Fonología I, 2022, Teoría general.ppt

PHONOLOGY I
2022
aɪ fənɒlədʒi

COMMUNICATION
• SPEECH:
Ability to communicate complicated messages
Achieved by 2 types of sensory stimulation:
- auditory stimulation
- visual stimulation
. WRITING:
Conventional visual representation of speech.

• LANGUAGE:
It is a system of conventional signals used for
communication by a whole community
It includes:
- Phonemes: system of sound units
- Inflection and arrangement of words
- Association of meaning with words
• REDUNDANCY
An utterance will provide a large complex of cues
for the listener to interpret but a great deal of this
information will be “redundant” as far as the
listeners needs are concerned.

SPOKEN LANGUAGE
• Younger and older generations / men and women
soft: /sɒft/ /sɔ:ft/
• Locality
part /pɑ:t/ /pɑ:rt/
boot /bu:t/ /but/
book /buk/
• Educated and uneducated speech
help /elp/ house /ɑus/ /hɑus/
name /neɪm/ /naɪm/ about /əbɑut/ /əbæut/
• Childish mispronunciations or physical defects

STYLES OF PRONUNCIATION
They depend on a series of features (phonetic adjustments
which help us adapt to the situation:
• TEMPO – speed of delivery
• RHYTHM – use of prominent syllables or words
• CONTINUITY – place and length of pauses
• MUSCULAR TENSION – articulatory precision
• GRADATION – weaknening of structural words
• COMPRESSION - age: /eɪdʒ/ /ədvɑ:ntɪdʒ/
• ELISION - /gɑ:dən/ /gɑ:dn̩ /
• ASSIMILATIONS – that boy / ðætp bɔɪ /

STYLES OF PRONUNCIATION
• FORMAL
Slow tempo, precise articulation, high frequency
of accented words
• UNHURRIED COLLOQUIAL
Clear, slow tempo, high frequency of accented
words, assimilations, elisions and precise
articulation.
• INFORMAL COLLOQUIAL
It has a maximum number of assimilations,
elisions and compressions, slurred articulations
and a reduction of accented words.

Received pronunciation - RP
• RP: it is the pronunciation used in the south of
England by people educated at preparatory boarding
schools and Public Schools.
• General RP
• Refined RP
It reflects a class distinction. It is considered to be upper
class
• Regional RP
It is a speech which is basically RP except for the
presence of a few regional characteristics

Systems other than RP
• General American (GA)
It lacks a few diphthongs. Beard (short vowel + /r/
/r/ before consonant Part
It has no /o/, it becomes /a:/ Bottle
/a:/ changes Past
• Standard Scottish English
No distinction of oppositions Boot Book
Tapped /r/ Red
It lacks a few diphthongs Beard /bi:rd/ (rhotic)

• London English
Front vowels are closer and sound similar
Sat set sit
Long vowels /i:/, /u:/ /o:/ become diphthongs
Bed Boot Sword
/ei/ becomes /ai/ Late
/ou/ becomes / / Load
omission of /h/ house
• Northern English
RP /u/ and /^/ sound /^ / Could cud
• Australian English
Drops /h/

English Vowels
• /i:/ /i:t/ eat
• /ɪ/ /ɪz/ /i/ (final position) /hæpi/
• /e/ /eg/ /æ/ /æpəl/
• /ɑ:/ /ɑ:ftə/
• /ɒ/ /dɒg/ /ɔ:/ /ɔ:l/
• /u/ /put/ /u:/ /pu:l/
• /ʌ/ /ʌp/ /ə/ /pi:tə/ /ɜː/ /bɜ:n/
Schwa / _ b _ v / above

Welcome to the English
phonetic sounds!

English Diphthongs
Diphthongs + /ə/
• aɪ/ /taɪm/ /flaɪ/ YES /flai/ NO /haɪə/
• /eɪ/ /seɪm/ /seɪ/ YES /sei/ NO /pleɪə/
• /ɔɪ/ /tɔɪ/ /rɔɪəl/
• /ɑu/ or /au/ /kɑu/ /haus/ /flauə/
• /əu/ /kəuld/ /məuə/
• /eə/ /heə/ -
• /ɪə/ /nɪə/ -
• /uə/ /puə/ -

