The document summarizes key concepts in immunology related to cancer and organ transplants. It discusses how the immune system can recognize and respond to tumors, mechanisms by which tumors evade immune detection, and approaches to cancer immunotherapy. It also covers immune mechanisms of graft rejection, types of transplants, and strategies to prevent rejection through immunosuppression.
History
Introduction
Classification of grafts
The Immunology of Allogeneic Transplantation
Genetics of graft rejection
Types of rejection
Recognition of Alloantigens
Effector Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection
Prevention of graft rejection
Graft versus host reaction
History
Introduction
Classification of grafts
The Immunology of Allogeneic Transplantation
Genetics of graft rejection
Types of rejection
Recognition of Alloantigens
Effector Mechanisms of Allograft Rejection
Prevention of graft rejection
Graft versus host reaction
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS-Humoral immunity
-Cellular Immunity- Failure of Host Defenses
- Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors
- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
Description of various immunological mechanisms involved in the rejection of transplants. Lecture notes for medical, dental and allied health sciences undergraduate medical students.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Antigen specific T cell activation assay is one of the technologies we can provide during the one-stop service which can activate CAR-T cells for further downstream research or clinical trials. T cell activation requires at least two signals to be fully activated. The first signal is provided by the interaction of T cell antigen-specific receptor and the antigen-major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/car-t/antigen-specific-t-cell-activation-assay.htm
IMMUNE RESPONSE TO TUMORS-Humoral immunity
-Cellular Immunity- Failure of Host Defenses
- Evasion of Immune Responses by Tumors
- Cancer Immunosurveillance vs Immunoediting- Immunotherapy
Description of various immunological mechanisms involved in the rejection of transplants. Lecture notes for medical, dental and allied health sciences undergraduate medical students.
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Antigen specific T cell activation assay is one of the technologies we can provide during the one-stop service which can activate CAR-T cells for further downstream research or clinical trials. T cell activation requires at least two signals to be fully activated. The first signal is provided by the interaction of T cell antigen-specific receptor and the antigen-major histocompatibility complex (MHC).
https://www.creative-biolabs.com/car-t/antigen-specific-t-cell-activation-assay.htm
Organ-i World Transplant Congress Soild Organ Rejection Test (k-SORT)Kevin Jaglinski
SORT
Solid Organ Rejection Test is a gene based biomarker panel that evaluates the gene expression profile of RNA isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes. SORT is intended for diagnosis and subsequent monitoring of renal transplant recipients who have a high probability of early cellular or humoral acute rejection at the time of testing. SORT should be utilized in conjunction with standard clinical assessment.
The renal transplant community is heavily reliant on serum creatinine levels as a trigger to diagnose acute rejection. However, serum creatinine is a late indicator of renal injury and exhibits high variability and high false positivity. These inadequacies lead to delayed diagnosis and irreversible renal damage.
As such, we developed the World’s first predictive test of acute rejection. This solid organ rejection test (SORT) accurately detects acute rejection 4 months prior to biopsy or other signs of clinical graft dysfunction.
SORT is intended to be utilized in conjunction with standard clinical assessment.
In the US for 0.5 Million patients with Renal Failure, transplant is the treatment of choice, but due to a critical shortage of organs, there are 85,000 patients on the waitlist of 2.5 years. Only 21,000 receive kidney transplants annually. This costs Medicare $6.3 Billion. The absence of accurate, non-invasive monitoring tests is an unmet need reflected in the high attrition rates. Organ-I is commercializing, ‘SORT’ (Solid Organ Rejection Test) first predictive, accurate, non-invasive test available to patients, averting the need for unnecessary biopsies and saving upwards of $750M.
This was presented in MS class Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Islamic International University Islamabad on 19/12/2016
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Antibody mediated rejection of solid organ allograftstashagarwal
Objectives:
Introduction of Antibody mediated rejection AMR
Role of C4d in transplant rejection
Donor specific antibodies DSA
Presentation of AMR in kidney, liver, lung and heart.
IT HELPS TO KNOWN ABOUT DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRANSPLANTATION AND ALSO ABOUT DONOR TYPES , THIS PPT HELPS TO UNDERSTAND BRIEFLY ABOUT TRANSPLANTATION IN HUMAN OR ANY OTHER LIVING ORGANISMS.
Power point presentation about general principles of organ transplantation and pioneer surgons and investigators, Specific discussion about Heart, Heart lung and Lung transplantation is given
The principles of vascular repair with sutures were established in the first decade of the 20th century by Alexis Carrel, who in 1912 was awarded the Nobel Prize for medicine for his work .Since then, technical refinements of suture materials have made possible surgical reconstruction of most arteries from the root of the aorta to microvascular anastomosis or repair of the smallest vessels, e.g., digital arteries or those on the surface of the brain.
Patients are beginning to benefit from antibody based, cellular and vaccine approaches that are effective against genetically diverse and therapy-resistance cancers.
A presentation descripes tumors,pathogensis,devlopment,antigenes and genes.
how host responds to them and how tumors evade immunity with latest lines of therapy and prevention.
facaulity of pharmacy.Damascus university.master of libaratory diagnossis. immunology.
