The document discusses the construction and modification of circuits using operational amplifiers (op amps), specifically focusing on the use of the LM 356 instead of the UA741. It emphasizes the importance of frequency filtering to manage high frequency noise and describes the formation of high pass and low pass filters using capacitors and resistors. Additionally, it outlines design constraints, instructions for utilizing lab equipment, and methods for measuring phase angles and signal characteristics.

1. DIFFERENTIATOR:
THEORETICAL AND
EXPERIMENTAL

2. NOTE COMMENT IN LAB MANUAL
• ALL OF THE DIAGRAMS USE A UA741 OP AMP.
• YOU ARE TO CONSTRUCT YOUR CIRCUITS USING AN
LM 356 OP AMP.
• THERE IS A STATEMENT THAT VALUES FOR R1, R2, AND C2
SHOULD BE LIMITED BY WHAT IS IN YOUR KIT.
• YOU MAY COMBINE MULTIPLE RESISTORS (CAPACITORS) TO
OBTAIN A DESIRED RESISTANCE (OR CAPACITANCE).

3. IDEAL CIRCUIT

4. CAPACITORS
)()(
1
)(
)(
1
oC
t
t
CC
C
C
tvdtti
C
tv
dt
dv
Cti
o




5. iC
i = 0
iR iR + iC + i =0
where i = 0mA
iC =C1 dV3/dt
iR = [0V – Vo]/R1
Vo = -R1C1 dV3/dt

6. PRACTICAL CIRCUIT

7. WHY TWO DIFFERENT CIRCUITS
• IF THE INPUT CONTAINS ELECTRONIC NOISE WITH HIGH
FREQUENCY COMPONENTS, THE MAGNITUDE OF THE HIGH
FREQUENCY COMPONENTS WILL BE AMPLIFIED
SIGNIFICANTLY OVER THE SIGNAL OF INTEREST AND THE
SYSTEM LIKELY WILL BECOME UNSTABLE.
• IT IS THUS NECESSARY TO MODIFY THE CIRCUIT TO REDUCE
OR ELIMINATE SUCH EFFECTS.

8. MODIFICATIONS TO IDEAL
CIRCUIT
• TWO MODIFICATIONS TO THE CIRCUIT – BOTH OF WHICH
RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF FREQUENCY FILTERS.
• FIRST, A SERIES RESISTOR IS INSERTED BEFORE THE NEGATIVE
INPUT TERMINAL OF OP AMP. THE EFFECT OF THIS RESISTOR
IS TO ACT AS AN ATTENUATOR FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY
COMPONENTS.
• SECOND, A CAPACITOR IS PLACED IN THE FEEDBACK
NETWORK. THIS CAPACITOR PROVIDES MORE FEED-BACK
FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMPONENTS THAN FOR THE
LOW FREQUENCY COMPONENTS AND ALSO ACTS TO
STABILIZE THE CIRCUIT.

9. PRACTICAL CIRCUIT

10. CAPACITORS
)()(
1
)(
)(
1
oC
t
t
CC
C
C
tvdtti
C
tv
dt
dv
Cti
o




11. FROM THESE EQUATIONS:
• WHEN THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE CAPACITOR DOESN’T
CHANGE (I.E., D.C. VOLTAGE), THE CAPACITOR’S CURRENT IS
EQUAL TO ZERO.
• THE CAPACITOR ACTS LIKE AN OPEN CIRCUIT.
• WHEN THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE CAPACITOR IS CHANGING
RAPIDLY (E.G., HIGH FREQUENCY SINE WAVE), THE
CAPACITOR’S CURRENT IS LARGE AND ALSO CHANGES WITH
TIME.
• THE CAPACITOR ACTS LIKE A SHORT CIRCUIT. THE CURRENT
THROUGH THE CIRCUIT IS LIMITED BY THE OTHER COMPONENTS
IN THE CIRCUIT (I.E., THE RESISTORS).