English Consonants
Voiceless Voiced
Fortis Lenis
• /p/ /pet/ /b/ /bed/ *
• /t/ /ten/ /d/ /deɪ/ *
• /k/ /kɑ:/ /c/ NO /ɡ/ /get/ *
• /tʃ/ /tʃi:p/ (ch) /dʒ/ /dʒæm/
• /f/ /fɑ:/ /v/ /veɪn/
• /θ/ /θɔ:t/ (th) /ð/ /ðæt/
• /s/ /sed/ /z/ /zu:/ zoo busy /bɪzi/
• /ʃ/ /ʃeɪp/ (sh) /ʒ/ /beɪʒ/ vision /vɪʒən/
• /h/ /help/ --

English Consonants
Voiceless Voiced
Fortis Lenis
-- /m/ /men/
-- /n/ /nest/
-- /ŋ/ /sɪŋ/ sing velar /ŋ/
/sɪŋə/ singer
/fɪŋgə/ finger
/bæŋk/ bank
-- /r/ /red/ red
never final position
/kɑ:/ car
never before consonant
/pɑ:t/ part
-- /l/ /let/
-- /j/ /jes/ semi-vowels
-- /w/ /wen/ semi-vowel

ɪes jes haus
j = ɪ j + vowel/diphthong
uen wen
w = u w + vowel/diphthong

The Main Functions of Speech Organs

The Main Functions of Speech Organs
There are 4 stages:
BREATHING
PHONATION
RESONATION
ARTICULATION

STAGE 1: BREATHING
There are 2 phases:
1. Inhalation: Upper part of the chest expands, Abdomen
moves forward
2. Exhalation: Chest and abdomen return to their original
positions
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURES
1.Lungs: serve as the reservoir of air
2.Diaphragm: a large sheet of muscle separating the chest
cavity from the abdomen, forms the floor of the chest and the
roof of the abdomen

STAGE 2: PHONATION
Takes place when voice is produced in speaking as the
expiratory air stream from the lungs goes up through the
trachea or wind pipe to the larynx.
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURES
1. Trachea
2 .Larynx: principal organ of phonation; found at the top of
the trachea; its protuberance is known as the Adam´s
apple.
3.Vocal cords: attached to the walls of the larynx; a pair of
bundle s of muscles and cartilages, which open and close
at various degrees

VOCAL CORDS
- Vocal Cords: 2 folds of ligament and elastic tissue
which run in a horizontal position from back to front.
They determine the pitch of voice.
- Glottis: space between the vocal cord
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y2okeYVclQo (Vocal Cords video)

POSITION OF VOCAL CORDS
Wide apart:
Normal breathing
Voiceless sound
Tightly together:
glottal stop
Loosely or closely together:
produce voice (but not as
we know it)
Voiced sound

STAGE 3: RESONATION
PRINCIPAL STRUCTURES:
Resonating Cavities:
• Oral cavity
• Nasal cavity
• Pharynx

RESONATING CAVITIES
(Hollow space containing air and changes the quality of the sound)
• PHARYNX
• ORAL CAVITY
• NASAL CAVITY

STAGE 4: ARTICULATION
Oral Cavity (THE MOUTH)
Whithin the oral cavity we can find fixed and movable
organs of speach (articulators):
• FIXED ORGANS (Passive: incapable of movement)
Teeth (upper and lower teeth)
Alveolar Ridge
Hard Palate
Pharyngeal wall
• MOVABLE ORGANS (Active: capable of movement,
can be moved into contact with other articulators)
Lips Uvula
Tongue Lower jaw
Soft Palate o velum

TONGUE
It is a very moveable organ of speech
Tip
Blade – opposite alveolar ridge
Front – opposite the hard palate
Back – opposite the soft palate
Rim – edges
Dorsum – upper area

Palate
• Alveolar Ridge (or tooth
ridge
• Hard Palate
• Soft Palate or Velum
• Uvula

Lips
They can adopt different shapes. Lip
position is important for the formation of
vowels. When producing vowels the tip of
tongue is behind the lower teeth and the
back is bunched up in different ways
Close together / f /
spread - tightly / i: /
loosely / ɪ /
neutral or relaxed / e /
open rounded / ɒ /
close rounded / u: /

CARDINAL VOWELS
• They are a set of fix vowel sounds which
have a well defined lip and tongue position
and well known acustic quality.
• They are not English vowels.
• They are all the vowel sounds which the
human vocal apparatus can produce in
reference to which all other vowels of
different languages are described.
• There are primary and secondary Cardinal
Vowels.

