In signal processing, a digital filter is a system that performs mathematical operations on a sampled, discrete-time signal to reduce or enhance certain aspects of that signal. This is in contrast to the other major type of electronic filter, the analog filter, which is an electronic circuit operating on continuous-time analog signals.
Digital signal processing is a specialized microprocessor with its architecture optimized for operational needs of digital signal processing
Application's of DSP like STFT and Wavelet transform has been explained in detail with images.
It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit. A circuit designed to perform this frequency selection is called a filter circuit, or simply a filter. A common need for filter circuits is in high-performance stereo systems, where certain ranges of audio frequencies need to be amplified or suppressed for best sound quality and power efficiency. You may be familiar with equalizers, which allow the amplitudes of several frequency ranges to be adjusted to suit the listener's taste and acoustic properties of the listening area. You may also be familiar with crossover networks, which block certain ranges of frequencies from reaching speakers. A tweeter (high-frequency speaker) is inefficient at reproducing low-frequency signals such as drum beats, so a crossover circuit is connected between the tweeter and the stereo's output terminals to block low-frequency signals, only passing high-frequency signals to the speaker's connection terminals. This gives better audio system efficiency and thus better performance. Both equalizers and crossover networks are examples of filters, designed to accomplish filtering of certain frequencies.
In signal processing, a digital filter is a system that performs mathematical operations on a sampled, discrete-time signal to reduce or enhance certain aspects of that signal. This is in contrast to the other major type of electronic filter, the analog filter, which is an electronic circuit operating on continuous-time analog signals.
Digital signal processing is a specialized microprocessor with its architecture optimized for operational needs of digital signal processing
Application's of DSP like STFT and Wavelet transform has been explained in detail with images.
It is sometimes desirable to have circuits capable of selectively filtering one frequency or range of frequencies out of a mix of different frequencies in a circuit. A circuit designed to perform this frequency selection is called a filter circuit, or simply a filter. A common need for filter circuits is in high-performance stereo systems, where certain ranges of audio frequencies need to be amplified or suppressed for best sound quality and power efficiency. You may be familiar with equalizers, which allow the amplitudes of several frequency ranges to be adjusted to suit the listener's taste and acoustic properties of the listening area. You may also be familiar with crossover networks, which block certain ranges of frequencies from reaching speakers. A tweeter (high-frequency speaker) is inefficient at reproducing low-frequency signals such as drum beats, so a crossover circuit is connected between the tweeter and the stereo's output terminals to block low-frequency signals, only passing high-frequency signals to the speaker's connection terminals. This gives better audio system efficiency and thus better performance. Both equalizers and crossover networks are examples of filters, designed to accomplish filtering of certain frequencies.
In this presentation we described about Signal Filtering. If you have any query regarding signal filtering or this presentation then feel free to contact us at:
http://www.siliconmentor.com/
In this presentation we described about Signal Filtering. If you have any query regarding signal filtering or this presentation then feel free to contact us at:
http://www.siliconmentor.com/
Lecture 6 Software Engineering and Design Good Design op205
3F6 Software Engineering and Design, February 2012, lecture slides 6, Good Design, Guest lecture by Igor Drokov, CEO Cronto Ltd, Cambridge University Engineering Department
Lecture 7 Software Engineering and Design User Interface Design op205
3F6 Software Engineering and Design, February 2012, lecture slides 7, User Interface Design, Dr Elena Punskaya, Cambridge University Engineering Department
ECG COMPRESSION USING
FFT
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is a diagnostic tool that is routinely used to assess the electrical and muscular functions of the heart. Sometimes it is required to send the ECG signals from one place to another place. The ECG signals are compressed at first to reduce the amplitude and frequency and then transferred. ECG signals are compressed by using many techniques. One of the most important technique is FFT.
FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) is a technique used to convert analog signal to digital signal.
In FFT, The total process takes five steps:-
1) Input signal
2) Compression (counter A)
3) Compression (counter B)
4) Recovery of the original signal by using IFFT
5) Error checking
Now the detailed explanation of the above steps is given below
At first the input signal (ECG signal) is taken.
There are two stages for compression. In first stage of compression there is a counter A. It identifies the non-zero values of the signal before compression. After compression if the length of the compressed signal is less than the length of the actual signal, then zero padding is done to make equal the lengths of compressed and actual signal.
