This presentation explains typical speech, articulation and phonological development. It compares and contrasts speech development between English and Spanish, as well as other languages.
Difference vs. Disorder: Language Development in Culturally and Linguisticall...Bilinguistics
This presentation reviews normal language development of bilinguals. It identifies common second language-influenced errors between English and Spanish as well as other languages.
Evaluating Students From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations: D...Bilinguistics
This presentation describes how to appropriately conduct speech-language evaluations with students from culturally and linguistically diverse populations. It reviews informal and formal testing as well as dynamic assessment. You will learn how to distinguish between language difference vs. disorder, the reasons for testing both languages, and well as formal and informal measures for testing ELLs. You will also learn to identify red flags for speech and language impairment in bilingual children, and sounds on the Goldman-Fristoe that are subject to second language influence. This presentation reviews ASHA guidelines for assessment with bilingual students.
Identify Appropriate Articulation Targets for Second-Language LearnersBilinguistics
Improve articulation therapy with English-language learners by identifying appropriate targets. Easily use common tools such as Venn Diagrams and the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation to differentiate between true sound errors and second-language influences. In this presentation we will explore 12 languages including Spanish, Mandarin-Chinese and Vietnamese.
Language, Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Second Language,Bilingualism, Child Language, Linguistics,Hypothesis, Noam Chomsky (Cognitive Generative Quantitative
Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics) (Anthropological Comparative Historical Etymology Graphetics Phonetics Sociolinguistics) (Computational Contrastive
Evolutionary Forensic Internet
Language acquisition
Second-language acquisition
Language assessment
Language development
Language education
Linguistic anthropology
Neurolinguistics Psycholinguistics)
(History of linguistics
Linguistic prescription
List of linguists
Unsolved linguistics problems)
Assessment of English Language Learners: A Bilingual ApproachBilinguistics
More easily identifying whether a child’s errors are due to typical development, second-language influence, or true impairment. This course provides video examples of these possible outcomes as they relate to articulation and language development.
Current demographic data is reviewed as well as future population trends. A framework is provided for evaluation that can be applied to many different languages. Facts and myths about bilingualism are also covered. This presentation concludes with case studies to demonstrate how to effectively apply all of the information.
Difference vs. Disorder: Language Development in Culturally and Linguisticall...Bilinguistics
This presentation reviews normal language development of bilinguals. It identifies common second language-influenced errors between English and Spanish as well as other languages.
Evaluating Students From Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations: D...Bilinguistics
This presentation describes how to appropriately conduct speech-language evaluations with students from culturally and linguistically diverse populations. It reviews informal and formal testing as well as dynamic assessment. You will learn how to distinguish between language difference vs. disorder, the reasons for testing both languages, and well as formal and informal measures for testing ELLs. You will also learn to identify red flags for speech and language impairment in bilingual children, and sounds on the Goldman-Fristoe that are subject to second language influence. This presentation reviews ASHA guidelines for assessment with bilingual students.
Identify Appropriate Articulation Targets for Second-Language LearnersBilinguistics
Improve articulation therapy with English-language learners by identifying appropriate targets. Easily use common tools such as Venn Diagrams and the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation to differentiate between true sound errors and second-language influences. In this presentation we will explore 12 languages including Spanish, Mandarin-Chinese and Vietnamese.
Language, Language Acquisition, Language Learning, Second Language,Bilingualism, Child Language, Linguistics,Hypothesis, Noam Chomsky (Cognitive Generative Quantitative
Functional theories of grammar Phonology Morphology Morphophonology Syntax Lexis Semantics Pragmatics Graphemics Orthography Semiotics) (Anthropological Comparative Historical Etymology Graphetics Phonetics Sociolinguistics) (Computational Contrastive
Evolutionary Forensic Internet
Language acquisition
Second-language acquisition
Language assessment
Language development
Language education
Linguistic anthropology
Neurolinguistics Psycholinguistics)
(History of linguistics
Linguistic prescription
List of linguists
Unsolved linguistics problems)
Assessment of English Language Learners: A Bilingual ApproachBilinguistics
More easily identifying whether a child’s errors are due to typical development, second-language influence, or true impairment. This course provides video examples of these possible outcomes as they relate to articulation and language development.
Current demographic data is reviewed as well as future population trends. A framework is provided for evaluation that can be applied to many different languages. Facts and myths about bilingualism are also covered. This presentation concludes with case studies to demonstrate how to effectively apply all of the information.
