Inflammatory Response
Antimicrobial proteins
Lysozyme
Interferon
Antibodies
What is immunology?
What is Tumor?
Types of tumor
Classification of Malignant tumors
Malignant transformation of cells
General features of Tumor immunity
Tumor antigens
Tumor specific antigen
Tumor associated antigens
Immune response to tumor
Evasion of immune response by tumor
Cancer Immunosurveillance versus Immunoediting
Immunotechniques
RIA
ELISA
Introduction to medical mycology, basic concepts about superficial and deep mycoses taxonomy , classification & general characteristics of Various medically important fungi, Names of fungi & diseases caused by them; superficial mycoses, candida, dermatophytes, opportunistic fungi, subcutaneous mycoses.
Introduction to medical mycology, basic concepts about superficial and deep mycoses taxonomy , classification & general characteristics of Various medically important fungi, Names of fungi & diseases caused by them; superficial mycoses, candida, dermatophytes, opportunistic fungi, subcutaneous mycoses.
Normally, immune responses eradicate infectious pathogens without serious injury to host tissues.
However, these responses are sometimes
inadequately controlled
inappropriately targeted to host tissues
triggered by commensal microorganisms or environmental antigens that are usually harmless.
In these situations, the normally beneficial immune response is the cause of disease.
Disorders caused by immune responses are called hypersensitivity diseases.
This term , hypersensitivity , arose from the clinical definition of immunity as sensitivity, which is based on the observation that an individual who has been exposed to an antigen exhibits a detectable reaction, or is sensitive, to subsequent encounters with that antigen.
Today, we will describe the pathogenesis of different types of hypersensitivity reactions, with an emphasis on the effector mechanisms that cause tissue injury.
A variety of human diseases are caused by immune responses to non-microbial environmental antigens, and involve the type 2 cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, and IL-13 produced by Th2 cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), immunoglobulin E (IgE), mast cells, and eosinophils.
The antigens that elicit immediate hypersensitivity are called allergens. Most of them are common environmental proteins, animal products, and chemicals that can modify self proteins.
In the effector phase of these responses, mast cells and eosinophils are activated to rapidly release mediators that cause
increased vascular permeability
Vasodilation
bronchial and visceral smooth muscle contraction
This vascular reaction is called immediate hypersensitivity because it begins rapidly, within minutes of antigen challenge in a previously sensitized individual (immediate), and has major pathologic consequences (hypersensitivity).
Following the immediate response, there is a more slowly developing inflammatory component called the late-phase reaction characterized by the accumulation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and macrophages.
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Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
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Disorders of immunity
1. BY
VANA JAGAN MOHAN RAO M.S.Pharm, MED.CHEM
NIPER-KOLKATA
Asst.Professor, MIPER-KURNOOL
Email: jaganvana6@gmail.com
2. IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
• Allergy, hypersensitivity – an exaggerated,
misdirected expression of immune responses
• Involves the same types of immune reactions as
those at work in protective immunities.
• Autoimmunity – abnormal responses to self Ag
• Immunodeficiency – deficiency or loss of
immunity
• Cancer – results from a lack of surveillance
2
5. Type I Hypersensitivity
5
• Atopy – any chronic local allergy such as
hay fever or asthma
• Anaphylaxis – a systemic, often explosive
reaction that involves airway obstruction
and circulatory collapse
6. Mechanism of Type I
6
• sensitizing dose – on first contact with allergen,
specific B cells form IgE which attaches to mast
cells and basophils
• provocative dose - subsequent exposure with the
same allergen binds to the IgE-mast cell complex
• degranulation releases mediators with
physiological effects such as vasodilation and
bronchoconstriction
• symptoms are rash, itching, redness, increased
mucous discharge, pain, swelling, and difficulty
breathing
8. Role of Mast Cells & Basophils
8
• Mast cells are located in the connective tissue
of virtually all organs; high conc. in lungs,
skin, GI and genital tract
• Basophils circulate in blood, migrate into
tissues
• each cell can bind 10,000-40,000 IgE
• cytoplasmic granules contain physiologically
active cytokines, histamine, etc
• cells degranulate when stimulated by allergen
10. Systemic Anaphylaxis
10
• Sudden respiratory and circulatory
disruption that can be fatal in a few minutes
• Allergen and route are variable
• Bee stings, antibiotics or serum injection
13. Type II Hypersensitivity
13
• Reactions that lyse foreign cells
• Involve antibodies, complement, leading to
lysis of foreign cells
• Transfusion reactions
– ABO blood groups
– Rh factor – hemolytic disease of the newborn
18. Type III Hypersensitivity
18
• A large quantity of soluble foreign Ag
stimulates Ab that produce small, soluble
Ag-Ab complexes
• Immune complexes become trapped in
tissues & incite a damaging inflammatory
response
– Arthus reaction – local reaction to series of
injected Ag to same body site
– Serum sickness – systemic disease resulting
from repeated injections of foreign proteins
20. 20
Autoimmunity
• In certain type I & II hypersensitivities, the immune
system has lost tolerance to self molecules and
forms autoantibodies and sensitized T cells against
them.