Baraa ALomar and feras deban
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
CALLA: Common Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Antigen (CD10) sIgM – Signal IgM as sign of maturity of B cell
Fig 20-5
Fig. 20.6 Tc cells taken from a mouse immunized with a tum- variant tumor: They kill tumor cells coated with a peptide from the tum- gene sequence They do not kill tumor cells coated with the homologous peptide from the parental tumor The two peptides differ in one amino acid
vi. Role in immunosurveillance (T cell-deficient nude mice w/o high incidence of spontaneous tumors
cachectin ka-kek c tin A polypeptide cytokine, produced by endotoxin-activated macrophages , which has the ability to modulate adipocyte metabolism, lyse tumor cells in vitro, and induce hemorrhagic necrosis of certain transplantable tumors in vivo. Syn: tumor necrosis factor. Origin [G. kakos, bad, + hexis, condition of body] (SEE ABBAS, P. 367/68)
glycocalyx A PAS-positive filamentous coating on the apical surface of certain epithelial cells, composed of carbohydrate moieties of proteins that protrude from the free surface of the plasma membrane. Origin [glyco- + G. kalyx, husk, shell] PAS para-aminosalysylic acid.periodic acid-Schiff stain
Fig. 20-12 From Roitt et al
GM-CSF (granulocyte, macrophage-colony stimulating factor). idiotype id cT - b -t U p Collection of idiotopes within the variable region that confers on an immunoglobulin molecule an antigenic “individuality” and is frequently a unique attribute of a given antibody in a given animal. It is the product of a limited number of B lymphocyte clones ; also found on the T-cell receptor . See: idiotope [single antigenic determinant of an idiotype] . Origin [idio- + G. typos, model] idiotope id cT - b t b p Single antigenic determinant of an idiotype. See Also: idiotypic antigenic determinant. Syn: idiotypic antigenic determinant. Origin [idio- + -tope] set of idiotopes
Fig 10-5 Tumor-specific immune responses may be stimulated by vaccinating with host dendritic cells that have been pulsed (incubated) with tumor antigens (A) or with plasmids containing complementary DNAs encoding tumor antigens that are injected directly into patients or used to transfect dendritic cells (B) or by vaccinating with tumor cells transfected with genes encoding B7 costimulators or the T cell growth factor interleukin-2 (C)
FIG. 20.23, ROITT, ET AL
FIG 20-18
FIG. 20-19: ROITT ET AL -98
Rg. 20.20 Biological response modifiers (BRMs) are used to enhance immune responses to turnours and fall into four major groups. Broadly speaking, bacterial products have adjuvant effects on macrophages (see Chapters 17 and 19); a variety of synthetic polymers, nucleotides and polynucleotides induce IFN production and release; the cytokines administered directly act on macrophages and NK cells, and a variety of hormones including the thymic hormones can be used to enhance T-cell function. (MVE = maleic anhydride divinyl ether; TNF = tumour necrosis factor; poly 1: C = polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid.)
Fig 20.21 Genetically engineered chimeric Abs with human Fc portion attached to mouse Fab 2 reduce the risk of an immune response to the mAb Human Fc will also recruit human effector mechanisms Molecules that can be coupled to mAbs Toxins Cytotoxic drugs or enzymes capable of activating drugs Radioactive isotopes
Bone marrow containing tumor cell can be purged using mAbs and complement, Ab-toxin conjugates or Ab coupled to magnetic beads Store purged marrow Treat patient with radiation and chemotherapy Treat purged marrow with anti-tumor Ab Return bone marrow to patient Therapy results are encouraging in leukemia and lymphoma patients who where not helped by conventional therapy
1- Circulating tumor markers are diagnostic: i. -fetoprotein hepatic carcinoma ii. Carcinoembryonic Ag (CEA) colorectal carcinoma iii. GM1 monosialoganglioside in 96% of patients with pancreatic carcinoma 2- Monoclonal Ab to tumor surface antigens can provide a basis for imaging. Good targets include: i. F19 glycoprotein on reactive stromal fibroblasts ii. Certain tumor mucins/epithelial cancers(Thomson-Friedenreich or T antigen) iii. Cytokeratin on carcinoma cells 3- Detection of bone marrow micrometastasis using immunocytochemistry techniques provides information on: i. Prognosis ii. Efficacy of a new therapy iii. Eventual recurrence of treated cancer
NORMAL RANGE = 8 NG/ML
Parents: AA x BB Gametes: A, B F1: AB A ---to- A & B -- B Accepted A ---- B and B --- A Rejection 3. (Parent) A -------- F1 Hybrid: AB Result: Graft accepted because we introduce A antigen from parent to F1 recipient who has the same antigen A. No immune response needed The reverse is rejected: AB (F1) ----------- A Parent AB (F1) ----------- B Parent Result: Rejection because the recipient A does not have B antigen. Therefore, it will have immune reaction with Ab and T cells against B antigens; and Rejection because the recipient B does not have A antigen. Therefore, it will have immune reaction with Ab and T cells against A antigens. Fourth Law: Parents: AA x BB Gametes: A, B F1: AB Gametes: (A, B) x (A, B) F2: AA, 2AB, BB Transplant from any F2 individual (AA, AB, or BB) --------- F1 Hybrid (AB) must lead to acceptance because AB has all transplanted antigens Conclusion: Genes (and antigens) of each F2 individual are represented in F1 individuals. Thus, F1 individuals have no antibodies against F2 individuals and higher generation.
Fig. 10-6
Fig 10-7
Fig 10-8
intimal Relating to the intima or inner coat of a vessel. DTH: delayed type hypersensitivity
III. Rejections A. Host-versus-Graft Rejection 1. First Set Rejection 2. Second Set Rejection (Acute) 3. Hyperacute Rejection 4. Chronic Graft Rejection
6. Characteristics: i. Acute : epithelial cell necrosis in GI, liver and skin ii. Chronic : fibrosis and atrophy of GI, liver and skin; no epithelial necrosis
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