Now the signal is passed through the counter B. It identifies the non-zero values after the compression of the signal. Now after compression if the length of the compressed signal is greater than the length of the actual signal, then TRUNCATION of the signal is done.
Now by applying IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) the original ECG signal is recovered.
The Error is checked at the last stage.
Compression ratio is given by
CR=(B-A)/B *100
CR-Compression ratio
A-compression in counter A
B-compression in counter B
Compression ratio is a major factor to determine how much compression the signal undergoes.
The compressed signal contains only positive values.
Thus ECG signal is compressed by using FFT technique.
Applications:-
• It finds application in hospitals, when a patient’s report is to be send to another doctor in prenomial place.
Signal & Image Processing And Analysis For Scientists And Engineers Technical...Jim Jenkins
This three-day course is designed is designed for engineers, scientists, technicians, implementers, and managers who need to understand basic and advanced methods of signal and image processing and analysis techniques for the measurement and imaging sciences. This course will jump start individuals who have little or no experience in the field to implement these methods, as well as provide valuable insight, new methods, and examples for those with some experience in the field.
This presentation will discuss about the introduction, many type of filters, characteristics & causes, and also the spectrum of Vibration Signal Filtering.
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It can be very essential for all students
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It can be very essential for all students
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Design of Low Pass Digital FIR Filter Using Cuckoo Search AlgorithmIJERA Editor
This paper presents a novel approach of designing linear phase FIR low pass filter using cuckoo Search Algorithm (CSA). FIR filter design is a multi-modal optimization problem. The conventional optimization techniques are not efficient for digital filter design. An iterative method is introduced to find the best solution of FIR filter design problem.Flat passband and high stopband attenuation are the major characteristics required in FIR filter design. To achieve these characteristics, a Cuckoo Search algorithm (CSA) is proposed in this paper. CSA have been used here for the design of linear phase finite impulse response (FIR) filters. Results are presented in this paper that seems to be promising tool for FIR filter design
Performance Analysis of FIR Filter using FDAToolijtsrd
The performance analysis of the FIR filter is presented by testing with different windowing methods. The FIR low pass filter was designed with the windowing system. It was simulated by setting different orders for comparing the performances of the filter. And then, it was also tested with different windowing methods. The performances of FIR low pass filter are analyzed by setting various order numbers such as 10, 20, 50 and 100. These identified FIR filters are designed with four windowing methods. They are Kaiser Window, Hamming Window, Blackman Window and Flat Top Window. The FIR filter is designed with FDATool and the results are edited with a filter visualization tool. The magnitude response, phase response, pole zero plot, time domain and frequency domain visualization of the filter are described in this paper. Especially, the comparison of the magnitude responses of different order filter design for Kaiser window, Hamming window, Blackman window and Flat Top window are described in this paper. San San Naing | Pann Ei San | Ma Ma Gyi "Performance Analysis of FIR Filter using FDATool" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26629.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/26629/performance-analysis-of-fir-filter-using-fdatool/san-san-naing
Lecture 4 Software Engineering and Design Brief Introduction to Programmingop205
3F6 Software Engineering and Design, January 2012, lecture slides 4, Brief Introduction to Programming Languages, Dr Elena Punskaya, Cambridge University Engineering Department
Lecture 3 Software Engineering and Design Introduction to UMLop205
3F6 Software Engineering and Design, January 2012, lecture slides 3, Introduction to UML, Dr Elena Punskaya, Cambridge University Engineering Department
Lecture 2 Software Engineering and Design Object Oriented Programming, Design...op205
3F6 Software Engineering and Design, January 2012, lecture slides 2, Object Oriented Programming, Design and Analysis, Dr Elena Punskaya, Cambridge University Engineering Department
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Survey of Techniques for Maximizing LLM Performance.pptx
Digital Signal Processing Summary
1. What you should know after these
lectures?