CARDINAL VOWELS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lq2hOb1GMzE

Cardinal Vowels
• Front CV: are
pronounced with
spread or open lips
• Back CV: have a
varying degree of lip
rounding
Secondary Cardinal
Vowels
• They are obtained by
reversing the lip
position:
• Front: lip rounding
• Back: lip spreading
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UIAe4p2I74
(Sounds of cardinal vowels)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lq2hOb1GMzE

ENGLISH VOWELS
• Tip of tongue tends to be behind lower lip
• Some require raising of the front of the tongue
other are articulated with hump at the back.
• Air must escape over middle of the tongue
• Oral: air escapes through the mouth
• Vowel description will usually be based on
auditory judgements of sound relationship
together with some articulatory information,
especially as regards the position of the lip.
• Voiced (vibrations of vocal cords)
• Pulmonic (have their origin in the lungs)

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
ENGLISH VOWELS – CONSONANTS
Vowels
• Pulmonic
• Oral
• Voiced
• No obstruction
• No narrowing
• No friction
Consonants
• Pulmonic
• Oral or Nasal
• Voiced or Voiceless
• Obstruction or not
• Narrowing or not
• Friction or not
(Obstruents or sonorants)
• Fortis or Lenis

CLASSIFICATIONOF VOWELS
According to the height to which the tongue is
raised.
– Close to the palate
– Close-Mid (half close)
– Open-mid (half open)
– Open

According to the part of the tongue which is
raised highest.
Front Central Back
- Front vowels
- Back vowels
- Central vowels
According to lip position
- Rounded
- Spread
- Neutral

• According to muscular tension
- Tense /i:/ /u:/
- Lax / ɪ / /u/

English Vowels
Position of tongue

VOWEL / i: /
• Height: slightly below and behind the front
close position (almost touching the palate)
• Part of tongue: raising of front of tongue
• Lips: tightly spread
• Muscular tension: tense.
• Side rims of tongue: firm contact against
upper molars.
• Quality: near cardinal [ i ]
• Pulmonic /Voiced / Oral / Long / Tense

VOWEL / i: /
Ordinary spelling
• Weed Leeks
• Meters Even
• Season
• People
• Piece Field
• Receive Seize
• Key
• Caesar
• Foetus
Reduced or long (pre-fortis clipping)
Piece Peter Weed he´s

VOWEL / ɪ /
• Height: just above the close-mid position.
• Part of tongue: nearer to the centre than to front
• Lips: loosely spread
• Muscular tension: lax
• Side rims of tongue: light contact with upper
molars
• Degree of closeness and centralization varies
according to accentual force
• Quality: that of centralized C [ e ]
• Final position always /i/
• Pulmonic / Voiced / Oral / Short / Lax

VOWEL / ɪ /
Ordinary spelling
• Little Silly
• Village Private
• Pretty Before
• Busy Business
• Married
• Captain
• Sovereign
• Biscuit Building
• Symbol
Pretty Captain Private Silly

VOWEL / i /
• Final unaccented positions
• Short variety of /i:/
Example: lady /leɪdi/
maybe /meɪbi/
kitty /kɪti/

VOWEL / e /
• Height: between the close-mid and open-
mid positions.
• Part of tongue: front
• Lips: loosely spread
• Side rims of tongue: making light contact
with upper molars
• Quality: between C [e] and C [ɛ]
• Position: does not occur in final, open
syllables
• Pulmonic / Voiced / Oral / Short

VOWEL / e /
Ordinary spelling
• Went
• Head lead
• Said again
• Any says
• Geoffrey leopard
• Leicester leisure
• Friend
• Extra (ex on accented syllable)
• Burry
Went Rest Any Leopard

VOWEL / æ /
• Height: just above open
• Part of tongue: front
• Side rims of tongue: very slight contact with the
back upper molars
• Lips: neutrally open
• Quality: close to C [a]
• Length: short but lengthened before voiced
consonants
• Position: does not occur in final position
• Pulmonic / Oral / Voiced / Short

VOWEL / æ /
Ordinary spelling
• Cab
• Bag
• Rabbit
• Latter Later
Sat Rabbit Apple Bag

Phoneme and allophones
• PHONEME: the smallest contrastive
phonological unit which can produce a
difference in meaning.
/met/ /pet/
/met/ /mæt/
• ALLOPHONE: variants of each phoneme. They
depend on the position of the phoneme in a
word or syllable (followed by vowel, con. or
pause)
light health tall milk
nine /naɪn/ ninth /naɪnθ/
/pet/ [phet]

• Phoneme
The wrong choice of a phoneme will lead
to a different meaning.
• Allophone
The wrong choice of an allophone will lead
to a foreign accent.
p /t / k / + vowel/diphthong = aspiration
[phet]

Linguistic Sciences
• Phonetics
Is interested in
sounds (phonic
substance) and how
they are organized
and transmitted.
• Linguistics
Is concerned with how
language is structured
gramatically and
semantically.

