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![Use of reduplication
Uncomplicated
to represent plurals, A lack of
clausal structure
superlatives, and morphophonemic
(e.g., no embedded
other parts of speech variation
clauses, etc.)
that represent the
concept being
increased
Use of separate Reduction or
words to indicate elimination of
tense, usually syllable codas
preceding the verb
Reduction of
No tones, such as
consonant
those found in West
clusters or
African and Asian
breaking them
languages
with epenthesis
Basic vowels, such
as [a, e, i, o, u]](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/languageculture-120708161253-phpapp02/75/Language-culture-19-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byJoel Acosta
Language & culture
Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society. Key aspects studied include languages in contact, language variation, and language and gender. [1] Language varies based on social factors like gender, age, social class, and ethnicity. [2] Men and women tend to use language differently, with women generally using more questions, self-disclosure, and minimal responses while men tend toward verbal aggression and changing conversation topics. [3] The study of language variation according to social factors provides insights into membership in social groups and cultural norms.
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Language & culture
- 1. Sociolinguistics language, society andCulture Social Context Languages in contact Pidginization Languages variation language & Gender Created by Joel Acosta June, 2012
- 2. is influenced A form of social Social identity factors Which indicates Membership of Social different Speech groups communities
- 3. It’s a groupof people who share a set of norms, rules and expectations regarding to the use of language The study of The science which language in studies and social context investigates language
- 4. Strong connection Anthropology Sociology Investigation of Crucial roles language and that language culture plays
- 5. Varieties of languageused by groups Defined according to Social class Gender Education Age
- 6. Upper class Lower class and more are important factors to and less educated determine educated social variety or dialect Tend to use Tend to more simplify the complicated Differ in form way of forms and speaking pronunciation
- 7. Are also factorsthat can determine language variety or Age dialect Elders may Gender speak a bit different from Male youngers Tend to use Female speakers simpler ways of speakers speaking Discuss their personal feelings. Prefer no- personal Tend to use more topics such as sports sophisticated Mention and news. language personal Respond giving experiences advice or solution
- 8. Different ethnic backgrounds Can provoke The frequent Differences in speech absence of the form of the verb to be: AFRICAN-AMERICANS They mine You crazy Have a dialect called Black English Vernacular Is stigmatized as The use of “BAD SPEECH” It is a double negative. widespread “He don’t know social dialect nothing” The speech of recent immigrants, and often of their children, will contain identifying features
- 9. Spoken Written language language Related to Formal The situation of use Business letters Informal Letters to friends
- 10. The term was Become common: in originated by: the 1960s introduced Thomas Bertram Reid in 1956 by a group of linguists who wanted to distinguish between variations in language according to the user and variations focus on the way according to use language is used in particular situations
- 11. Joos (1961) describesfive styles in spoken English: Frozen Printed unchanging language such as bible quotations; often contains archaisms. Formal One-way participation, no interruption. Technical vocabulary; "Fussy semantics" or exact definitions are important. Includes introductions between strangers. Consultative Two-way participation. Background information is provided — prior knowledge is not assumed. "Backchannel behavior" such as "uh huh", "I see", etc. is common. Interruptions allowed. Casual In-group friends and acquaintances. No background information provided. Ellipsis and slang common. Interruptions common. Intimate Non-public. Intonation more important than wording or grammar. Private vocabulary.
- 12. Halliday (1964) identifiesthree variables that determine register: Field (the subject matter of the discourse) Tenor (the participants and their relationships) Mode (the channel of communication, e.g. spoken or written)
- 13. Technical vocabulary associated with a specifically activity or group Engineering jargon Medical jargon Legal jargon Baseball jargon Computer jargon
- 14. Context is anotion used in the language sciences (linguistics, sociolinguistics, systemic functional linguistics, discourse analysis, pragmatics, semiotics, etc.) Verbal Context Social context Refers to surrounding Is defined in terms text or talk of an of objective social expression (word, variables, such as sentence, conversational those of class, turn, speech act, etc.). gender or race.
