Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Part of Lecture series on EE321N, Power Electronics-I delivered by me during Fifth Semester of B.Tech. Electrical Engg., 2012
Z H College of Engg. & Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh
Please comment and feel free to ask anything related. Thanks!
Electronic Oscillator ,classification ,linear and non linear ,circuit description , tank circuit ,working and operation , frequency of oscllation and Applications
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current (AC) signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices. Common examples of signals generated by oscillators include signals broadcast by radio and television transmitters, clock signals that regulate computers and quartz clocks, and the sounds produced by electronic beepers and video games.
Oscillators designed to produce a high-power AC output from a DC supply are usually called inverters.
There are two main types of electronic oscillator: the linear or harmonic oscillator and the nonlinear or relaxation oscillator.
Electronic Oscillator ,classification ,linear and non linear ,circuit description , tank circuit ,working and operation , frequency of oscllation and Applications
An electronic oscillator is an electronic circuit that produces a periodic, oscillating electronic signal, often a sine wave or a square wave. Oscillators convert direct current (DC) from a power supply to an alternating current (AC) signal. They are widely used in many electronic devices. Common examples of signals generated by oscillators include signals broadcast by radio and television transmitters, clock signals that regulate computers and quartz clocks, and the sounds produced by electronic beepers and video games.
Oscillators designed to produce a high-power AC output from a DC supply are usually called inverters.
There are two main types of electronic oscillator: the linear or harmonic oscillator and the nonlinear or relaxation oscillator.
Functional block, characteristics of 555 Timer and its PWM application – IC-566 voltage controlled oscillator IC; 565-phase locked loop IC, AD633 Analog multiplier ICs.
a mosquito repellent circuit to generate a frequency range between 20-38 kHz. As this particular frequency is known as ultra sound it distracts the female mosquitoes .To make this circuit we are using here IC-555 timer, variable resistor, capacitor and to generate this ultrasound frequency we are using piezzo buzzer.
EST 130, Transistor Biasing and Amplification.CKSunith1
The attached narrated power point presentation explains the need for biasing in transistor amplifiers and the different biasing arrangements used in transistor circuits. The material will be useful for KTU first year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EST 130, Part B, Basic Electronics Engineering.
Infomatica, as it stands today, is a manifestation of our values, toil, and dedication towards imparting knowledge to the pupils of the society. Visit us: http://www.infomaticaacademy.com/
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) head points:
HPLC Advantages Vs GC
Instrumentation
HPLC System
Separations
Mobile Phase Reservoirs
Degasser
Aim of Gradient system
High/Low pressure gradient system
HPLC Pump Criteria
HPLC Pumps: Types
Reciprocating Pumps
Sample introduction
Manual Injector
Auto Injector
HPLC Modes
The Mobile Phase
Hydrophobic interaction
Common reverse phase solvents
Detectors
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Gas chromatography head points:
Invention of Chromatography
original chromatography Experiment
Common types of chromatography
Paper and Thin layer chromatography
How does chromatography work?
Theoretical Plate
gas chromatography
schematic of GC
carrier gas-supply
Injection port
sample Injection system
split/spitless Injection
sample valves
GC columns
open tubular columns
Temperature Control
Solid Support Materials
Particle size of Supports
The stationary Phase
Detection systems
Characteristics of the Ideal Detector
Flame Ionization Detectors
Thermal Conductivity Detector
Electron-capture Detectors
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Theory and Principle of FTIR head points:
What is Infrared Region?
Infrared Spectroscopy
What is FTIR?
Superiority of FTIR
FTIR optical system diagram
sampling techniques
The sample analysis process
advantage of FTIR
References
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Scanning Probe microscopy (AFM and STM) head point
AFM: Configuration of AFM
Parts of AFM system and Principle of AFM
Three Modes of AFM
AFM Instrument
Advantage and disadvantage
STM
Schematic Diagram
AFM and STM
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X-Ray Diffraction head points:
Introduction
History
How Diffraction Works
Demonstration
Analyzing Diffraction Patterns
Solving DNA
Applications
Summary and Conclusions
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Photovoltaics: Fundamental Concepts and novel systems
Energy levels -bands
Doping of semiconductors
Energy band alignments between different phases
Space charge layers
p-n junctions, Schottky barriers
p-n cells, Si cells, thin film cells
Schottky cells (solid and liquid junction)
p-i-n cells
Fundamental limits of photovoltaic cells
How to overcome/ bypass these limits
New generation cells (brief survey)
PV stability, efficiencies and economics
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What is Automobile??