Phonological Development in Spanish-English Bilingual ChildrenBilinguistics
Find out how the phonology sounds system develops in bilingual children based on the results of our study of 198 children. At the end we share downloadable phonology developmental charts and other great resources.
Part of 2012 EFLIS Primary InterSection Session With CALLIS & ICIS Friday, 30 March 2012 - PROMOTING UNDERSTANDING ACROSS CULTURES IN THE EFL CLASSROOM THROUGH CALL
In this slideshow, we will learn about different perspectives regarding input in Second Language Acquisition. This is part of the applied linguistics seminar offered at Universidad del Valle.
language learning :
It is the result of direct instruction in the rules of language
And it certainly is not an age-appropriate activity for young learners.
In language learning, students have conscious knowledge of the new language and can talk about that knowledge.
They can fill in the blanks on a grammar page.
language acquisition :
Children acquire language through a subconscious process during which they are unaware of grammatical rules.
They readily acquire the language to communicate with friends.
In order to acquire language, the learner needs a source of natural communication. The emphasis is on the text of the communication and not on the form.
Young students who are in the process of acquiring English get plenty of “on the job” practice.
ATTENTION SNF OPERATORS: Find out how how your facility’s rehospitalization rates will determine how you are reimbursed moving forward.
Are you ready for a Big Game Changer? Health care reform mandates will directly impact your bottom line starting January 2017. As CMS rolls out the “SNF VBP Program,” SNFs nationwide may find themselves scrambling to protect 2% revenue.
Phonological Development in Spanish-English Bilingual ChildrenBilinguistics
Find out how the phonology sounds system develops in bilingual children based on the results of our study of 198 children. At the end we share downloadable phonology developmental charts and other great resources.
Part of 2012 EFLIS Primary InterSection Session With CALLIS & ICIS Friday, 30 March 2012 - PROMOTING UNDERSTANDING ACROSS CULTURES IN THE EFL CLASSROOM THROUGH CALL
In this slideshow, we will learn about different perspectives regarding input in Second Language Acquisition. This is part of the applied linguistics seminar offered at Universidad del Valle.
language learning :
It is the result of direct instruction in the rules of language
And it certainly is not an age-appropriate activity for young learners.
In language learning, students have conscious knowledge of the new language and can talk about that knowledge.
They can fill in the blanks on a grammar page.
language acquisition :
Children acquire language through a subconscious process during which they are unaware of grammatical rules.
They readily acquire the language to communicate with friends.
In order to acquire language, the learner needs a source of natural communication. The emphasis is on the text of the communication and not on the form.
Young students who are in the process of acquiring English get plenty of “on the job” practice.
ATTENTION SNF OPERATORS: Find out how how your facility’s rehospitalization rates will determine how you are reimbursed moving forward.
Are you ready for a Big Game Changer? Health care reform mandates will directly impact your bottom line starting January 2017. As CMS rolls out the “SNF VBP Program,” SNFs nationwide may find themselves scrambling to protect 2% revenue.
Success with Speech Sound Disorders: Finding the Best Fit for English and Spa...Bilinguistics
This presentation reviews how to better identify and treat speech disorders and evaluates existing therapy approaches and programs for addressing them. Speech sound disorders are classified into five distinct subgroups. You will learn how to determine which strategies are most appropriate for a child, depending on his/her types of errors. This presentation also describes the differences in articulatory and phonological development and error patterns in Spanish and in English.
How Phonology in Bilingualism Contributes to Over Identification: A Case StudyBilinguistics
Find out which phonological processes to address in English when students are bilingual.
We have all seen comparisons of Spanish to English that help us work with children across languages. But what do we focus on in our English-only therapy with children who speak Spanish in other contexts such as with friends or at home?
This course presents a rare comparison of Monolinguals in English to Bilinguals in English to help us figure out what we should be focusing on to improve speech and move children off our caseload.
Assessment and eligibility when working with bilingual children for slide sha...Bilinguistics
This presentation addresses assessment procedures with infants and toddlers from bilingual homes. We review eligibility criteria for children in the Texas ECI programs.
Ethical Considerations for Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations ...Bilinguistics
Successfully navigate contentious situations when confronted with an ethical dilemma. Learn about the origin of ethics, how professions address ethical issues, and dissect intriguing case studies supplied by speech pathologists.
Have you ever had an ethical question or dilemma arise? Or do you work with clients who speak a language other than English and have concerns about how ethical the services are that they receive? In this presentation we consider the ASHA Code of Ethics, its relation to multicultural populations, and numerous case studies of SLPs in the field.