Phonetics and Phonology
The difference between Phonetics and Phonology is that of generality and particularity
• Phonology deals with
the ways in which
those sounds are
organized in a
particular language.
It is a subcategory of
phonetics. Studies
selection and
organization of phonic
substance into given
form
• Phonetics deals with
production,
transmission and
reception of all human
speech sounds in
general with no
particular reference to
any one language.
(How the phonemes
are realized).

Transcriptions
• Phonemic (broad)
Records only the
order in which
segments occur.
Details such as
devoicing, secondary
articulation, variations
of vowel length are
not accounted for..
ex. /su:p/
/pet/
• Allophonic (narrow)
Records the actual
realization of each
phoneme.
Details of articulation
are accounted for
visually.
ex. [su.p]
[phet]

Allophonic or narrow
transcription
• Pre Fortis clipping
• Aspiration (strong – weak)
• Nasalization
• Dark /l/
• Linking /r/ /j/ /w/
• Vowel elision
• Levelling

Phonemic transcription
• Vowel elision
• Linking /r/, /j/ and /w/
• Levelling

Pre-fortis clipping
• Push
• Name
• Cake
• Five
• Rest
• Cough
• Church
• Part

Speech Chain
Activity/ Stage Area of
Level phonetics
• Psychological linguistic
• Physiological articulatory articulatory
• Physical acoustic acoustic
• Physiological perceptual auditory
• Psychological linguistic

English Diphthongs: Gliding
vowels

Plurals, possessives and third person
Voiceless /s/ Voiced /z/
• /p/ cup /kʌp/ /b/ cub /kʌb/
• /t/ carpet /d/ diamond
• /k/ book /ɡ/ dogs
• /f/ cough /v/ lovez
• /θ/ moth /ð/ bathe
• /s/ place /z/ prize
• /ʃ/ wish /ʒ/ ru:ʒ
• /tʃ/ church /dʒ/ hedge
• /h/
• /m/ gum
• /n/ gun
• /ŋ/ ring
• /r/ (not in final position)
• /l/ girl
• /j/ (not in final position)
• /w/ (not in final position)

VOWEL / ʌ /
• Height: just above the fully open position
• Part of tongue: centre
• Side rims of tongue: no contact between the
tongue and upper molars.
• Quality: centralized and slightly raised C [a]
• Length: short vowel
• Position: does not occur in final, open syllables.
• Jaws: considerable separation
• Pulmonic /Oral / Voiced / Short

VOWEL / ʌ /
Ordinary spelling
• Hurry Jungle
• Monk London
• Enough Touch
• Flood
• Does
Enough Does Hut London

VOWEL / ə / (schwa)
• Part of tongue: central vowel
• Hight of tongue: between close mid and open-
mid
• Lips: neutral lip position
• Quality: that of a central vowel
• Position: unaccented syllables.
• Jaws: slightly open jaws
• Pulmonic – short – voiced – oral

VOWEL /ə/
Ordinary spelling
• Breakfast attempt
• Particular
• Pavement
• Concert
• Horrible
• Protect
• Effort
• Famous
• Colour
• Minimum
• Figure
• Cupboard kʌbəd

VOWEL /ə/
• It is commonly used in unaccented weak
forms:
Examples:
• æn ən
• æt ət
• fɔ: fə
• tu: tə

Past tenses of regular verbs
Voiceless/Fortis Voiced/Lenis
• /p/ stoped /b/ robed
• /t/ rest /d/ end
• /k/ look /ɡ/ jog
• /f/ laugh /v/ live
• /θ/ bath /ð/ bathe
• /s/ miss /z/ buzz
• /ʃ/ wash /ʒ/
• /tʃ/ watch /dʒ/ judge
• /h/ (not in final position)
• /m/ name
• /n/ turn
• /ŋ/ belong
• /r/ (not in final position)
• /l/ fill
• /j/ (not in final position)
• /w/ (not in final position)