12. PRACTICAL CIRCUIT
R2 with C1 forms a high pass filter.
If V3 is a d.c. voltage source, C1 acts like an open circuit
and all of the input voltage (V3) is dropped across the
capacitor (VC1) and the current through R2 and C1 will
be determined primarily by the first derivative of the
V3.
If V3 is a high frequency a.c. voltage source, C1 acts like
a short circuit and the current through R2 and C1 will
be determined primarily by V3 divided by R2.

13. PRACTICAL CIRCUIT
R1 with C2 forms a low pass filter.
If the difference in the voltage between the negative input
terminal on the op amp and Vo is relatively constant, C1
acts like an open circuit and all of the current through R2
and C1 will flow through R1.
If the difference in the voltage between the negative input
terminal on the op amp and Vo varies a lot with time, C1
acts like a short circuit and all of the current through R2
and C1 will flow through C2 and the output voltage will be
approximately equal to the voltage on the negative input
terminal, which will be 0 V.

14. OPERATION AS A FUNCTION OF
FREQUENCY

15. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
f
CRCRCR
CR
f
CR
f
CR
f
unity
HC




2
111
2
1
2
1
and
2
1
211211
11
2112





16. DESIGN CONSTRAINTS
FC
Hzf
Hzf
Hzf
unity
H
C
1.0
1500
5000
3000
1 




17. DB
• DB IS AN ABBREVIATION FOR DECIBELS
V
V
log20dB
P
P
log10dB
in
out
in
out














0.707
2
2
V
V
whenoccurs3dB-
2
1
P
P
whenoccurs3dB-
in
out
in
out













18. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS IN THE
LAB MANUAL
• EXCEPT:
• USE THE FUNCTION GENERATOR ON THE VELLEMAN
OSCILLOSCOPE
• REMEMBER THAT YOU HAVE TO SET THE AMPLITUDE TO 10V TO
HAVE 5V SIN(WT) OUTPUTTED.
• DO NOT USE THE 10X PROBES WITH THE VELLEMAN
OSCILLOSCOPE WHEN PERFORMING THE OSCILLOSCOPE
MEASUREMENTS.
• JUST USE THE STANDARD BNC-TO-ALLIGATOR OR BNC-TO-IC
CLIP CABLES.
• ALL PLOTS SHOULD BE MADE USING MATLAB.

19. PSPICE SIMULATION:
AC SWEEP
Differentiator Gain Integrator

20. PHASE SHIFT
--Dt --





2
f
1
Tiswavesinetheofperiodthewheredegrees360
angle.phasetheiswhere)sin()90sin()cos(
)sin(

D
-

T
t
ttt
dt
td o

21. MEASUREMENT OF PHASE ANGLE
• THERE ARE TWO SETS OF INSTRUCTIONS IN THE LAB 8
FOLDER UNDER RESOURCES
• PHASE DELAY.PDF, WHICH EXPLAINS HOW TO MAKE A PHASE
ANGLE CALCULATION USING THE INFORMATION DISPLAYED
WHEN THE OSCILLOSCOPE FUNCTION OF THE VELLEMAN
OSCILLOSCOPE IS USED.
• YOU SHOULD BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THIS TECHNIQUE.
• MAGNITUDE AND PHASE.PDF, WHICH EXPLAINS HOW TO USE
THE AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT TOOLS ON THE VELLEMAN
SCOPE TO OBTAIN THE MAGNITUDE AND PHASE OF A SIGNAL
AT A SINGLE FREQUENCY AND OVER A RANGE OF
FREQUENCIES.

22. PHASE SHIFT AS A FUNCTION OF
FREQUENCY
• THE PHASE SHIFT BETWEEN THE INPUT VOLTAGE AND THE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE OP AMP WILL CHANGE FROM 90O
TO 180O TO 270O AS THE OPERATION OF THE CIRCUIT
CHANGES FROM A DIFFERENTIATOR TO INVERTING
AMPLIFIER TO INTEGRATOR.

23. CAUTION:
PSPICE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS
ISSUE
Information in first half cycle is incorrect because
the initial charge on the capacitor is zero.

24. THANKYOU 