Brief History of Automobile
Changes over the years...
Indian Automobile Industry
Main parts of an Automobile
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Nanoimprint Lithography head points:
Approaches: thermal and UV NIL
Properties of NIL
Overview. of NIL
Thermal NIL resists.
Residual layer after NIL.
NIL for large features (more difficult than small one).
Room temperature NIL, reverse NIL, inking.
NIL of bulk resist (polymer sheet, pellets).
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Presenting a topic based on introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology.
what is nano?
certain nomenclature like nanotechnology, nanoscience, nanomaterial, nanoscale, nanometer and so on.
surface to volume ratio and quantum effect related concepts.
future applications.
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Top down and bottom up method, processing, flow chart of top down and bottom up approach, Application.
I hope this presentation helpful for you.
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Different types of Nanolithography technique.
Types: Electron beam lithography, Photolithography, electron-beam writing, ion- lithography, X-ray lithography, and related images, concepts and graphical views.
I hope this presentation helpful for you.
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Infrared Spectroscopy and UV-Visible spectroscopyPreeti Choudhary
Instrumentation of Infrared Spectroscopy and UV-Vis spectroscopy
Discuss the fundamentals and concepts behind Infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopy.
I hope this presentation helpful for you.
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Presenting a topic which is entitled: Detectors
Above topic includes:
Types of detector
phototube detector
photomultiplier tubes
silicon photodiodes
photovoltaic cells
advantages
multi-channel photon detectors
linear photodiode arrays
photodiode array
with basics of instrumentation and science technology
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Presenting a presentation on the topic of Column chromatography with including basics of chromatography, principles, equations, graphs and data related to it.
Topics which covered in this ppt is
Principle of chromatography
classification of chromatography
partition coefficient
chromatogram
Resolution
plate theory
determination of N
band zone broadening
rate theory
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Column Chromatography: basics of chromatography and principle of chromatography, Classification, partition coefficient , chromatogram, retention time and volume, capacity and selectivity factors, plate theory, band broadening, rate theory, mass transfer, packed GLC column, open tubular column capillary columns, liquid chromatography column resolution.
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Operational amplifier: inverting and non-inverting amplifier, Power bandwidth, slew rate: slew rate distortion, noise gain, band width product. cascade amplifiers- bandwidth, CMRR, PSRR, Open loop op amp characteristics.
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Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
2. NOTE COMMENT IN LAB MANUAL
• ALL OF THE DIAGRAMS USE A UA741 OP AMP.
• YOU ARE TO CONSTRUCT YOUR CIRCUITS USING AN
LM 356 OP AMP.
• THERE IS A STATEMENT THAT VALUES FOR R1, R2, AND C2
SHOULD BE LIMITED BY WHAT IS IN YOUR KIT.
• YOU MAY COMBINE MULTIPLE RESISTORS (CAPACITORS) TO
OBTAIN A DESIRED RESISTANCE (OR CAPACITANCE).
7. WHY TWO DIFFERENT CIRCUITS
• IF THE INPUT CONTAINS ELECTRONIC NOISE WITH HIGH
FREQUENCY COMPONENTS, THE MAGNITUDE OF THE HIGH
FREQUENCY COMPONENTS WILL BE AMPLIFIED
SIGNIFICANTLY OVER THE SIGNAL OF INTEREST AND THE
SYSTEM LIKELY WILL BECOME UNSTABLE.
• IT IS THUS NECESSARY TO MODIFY THE CIRCUIT TO REDUCE
OR ELIMINATE SUCH EFFECTS.
8. MODIFICATIONS TO IDEAL
CIRCUIT
• TWO MODIFICATIONS TO THE CIRCUIT – BOTH OF WHICH
RESULTS IN THE FORMATION OF FREQUENCY FILTERS.
• FIRST, A SERIES RESISTOR IS INSERTED BEFORE THE NEGATIVE
INPUT TERMINAL OF OP AMP. THE EFFECT OF THIS RESISTOR
IS TO ACT AS AN ATTENUATOR FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY
COMPONENTS.
• SECOND, A CAPACITOR IS PLACED IN THE FEEDBACK
NETWORK. THIS CAPACITOR PROVIDES MORE FEED-BACK
FOR THE HIGH FREQUENCY COMPONENTS THAN FOR THE
LOW FREQUENCY COMPONENTS AND ALSO ACTS TO
STABILIZE THE CIRCUIT.