ASPIRATION
Full Aspiration
• / p /
• / t / + vowel or diphthong
• / k / (accented syllable)
• [phet] /pet/
• [əb theɪn]
• [əuvə kheɪm]

ASPIRATION
WEAK ASPIRATION
/ p /
/ t / + vowel or diphthong
/ k / (non-accented syllable)
[pə theɪ təu]
[eɪkɪŋ]
/ p /
/ t / final position + word that starts with vowel or diphthong
/ k /
[luk ‿ət]

ASPIRATION
NO ASPIRATION
/ p /
/ s / + / t / + vowel or diphthong
(begining of a word)
/ k /
[stɒp]
[spel]
[skɪn]

VOWEL / ɒ /
• Height: fully open position
• Part of tongue: back
• Lips: slight open lip rounding (open rounded)
• Quality: that of an open lip-rounded C [ɑ ]
• Position: does not occur in final, open syllables.
• Jaws: wide open jaws
• Pulmonic – voiced – oral - short

VOWEL / ɒ /
Ordinary spelling
• Cough
• Want (w+ a)
• Knowledge
• Australia
• Bottle (o + doble cons.)
• From (o + final cons.)
• Cod cot dot solve

VOWEL / ɔ: /
• Height: between open-mid and close-mid
position
• Lips: medium lip rounding
• Quality: between C [ ] C [ o ]
• Length: long vowel
• Position: initial (august), mid (born), final (saw)
does not occur before /velar n /
Pulmonic/voiced/oral/long/

VOWEL / ɔ: /
Ordinary spelling
• Warm
• Score Short (o + r final or o + r + cons.)
• Authorization Daughter
• Yawn
• Course
• Thought
• More
• Floor
• Board
• All (a + l final)
• Salt (a + l + cons)
• George
• Saw sward sord short

VOWEL / ɜː/
• Height: between close-mid and open-mid
• Part of tongue: centre of the tongue
• Lips: neutrally spread/open
• Length: long vowel
• Rims: no firm contact between the tongue and upper
molars.
• Quality: is remote from all peripheral cardinal vowel
values. The quality coincides with that of /ə/, the
difference between the two being only one of
length
• Position: usually occurs in accented syllables, but may
appear in unaccented sy.: foreword – foreward
• Pulmonic – voiced – oral – long

VOWEL / ɜː/
Ordinary spelling
• Her Serve
• Err
• First
• Myrtle
• Work World (preceded by w)
• Journey
• Church
• Purr
• Earn
• Bird fur first church

VOWEL /ɑː/
• Jaws: considerable separation
• Part of the tongue: centre and back
• Hight of tongue: open position
• Rims: no contact of the rims of the tongue
and the upper molars
• Quality: nearer to C [ɑ ] than to C [ a ]
• Length: long vowel. May be shortened when followed
voiceless consonant, however this shortening
is not as marked as for other long vowels.
• Does not normally occur before / ŋ /
• Pulmonic – oral – long – voiced -

Vowel / ɑː /
Ordinary spelling
• Staff after grant class fast
• Part car
• Heart
• Clerk sergent
• Aunt laugh
• Hurrah
• Calm half
Part Calm After Aunt

Vowel Elision
Vowel elision: is the loss of vowels under
weak accent within a word. The forms
exhibiting elision are typically of rapid,
colloquial speech.

Vowel Elision
/ ɪ / / l /
/ u / + / n / syllable which is not accented
/ ə / / r /
helpful helpful helpfl̩ /ful/
garden gɑ:dən gɑ:dn̩
lavatory lævətəri lævətr
̩ i
national næʃənəl næʃn̩l̩
police pəli:s pl̩i:s ce/ci/cy /s/ Price prize cell city
husband /z/
/l/ /n/ r/ syllabic sounds hospital /s/ rest its it´s

Vowel Elision
No vowel elision
• Nasal + /ə/ /u/ /ɪ/ + nasal /n/
Nasal= /m/ /n /ŋ/
Ex. Woman - / wumən / movement /mu:vmənt/
• Nasal + / t / or /d / + /ə/ + nasal /n/
Ex. London - / lʌndən /
Hampton - / hæmtən /
• Maximum of 4 consonants together due to vowel
elision
Ex. tʃɪldr(ə)n̩ - vowel elision posible
ðə tʃɪldrənz tɔɪz – no vowel elision