- 15. occurs when twoor more languages or varieties interact occurs in a variety of phenomena Creation of new Borrowing of languages: Creolization vocabulary and mixed languages Strata Language influence shift
- 16. Borrowing of A word from one language that has vocabulary been adapted for use in another The result of the contact of two languages can be the replacement of one by the Language shift other. This is most common when one language has a higher social position. Language that influences, or is influenced by another through contact. Substratum is a language which has lower power or than another. Strata influence Superstratum is the language that has higher power. Adstratum refers to a language that is in contact with another language in a neighbor population without having identifiably higher or lower prestige. Language contact can also lead to the development of new languages when people without a common language interact closely, Creation of new developing a pidgin, which may eventually languages become a full-fledged Creole language through the process of Creolization.
- 17. Is a simplifiedlanguage that develops as a means of communication between two or more groups that do not have a language in common May be built from Allow people to words, sounds, or body communicate with each language from multiple other without having other languages and any similarities in cultures language and does not have any rules Has low prestige with respect to other languages
- 19. Use of reduplication Uncomplicated to represent plurals, A lack of clausal structure superlatives, and morphophonemic (e.g., no embedded other parts of speech variation clauses, etc.) that represent the concept being increased Use of separate Reduction or words to indicate elimination of tense, usually syllable codas preceding the verb Reduction of No tones, such as consonant those found in West clusters or African and Asian breaking them languages with epenthesis Basic vowels, such as [a, e, i, o, u]
- 20. Prolonged, regular An absence of a widespread, contact between the accessible interlanguage different language communities A need to communicate between them
- 21. Regional, social, orcontextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used Some important terminologies Internal Idiolect Variation Dialect Language Variety
- 22. Refers to theproperty of languages of having different ways of expressing the same meaning E.g.: lorry- truck underground-subway flat-apartment.
- 23. A regional orsocial variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary, especially a variety of speech differing from the standard literary language or speech pattern of the culture in which it exists: Cockney is a dialect of English. Every person speaks a A variety of language that with dialect of his or her native other varieties constitutes a language.(Dialectology) single language of which no single variety is standard: the dialects of Ancient Greek.
- 24. The language peculiarto the members of a group, especially in an occupation; jargon: the dialect of science. A language considered as part of a larger family of languages or a linguistic branch. Not in scientific use: Spanish and French are Romance dialects.
- 25. Personal dialect ofeach individual speaker of a language. Nobody speak a It differs in some details perfect language, everybody speak an idiolect. Factors: Voice quality Physical state Social factors These contribute to the identifying features in an individual`s speech
- 26. is recognized asa relationship between languages in which speakers of different but related languages can readily understand each other without intentional study or extraordinary effort. E.g. In china E.g. A person from Mandarin vs. New York speaking Cantonese (they are with a person from considered different Texas. dialects of the same language).
- 27. Means a largegeographical area, where the spoken language differs only slightly from village to village, but over a longer distance the differences become that huge, that mutual intelligibility is not possible. E.g.: Dutch vs. German Goedemorgen Guten Morgen
- 28. Standard Varieties Non-standard Varieties Are selected and Non-standard promoted by either varieties are quasi-legal authorities learned as first or other social language at home, institutions, such as through intensive schools or media, everyday contacts. they are more prestigious than Linguistically speaking, no one dialect or others. language is better , more correct, or more logical than any other
- 29. an extensive Standard American English, formal literature Standard British English, that employs that Standard Indian English, dialect in prose, Standard Australian English, poetry, non- and Standard Philippine fiction, etc. English may all be said to be published standard dialects of the English grammars, language dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a A dialect that "correct" spoken is supported and written form by institutions Presentation as being the "correct" Such institutional support form of a language may include government in schools recognition or designation
- 30. Has a complete vocabulary, Associated with the grammar, and language of the lower socioeconomic classes. syntax, but is not the beneficiary of institutional support Bad=improper An example of a nonstandard English dialect is Southern English
- 31. E.g.: 'Hillbilly English' fromthe Appalachians Is not a in the USA and distinct 'Geordie' from language Newcastle upon Tyne in the UK Some regional dialects A variety of a have been given language spoken traditional names which in a particular mark them out as being area of a country significantly different from standard varieties spoken in the same place
- 32. 'Singlish' spoken inSingapore is a variety Sometimes members of a very different from standard English, and particular minority ethnic there are many other varieties of English group have their own used in India variety which they use as a marker of identity, usually alongside a standard variety The differences from the standard variety may be linked to English proficiency, or may be part of a E.g.: African American range of varieties Vernacular English in the used to express USA, London Jamaican in identity Britain, and Aboriginal English in Australia Indigenized variety are spoken mainly as second languages in ex-colonies with multilingual populations
- 33. It is thevariety of E.g.: standard Italian is a language characteristic dialect in that it is of a social background or status particular to Tuscany; it is also a sociolect in that it carries a certain prestige from being the lingua franca throughout A dialect which evolves the country – both in from regional speech broadcasting, in the may also have press, and by people of sociolectical high social status implications
- 34. Overt Prestige Covert Prestige how people should how people should speak speak in order to in order to be considered gain status in the member of a particular wider community community (standard dialects). (nonstandard dialects)
- 35. Many Isoglosses indicate that the speech of that Language varieties particular group is different are defined in terms in a number of ways from of geographical other around it. boundaries are called Regional Dialects. The boundaries of a particular linguistic The study of the area are called regional dialects is Isoglosses. called dialectology.