• More common in females
• Disruption of function can be systemic or organic
specific
– Systemic lupus erythematosus
– Rheumatoid arthritis
– Endocrine autoimmunities
– Myasthenia gravis
– Multiple sclerosis
25. Type IV Hypersensitivity
25
• Cell-mediated
• A delayed response to Ag involving activation of
and damage by T cells
• Delayed allergic response – skin response to
allergens – tuberculin skin test, contact dermititis
from plants, metals, cosmetics
• Graft rejection – reaction of cytotoxic T cells
directed against foreign cells of a grafted tissue;
involves recognition of foreign HLA
29. Immunodeficiency diseases
• Components of the immune response system are absent.
Deficiencies involve B and T cells, phagocytes, and
complement
– Primary immunodeficiency – genetically based
congenital lack of B-cell and/or T cell activity
– B cell defect – agammaglobulinemia – patient lacks
antibodies
– T cell defect – thymus is missing or abnormal
– Severe combined immunodeficiency - both limbs of
lymphocyte system are missing or defective; no
adaptive immune response
– Secondary (acquired) immune deficiency – due to
damage after birth (infections, drugs, radiation) AIDS
29
31. Cancer
31
• Overgrowth of abnormal tissue arises due to
malfunction of immune surveillance
• Tumors may be benign (nonspreading) or
malignant (a cancer) that spreads from tissue of
origin to other sites
• Malignant tumors may be
– carcinomas originate from epithelial tissue
– sarcomas originate from embryonic connective tissue
• Cancers occur in nearly every cell type
32. Characteristics of cancerous
growths
32
• Disorganized behavior and independence
from surrounding normal tissues
• Permanent loss of cell differentiation
• Expression of special markers on their
surface
33. Interrelationship between genes and cancer
33
1. Cancer cell often have damaged chromosomes
2. A specific alteration in a gene can lead to cancer
3. Predisposition for some cancers is inherited
4. Rates of cancer are highest in individuals who
cannot repair damaged DNA
5. Mutagenic agents cause cancer
6. Cells contain genes that can be transformed to
cancer-causing oncogenes
7. Tumor-supressor genes exist in the normal
genome
34. Mechanism of Cancer
34
• Some type of gene alteration turns a normal
gene (proto-oncogene) that regulates the
onset of mitosis into an oncogene
• The oncogene overrides normal mitotic
controls and cause the cell to divide
continuously
• Tumor suppressor genes may be missing or
inactivated
36. Role of viruses in cancer
36
• Some viruses carry oncogenes whose
products cause transformation of host cells
into cancer cells
• Viral genome may be inserted into
regulatory sites
• Human papillomavirus cervical cancer
• Epstein-Barr virus – Burkitt’s lymphoma
39. Function of immune system in cancer
39
• Cells with cancer-causing potential arise
constantly in the body but the immune system
normally discovers and destroys them
• Cell-mediated immunity, TC, NK & macrophages,
antibodies
• Immune system fails in cancer
– may not be immunogenic enough
– may retain self-markers and not be targeted
• Maybe a slight or transient failure allows cancer to
develop