Elena Punskaya
www-sigproc.eng.cam.ac.uk/~op205
1
2. Introduction to DSP
• Understand what is Digital Signal Processing
• Be able to provide very briefly some examples of applications of DSP
• Be able to state briefly main DSP limitations
– aliasing (cannot distinguish between higher and lower frequencies,
how to prevent – sampling theorem, correct reconstruction – antialias
filter)
– frequency resolution (sample for a limited period of time, does not
pick up relatively slow changes)
– quantisation error (sampling, loss of info, limited precision)
• Be able to describe advantages of Digital over Analogue Signal
Processing
– reprogrammable / easily portable / duplicable
– better control of accuracy
– can be easily stored
– precise mathematical operations
2
3. DTFT and DFT
• Be aware of time-domain and frequency-domain analyses
• Be comfortable with performing fundamental operations for sampled
signals
– DTFT, Inverse DTFT
• Be able to state main problems with computing DTFT on a computer,
explain how they can be overcome to obtain DFT
• Be able to derive DFT from DFTF
– by taking DFTF of the windowed signal
• Be able to derive
– spectrum of the windowed signal
– rectangular window spectrum
• Be aware of
– zero-padding
– Inverse DFT, circular convolution
– Use of DFT and IDFT to compute standard convolution and thus
perform linear filtering
3
4. FFT
• Know the basic principles behind radix-2 FFT algorithms
– N is a power of 2
– FFT butterfly structure
– decomposition to reduce evaluation to single point DFT
– bit reversal operations
– in place computation
– the number of computations required to compute one butterfly
– the total number of stages required
• Be able to show the total number of complex and real operation
required to compute N-point FFT
• Be able to demonstrate the efficiency of FFT compared to DFT (based
on the total operations count)
• Be able to five (briefly) examples of applications
4
5. Basics of Digital Filters
• Be very familiar with the main characteristics
– time-domain
linear difference equations
filter’s unit-sample (impulse) response (linear convolution causal LTI)
– frequency-domain
more general, Z-transform domain
– system transfer function
– poles and zeros diagram in the z-plane (stability)
Fourier domain
– frequency response (distance to poles and zeros, close to pole – magnitude rises,
close to zero – magnitude falls)
– spectrum of the signal
• Be able to state and identify on the diagram main elements of Digital
Filters
– adders/multipliers/delays/advances
• Be able to state four basic ideal filter types
– lowpass/high-pass/band-pass/band-stop
and their main characteristics
– magnitude response and linear phase response
• Be able to explain briefly why it is impossible to implement an ideal filter
– needs to be causal to be realised
5
6. Design of FIR Filters
• Know main characteristics
– difference equation/transfer function/impulse response
• Be aware of FIR using DFT and IDFT implementation
• Know why linear phase filters are used/understand principles
• Understand the window method for FIR filters
– infinite response of the ideal filter and, hence, the need for truncation and shift to the
right
– truncation = pre-multiplication by rectangular window
• a filter of large order has a narrow transition band
• sharp discontinuity results in side-lobe interference
– use of windows with no abrupt discontinuity can
• Know how to use the window method for FIR filters (steps)
• Be able to explain why the window method is not optimal
– pass-band and stop-band parameters are equal thus unnecessary high accuracy in the
pass band
– the ripple of the window is not uniform – more freedom can be allowed
Hence be able to give brief examples of other (optimal) methods of FIR
filter design 6
7. Design of IIR filters
• Know main characteristics
– difference equation/transfer function/impulse response/stability issue
• Be familiar with the main concepts of impulse invariant, matched z-
transform and backward difference method and their disadvantages
• Be able to state main properties of bilinear transform
– produces a digital filter whose frequency response has the same
characteristics as the frequency response of the analogue filter
– maps the Left half s-plane onto the interior of the unit circle in the z-plane,
ensures stability
• monotonic Ω↔ ω mapping
Ω= 0 is mapped to ω = 0, and Ω = ∞ is mapped to ω = π (half the sampling frequency).
•
• mapping between the frequency variables
• Know how to use bilinear transform to design IIR filters (steps)
• Know how to design highpass/bandpass/bandstop filters using frequency
transformation
• Be able to state the main problem with bilinear transform
– performs a nonlinear mapping of the phase leading to a distortion (or
warping) of the digital frequency response – hence pre-warping
7
8. Implementation of Digital Filters
• Be able to compare IIR and FIR filters
• Be able to state main concerns of filter implementation and ways of
addressing them
– Speed/power (+memory)
• Be familiar with different forms of realization structures
– Direct Form I/II
– cascade/parallel/feedback
and be able to briefly explain why they are of use
• Be able to state the undesirable consequences of finite-precision
filter implementation and explain the strategies for overcoming them
– Overflow (scaling and saturation arithmetic)
• Be familiar with roundoff (quantisation) noise generation, limit cycles
and deadbands
8