Using the Spanish Battelle Developmental Inventory-2: A case for clinical jud...Bilinguistics
This presentation describes the limitations of the Spanish Edition of the BDI-2, as well as the appropriate use of test norms. It identifies how language differences affect test results and describes how cultural differences can influence test results. Methods for supplemental or alternative assessments are also addressed.
This is my 1st semester assignment on "Pronunciation" topic. This assignment will help the reader to understand how to pronounce English phonemes correctly. International Phonetic Alphabet is the tool for English students to practice their pronunciation.
Collaborating with Educational Diagnosticians in the Referral and Evaluation ...Bilinguistics
Work effectively with other special education professionals who are testing students for learning disabilities. Learn to improve your referrals, improve the interactions on your campus, and reduce the amount of testing time that results in no qualification.
This presentation is a collaborative conversation between a speech pathologist and a educational diagnostician (LSSP Licensed Specialist in School Psychology in Texas). We discuss the similarities and differences between Receptive Language Delay and Difficulties with Listening Comprehension and between Expressive Language Delay and Difficulties with Oral Expression. We then explore reasons why we may obtain (apparently) conflicting testing results. Data from a research study sheds light on the commonalities among referrals that were most appropriate.
Breaking Into the Classroom: Speech Service Delivery in the SchoolsBilinguistics
Learn how to break into the classroom and contribute significantly to the literacy and academic achievement of students with communication disorders.
Approximately 70% of speech-language pathologists use a pull-out model (ASHA, 2012). However, we are missing crucial opportunities to improve our relationships with teachers, have our therapy map directly over academic goals, and reduce our therapy planning by using the content and materials that teachers are developing each week. Break into your school’s classrooms and reap these rewards.
Language Intervention for School-age Children with Down SyndromeBilinguistics
Down Syndrome has unique cognitive, sensory, and physiological characteristics. Learn how to use a multi-modal approach to improve the intervention you give to children with Down Syndrome.
Appropriate, successful intervention can be provided for children with Down syndrome by understanding how the disorder impacts communication. This course includes a review of language development in individuals with Down syndrome, a discussion of evidence-based treatment methods, and a modified elementary level lesson plan to demonstrate successful intervention.
An Easier Referral Process : Improved Data, Collaboration, and ReferralsBilinguistics
Reduce the time you spend on the referral process and simultaneously improve your referrals and your relationship with teachers.
Successful speech referral processes can be quickly and easily implemented. This research-based case study profiles how to 1) achieve successful referrals while 2) reducing workload and 3) improving professional relationships. This presentation explains the step-by-step process that made this transition possible and profiles free online referral documents to begin immediately.
Turn Your Ideas into Products and Move the Field Forward Bilinguistics
Speech-language pathologists frequently create and re-create materials to meet their clients’ needs. We showcase both successful speech product creations and failures to help SLPs turn their efforts and expertise into valuable products. We share ways to explore needs of the field, implement a project plan, and get your product to the market.
Overcoming Behavioral Roadblocks in Speech-Language InterventionBilinguistics
Challenging behaviors can impede progress in speech therapy. We will discuss the evaluation of behaviors that impact communication development and provide research-based intervention strategies to guide speech-language pathologists in developing effective treatment plans. We will include case studies of clinical interventions that improve communication in children with behavioral needs.
Effective Educational Strategies That Take Poverty into ConsiderationBilinguistics
From an educational standpoint, it is imperative to understand the behavioral and academic outcomes of those living in low-socioeconomic environments. Participants will gain effective strategies to use as educators and walk away energized and ready to tackle the new school year. This session will provide current statistical information based on Texas to improve how we serve children living in poverty.
Connections Between Bilingualism, Cognition, and Academic AchievementBilinguistics
Current Challenges in Assessment, Models of Bilingualism (Proficiency, Cognition), and Theory to Practice.
The intent of this presentation is to highlight common challenges we face in all types of assessment with bilingual children, discuss the reason for the challenges, and discuss ways to overcome the challenges
Is There an App for That? – Modifying iPad Applications for Diverse PopulationsBilinguistics
iPads are changing the way we provide therapy. We will discuss the advantages and challenges of using iPads in therapy, explore methods for modifying iPad applications for culturally and linguistically diverse children, and use case studies to demonstrate effective modification techniques.
This course will focus exclusively on iPad apps and will not include information on other similar or related apps for other tablets.