Vowel Elision
Vowel elision: is the loss of vowels under weak accent
within a word. The forms exhibiting elision
are typically of rapid, colloquial speech.
• Cons. + /ə/ + / r / + weak vowel
territory lavatory
• Primary accent + /ə/ or / i / + consonant /l/ /r/ /n/
murderer temperature
difficult national
university reasonable
• / r / + weak vowel + consonant
barracking Dorothy

Vowel Elision
• Cons. + weak vowel + / l / or /n/ (syllabic sound)
paddle paddling (syllabic /l/ becomes syllable marginal)
double doubling thicken
• Pre-primary position:
/ə/ or /i/ in weak syllable + primary accent /l/or /r/
police veranda delightful
• Loss of syllabicity in the present participle of
verbs where the /ə/ may be elided or the syllablic
cons. /n/ replaced by non syllablic cons.
lighten lightening lightning
thicken thickening

VOWEL / u /
• Height: just above close mid position
• Part of the tongue: nearer the centre than to the back
• Muscular tension: lax
• Rims of tongue: no firm contact between
the tongue and upper molars
• Lips: rounded, but there is a tendency to
be unrounded
• Position: both accented and unaccented sy.
Does not occur in word initial position nor before / ŋ / and finally
only in unaccented form of ”to” and “you” .
• Length: short
• Quality: Centralized C [ o ]
• Pulmonic – voiced – oral
• Tip and blade of tongue is below lower teeth

VOWEL / u /
Ordinary spelling
• Cushion Bush
• Wood Book
• Woman
• Could
• Full Could Cushion Wolf

VOWEL /u:/
• Height: Close to palate
• Muscular tension: tense
• Lips: closely rounded
• Rims of tongue: no firm contact is made
between the tongue and the upper molars
• Position: Does not occur before / ŋ /
• Length: Long
• Quality: relaxed, slightly lowered and centralized C [u].
• Pulmonic, voiced, oral

VOWEL /u:/
Ordinary spelling
• Future
• Spoon
• Move
• Routine
• deuce
• New
• Blue
• Juice
• Shoe
Blue mood boot fooled

PRE-FORTIS CLIPPING
Voiceless/Fortis Voiced /Lenis
/p/ /pet/ /b/ /bed/
/t/ /ten/ /d/ /deɪ/
/k/ /kɑ:/ /ɡ/ /get/
/tʃ/ /tʃi:p/ /dʒ/ /dʒæm/
/f/ /fɑ:/ /v/ /veɪn/
/θ/ /θɔ:t/ /ð/ /ðæt/
/s/ /sed/ /z/ /zu:/
/ʃ/ /ʃeɪp/ /ʒ/ /beɪʒ/
/h/ /help/ --
/m/ /men/
-- /n/ /nest/
-- /ŋ/ /sɪŋ/
-- /r/ /red
-- /l/ /let/
-- /j/ /jes/
-- /w/ /wen/

Pre-fortis clipping
One of the most important points to take into account if we
want to pronounce vowels correctly is their length.
The pre-fortis clipping process arises from the fact that the
length of a vowel is strongly determined by the voicing of
the consonant that comes after it.
The term fortis is equivalent to voiceless and clipping
stands for shortening.
When a vowel is followed by a voiceless consonant
withing a the same word, the length of that vowel is
considerably reduced.
This is especially noticeable in the case of long vowels,
which are shortened up to half their length.

/sed/ [ sed ]
/set/ [ sĕ t ]
/si:d/ [si:d ]
/si:t/ [si·t ] not [sɪt]
/ru:d/ [ ru:d ]
/ru:t/ [ ru·t ]
/reɪn/
/reɪs/ [ rĕɪs ]

Pre-fortis clipping
Push [ puʃ ]
Name [ neɪm ]
Cake [ keɪk ]
Five [ faɪv ]
Rest [ rest ]
Cough [ kɒf ]
Call [ kɔ:l ]
Church [ tʃɜ:tʃ ]
Part [ pɑ:t ]
Poison [ pɔɪzn
̩ ]

LINKING ʲ͜
- /i/ ʲ͜
- /i:/
- /eɪ/ + vowel/diphthong
- /aɪ/
- /ɔɪ/
• ði æpl̩ ði ʲ͜ æpl̩
• ðə bɔɪ ɪz ðə bɔɪ ʲ͜ ɪz
• ðeɪ ə hæpi ðeɪ ʲ͜ ə hæpi
• ði: ɪŋglɪʃ ði: ʲ͜ ɪŋglɪʃ