- 36. LANGUAGE GENDER Is a range of characteristics used to Is a tool of distinguish between males and females, communication particularly in the cases of men and women and the masculine and feminine attributes assigned to them. Is an area of study within sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, and related fields that investigates varieties of speech associated with a particular gender, or social norms for such gendered language use LANGUAGE AND GENDER
- 37. POLITENESS MINIMAL RESPONSE VERBAL AGRESSION QUESTION SELF-DISCLOSURE TURN-TAKING CHANGGING THE TOPIC OF CONVERSATION
- 38. Is one ofthe ways in which the MINIMAL RESPONSE communicative behavior of men and women differ. has response frequently when they have a conversation for example : paralinguistic features such as ‘mhmm’ and ‘yeah’, which is behavior associated with has response less collaborative their language than women when use. they have a conversation for example: generally use ‘mhmm’ and ‘yeah’less frequently
- 39. QUESTION Men and women differ in their use of questions in conversations. Men's language is heard as clearly their toughness, as lack of affect, competitiveness, Use questions more frequently. They as independence, usually use questions tag to avoid making as competence, strong statements, as hierarchy, to reflect their conservatism, as control. to prestige consciousness, to upward mobility, to insecurity, to deference, to nurturance, to emotional expressivity, to connectedness, to sensitivity to others, to solidarity.
- 40. TURN-TAKING Gives rises tocomplex forms of interaction in relation to the more regimented form of turn-taking. Female linguistic behavior characteristically encompasses a desire to take turns in conversation with others, which is opposed to men’s tendency towards centering on their own point or remaining silent when presented with such implicit offers of conversational turn-taking as are provided by hedges such as and "isn’t it".
- 41. CHANGING THE TOPICOF CONVERSATION This difference may well be at the root of the conception that women chatter and talk too much, and may still sparker the same thinking in some males. In this way lowered estimation of women may arise. Women’s topic : Men’s Topic: Gossip Firm Men Sport Shopping Women Child-rearing Politic Personal relationship Cars
- 42. SELF-DISCLOSURE Is the process defined as telling others about the self. Sharing their Male tendencies to problems and non-self-disclosure experiences with and professing advice others, often to offer or offering a solution sympathy. when confronted with another’s problems. They usually asked Because man usually their friend about their solve their problems problems. by themselves.
- 43. VERBAL AGRESSION Engage in kros, or "angry talk", which is typically characterized by vituperative and brazen displays of insults and shouting. Focused on the down play of conflict in order to maintain - or at least give - the illusion of harmony.
- 44. POLITENESS Is best expressed as the practical application of good manners or etiquette According to Lakoff (1975), he identified three forms of politeness: Camaraderie Is Goodwill and Formal Politeness lighthearted rapport Generally accepted between friends; Deference Politeness formal standards comradeship. Is the condition of usually denote submitting to the professionalism, espoused, legitimate whereas the influence of one's absence or lack of superior or superiors. standards would be seen as casual.
- 45. There are manydifferences between men’s language and women’s language. We can see that by minimal response side, Question side, Turn taking side, Changing the topic of conversation side, Self-disclosure side, Verbal aggression side, Politeness side.
- 46.