The iPad was introduced in 2010. It has been integrated into every sphere of our world and is changing the way speech-language pathologists provide therapy. The Ipad has the potential to increase motivation, learning, and meaningful communication outcomes for the children we serve. In this presentation, we will discuss the advantages and challenges of using iPads in therapy, explore methods for modifying iPad applications for culturally and linguistically diverse children, and use case studies to demonstrate effective modification techniques.
Technology plays a prominent role in society and is changing how information is shared and acquired. Research shows that using computer technology during speech therapy sessions motivates and engages children (Cochran, 2005). Additionally, children with special needs demonstrate interest in the animation, sound output, physical accessibility, and predictability involved in using computer technology (Cochran, 2005). As a result, children who use computer technology in therapy demonstrate fewer behaviors that detract from therapy’s effectiveness and subsequently retain more of what they have learned (Cochran, 2002).
Research on sociocultural theory indicates that effective therapy depends on knowledgeable mentors providing children with tools to mediate learning from their experiences within their zone of proximal development. Eventually, the children will internalize the tools provided to mediate their own experiences (Westby & Atencio, 2002). Because computer technology is changing the way children experience the world, some speech-language pathologists are creating such mediated learning experiences through iPad applications with promising results.
Slideshare are these errors due to language influenceBilinguistics
Taking into account speech, language, and culture, we aim to provide educators with a solid framework and information about many languages to support their understanding of speech and language development in English Language Learners. We explore Spanish, Russian, Vietnamese, and other languages to help SLPs support English Language Learners.
Both linguistic and cultural knowledge are critical when working with families and children from different language backgrounds (Goldstein, 2012).
Our goal in exploring the most commonly spoken languages in the United States is to enhance our understanding of patterns common to English language learners with different native languages. Our framework for analyzing errors provides parents, teachers, and other educators with the process they need to determine whether language production errors are indicative of language impairment or are the result of the normal process of language acquisition with more than one language. It is a very simple framework—if sounds/structures exist in both languages, they should not be affected in second language production. If sounds/structures do not exist in both languages, we expect transfer of skills or features from one language to another.
The Kids Are the Easy Part. I Have to Work with Other Professionals, Too?!Bilinguistics
You’re a communication expert. Why is it often so challenging to communicate productively with colleagues and parents? Because you’re human, and effective communication, like any other acquired skill, must be explicitly learned. We will identify strategies to foster colleague interactions and discuss simple skills to resolve adversarial situations. Join us as we discuss proven and productive relationship-building approaches that help communication-savvy individuals collaborate more effectively with others.
Here is a great review of fluency for SLPs. It includes information regarding assessment and treatment, as well as consideration when working with bilingual students who have fluency disorders.
Cultural and language Considerations for Working with InterpretersBilinguistics
Identify cultural issues when working with students and families from other cultures. Understand procedures for working and collaborating with interpreters during family interactions, speech and language assessment, and treatment. Finally learn to provide interpreters with appropriate vocabulary and scripts in Spanish that are culturally sensitive to explain the ARD/IEP paperwork and processes to parents.
Social Thinking & Theory of Mind: Putting it all togetherBilinguistics
You will find out what Social Thinking is, what Theory of Mind (ToM) is, and how they are related. You will learn what skills must be in place so ToM can develop. You will also will be able to list and describe various social communicators, and select appropriate therapeutic interventions.
Bilingual Evaluations: Writing the FIE report for Bilingual StudentsBilinguistics
The cultural diversity of our caseloads is growing exponentially. Correctly identifying children with speech and language disorders is made easier by understanding how to use 1) the referral process, 2) the interview process, 3) formal assessment, 4) alternative assessment, and 5) reporting procedures to reduce our work and create truly rich data to confidently diagnose a child.
Improving Story Narratives of Children from Different CulturesBilinguistics
This presentation will discuss differences in narrative styles between English and Spanish speakers and identify which narrative styles are common to many cultures. It will review dynamic assessment and intervention stages to assess and teach narrative use. Furthermore, it will discuss how narrative abilities can affect academic progress and describe how cultural differences can be taken into consideration when treating a student.
SMILE for Young Children: A Bilingual Program for Improving Communicaiton Ski...Bilinguistics
This presentation discusses the importance of family involvement in their child's speech therapy, as well as factors that may affect their participation. It reviews theoretical models of social systems which help us understand how to get the parent 'buy-in' to follow through with therapy techniques. Finally we review the SMILE for Young Children therapy program, which incorporates all of the necessary components for effective collaboration between the SLP and caregiver of the child.