11. FROM THESE EQUATIONS:
• WHEN THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE CAPACITOR DOESN’T
CHANGE (I.E., D.C. VOLTAGE), THE CAPACITOR’S CURRENT IS
EQUAL TO ZERO.
• THE CAPACITOR ACTS LIKE AN OPEN CIRCUIT.
• WHEN THE VOLTAGE ACROSS THE CAPACITOR IS CHANGING
RAPIDLY (E.G., HIGH FREQUENCY SINE WAVE), THE
CAPACITOR’S CURRENT IS LARGE AND ALSO CHANGES WITH
TIME.
• THE CAPACITOR ACTS LIKE A SHORT CIRCUIT. THE CURRENT
THROUGH THE CIRCUIT IS LIMITED BY THE OTHER COMPONENTS
IN THE CIRCUIT (I.E., THE RESISTORS).
12. PRACTICAL CIRCUIT
R2 with C1 forms a high pass filter.
If V3 is a d.c. voltage source, C1 acts like an open circuit
and all of the input voltage (V3) is dropped across the
capacitor (VC1) and the current through R2 and C1 will
be determined primarily by the first derivative of the
V3.
If V3 is a high frequency a.c. voltage source, C1 acts like
a short circuit and the current through R2 and C1 will
be determined primarily by V3 divided by R2.
13. PRACTICAL CIRCUIT
R1 with C2 forms a low pass filter.
If the difference in the voltage between the negative input
terminal on the op amp and Vo is relatively constant, C1
acts like an open circuit and all of the current through R2
and C1 will flow through R1.
If the difference in the voltage between the negative input
terminal on the op amp and Vo varies a lot with time, C1
acts like a short circuit and all of the current through R2
and C1 will flow through C2 and the output voltage will be
approximately equal to the voltage on the negative input
terminal, which will be 0 V.
17. DB
• DB IS AN ABBREVIATION FOR DECIBELS
V
V
log20dB
P
P
log10dB
in
out
in
out
0.707
2
2
V
V
whenoccurs3dB-
2
1
P
P
whenoccurs3dB-
in
out
in
out
18. FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS IN THE
LAB MANUAL
• EXCEPT:
• USE THE FUNCTION GENERATOR ON THE VELLEMAN
OSCILLOSCOPE
• REMEMBER THAT YOU HAVE TO SET THE AMPLITUDE TO 10V TO
HAVE 5V SIN(WT) OUTPUTTED.
• DO NOT USE THE 10X PROBES WITH THE VELLEMAN
OSCILLOSCOPE WHEN PERFORMING THE OSCILLOSCOPE
MEASUREMENTS.
• JUST USE THE STANDARD BNC-TO-ALLIGATOR OR BNC-TO-IC
CLIP CABLES.
• ALL PLOTS SHOULD BE MADE USING MATLAB.
21. MEASUREMENT OF PHASE ANGLE
• THERE ARE TWO SETS OF INSTRUCTIONS IN THE LAB 8
FOLDER UNDER RESOURCES
• PHASE DELAY.PDF, WHICH EXPLAINS HOW TO MAKE A PHASE
ANGLE CALCULATION USING THE INFORMATION DISPLAYED
WHEN THE OSCILLOSCOPE FUNCTION OF THE VELLEMAN
OSCILLOSCOPE IS USED.
• YOU SHOULD BECOME FAMILIAR WITH THIS TECHNIQUE.
• MAGNITUDE AND PHASE.PDF, WHICH EXPLAINS HOW TO USE
THE AUTOMATED MEASUREMENT TOOLS ON THE VELLEMAN
SCOPE TO OBTAIN THE MAGNITUDE AND PHASE OF A SIGNAL
AT A SINGLE FREQUENCY AND OVER A RANGE OF
FREQUENCIES.
22. PHASE SHIFT AS A FUNCTION OF
FREQUENCY
• THE PHASE SHIFT BETWEEN THE INPUT VOLTAGE AND THE
OUTPUT VOLTAGE OF THE OP AMP WILL CHANGE FROM 90O
TO 180O TO 270O AS THE OPERATION OF THE CIRCUIT
CHANGES FROM A DIFFERENTIATOR TO INVERTING
AMPLIFIER TO INTEGRATOR.