Typical Development in Bilingual Students: Cross-linguistic inflenceBilinguistics
See how we: describe the role of language surveys and formal language tests in our assessment process, describe the influence of second language on speech and language performance, develop assessment plans for bilingual students, classify errors as developmental, influenced or atypical, and apply clinical judgment to determination of eligibility for special education services.
Making Best Use of Speech-Language Therapy: When to Refer and What to ExpectBilinguistics
In this presentation, we discuss speech and language in school-age youth, identify when referral for Speech-Language Evaluation and Therapy would benefit the patient, and explain utilization of Alternative and Augmentative Communication (AAC).
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
But—if the “Reject” button is pushed, colleagues will be alerted via Slack message
Join us to learn more about this new, human-in-the-loop capability, brought to you by Integration Service connectors.
And...
Speakers:
Akshay Agnihotri, Product Manager
Charlie Greenberg, Host
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Difference vs. Disorder: Speech Development in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Populations
1.
2. Disclosure Statement:
Financial —
Ellen Kester is the founder and owner of
Bilinguistics. Ellen Kester and Scott Prath
receive salaries from Bilinguistics.
Bilinguistics receives royalties from product
sales.
Nonfinancial — None
3. Outline for Today
• Typical Speech Development in Bilinguals
▫ How does a second language influence sound
acquisition?
• Speech and Articulation Development
▫ Consonants
▫ Vowels
• Phonological Development
• Other Languages
• Case Studies
5. Speech Outcomes
• Qualifies• DNQ
• DNQ• DNQ
Errors
are
typical
for age
Errors
are due
to
second
language
Errors
are
atypical
for age
and
language
No
errors
present
12. • For parents: (Lynch, Brookshire & Fox, 1980)
▫ 18 months - ~25% intelligible
▫ 2 year olds - 50-75% intelligible
▫ 3 year olds - 75%-100% intelligible
• For unfamiliar: (Flipsen, 2006)
▫ 18 months - ~25% intelligible
▫ 2 year olds - ~50% intelligible
▫ 3 year olds - ~75% intelligible
▫ 4 year olds - 100% intelligible
Click here to download this chart as a pdf.
13. • Difficulty producing sounds in both languages,
even with adult assistance
• Family history of speech-language impairment
• Slower development than siblings
• Difficulty interacting with peers
• Difficulty with speech production in many routines
and settings
• Speech production unlike others with similar
cultural/linguistic experiences
Click here to download this chart as a pdf.
17. • Consonants in both languages:
▫ b p d t g k m n l “ch” s “y” w f
• Spanish consonants not in English
▫ X ñ (tap r) R (rolled r)
• English consonants not in Spanish
▫ v “th” (voiced and unvoiced) z “sh” “zh” “h” “j”
“ng” English r
• Spanish consonants allowed in word-final
position: r (flap), s, l, n, d
36. English Spanish
• More clusters
• Many words ending in Cs
• Many allowable phonemes
final Cs
• CV dominated
• Few words ending in Cs
• Few allowable phonemes as
final Cs (only l, n, d, s, r)
C = Consonant
V = Vowel
37. Bilingual Influence -Cluster Reduction
Age of Acquisition Phonotactics
• Bilingual children make more
cluster reduction errors in
English than they do in
Spanish.
• 5-year-old children reduce
clusters
3.8% of the time in Spanish
7.3% of the time in English
• “Don’t” in English “Don”
• “School” “Eschool”
Spanish English
Clusters
in Final
Position
No Yes
S‐cluster
in Initial
Position
No Yes
38. Bilingual Influence –
Final Consonant Deletion
• As only /r, l, s, n, d/ exist in final position, other
final consonants are deleted or substituted.
• Anecdotal:
Voiced final consonants = substitution
▫ (e.g. Dog Dok)
Voiceless final consonants = deletion
▫ (e.g CatCa)
39. Bilingual Influence – Substitutions
As a result of the differences between the
consonant sounds of English and Spanish, some
of the influenced errors we see are:
Stopping
• /ð/ d
• /θ/ t
Fronting
• /v/ b*
Devoicing
• zs
(De)Affrication
• Jdj
• Sh ch
42. So what do we know?
• Building blocks are the same for both monolinguals
and bilinguals, and across languages
• General guidelines for intelligibility are the same
• Expect some cross-linguistic influence in speech
production where the two languages differ
• Use therapy materials that provide speech sounds that
are appropriate for the child’s age and language