LINKING ʷ͜
- /u/ ʷ͜
- /u:/
- /əu/ + vowel/diphthong
- /au/
• tu i:t tu ʷ͜ i:t
• nəu ɪt nəu ʷ͜ ɪt
• hau ɪz ʃi tədeɪ hau ʷ͜ ɪz ʃi tədeɪ

Nasalization of vowels
Nasalization is the production of a
sound while the velum is lowered, so
that some air escapes through the nose
during the production of the sound by
the mouth.
* Nasal + vowel/diphthong + Nasal
[mæ̃ n] [ətʃi:vmə̃nt]
[meɪ̃nteɪn] [sɪŋɪ̃ŋ]

Diphthongs
They are an independent vowel glide in which the organs of
speech start in the position of one vowel and immediately
glide on to the position of the following vowel.

Characteristics of English diphthongs
• Falling: 1st element is more
prominent than 2nd. Decreasing
prominence
All english diphthongs.
• Closing: glide from a more open
to a closer position.
/ɪ/ /u/
According to distance tongue travels
• Narrow: /eɪ/ /eə/ /uə/ /əu/ /ɪə/
Length: they are equivalent to a
long, pure vowel
Syllables: they consist of only 1
syllable
Position: never before cons. / ŋ /
• Rising: Second element is
more prominent than first - /ɪə/
and /uə/ unaccented syllables
happier - influence
• Centring: glide to a central
position /ə/
• Wide: /aɪ/ /ɔɪ / (/ɑu/)-/au/

English diphthongs
your
tongue
moves to:
/ aɪ /

CHART POSITIONS OF THE
DIPHTHONGS:
• RISING TO
RISING TO

TRIPHTHONGS
• Technically a triphthong is a group of three
vowel sounds set in one syllable and with a peak
of prominence said on the central vowel.
• A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another
and then to a third, all produced rapidly and
without interruption.
• In English, they are not really triphthongs
because they are set in two syllables and the
middle sound is the weakest of the three.

DIPHTHONG + /ə/
All diphthongs may be followed by /ə/ within
the word, either
• As an inseparable part of the word
hire /haɪə/ sour /sɑuə/
• As a suffix (morpheme) appended to the root.
higher /haɪə/ employer /ɪmplɔɪə/
• As a separable element internal in a composite
form
nowadays /nɑuədeɪz/

DIPHTHONG + /ə/
• /eɪ/ + /ə/ pleɪə
• /aɪ/ + /ə/ faɪə
• /ɔɪ/ + /ə/ lɔɪə
• /ɑu/ + /ə/ flɑuə
• /əu/ + /ə/ sləuə

Smoothing or Levelling
• /eɪ/ + /ə/ ple(ɪ)ə
• /aɪ/ + /ə/ fa(ɪ)ə
• /ɑu/ + /ə/ flɑ(u)ə
• /ɔɪ/ + /ə/ lɔɪə - ɪmplɔɪə NO LEVELLING
rɔ(ɪ)əl - lɔ(ɪ)əl YES LEVELLING
• /əu/ + /ə/ sləuə NO LEVELLING

SMOOTHING (LEVELLING)
• There is a tendency to omit the second /ə/ or /u/,
especially when /ə/ is not felt as a separable morpheme.
fire /faɪə/ /fa(ɪ)ə/ ( /fa:ə/ /fa:/ )
flower /flɑuə/ /flɑ(u)ə/ (/flɑ:ə/ /flɑ:/ )
There is confusion between /ɑuə/ and /a:/, resulting in
homophones such as:
Shaire /ʃaɪə/ Shower /ʃɑuə/ Shah /ʃɑ:/
/ʃɑ:/ /ʃɑ:/ /ʃɑ:/
Tower /tɑuə/ /tɑ:/ tar /tɑ:/

DIPHTHONG + /ə/
• /eɪ/ + /ə/ pleɪə pleə ple:
• /aɪ/ + /ə/ faɪə faə fa:
• /ɔɪ/ + /ə/ ɪmplɔɪə (ɪmplɔə) stem word + suffix no
levelling
rɔ(ɪ)əl
• /ɑu/ + /ə/ flɑuə flɑə flɑ:
• /əu/ + /ə/ sləuə sləə slə: NO LEVELLING
məuə mə:
It may occur accross word boundaries:
They are - /ðeɪ ɑ:/- /ðeɪ ə/ - /ðe(ɪ) ə/ - /ðeə/
There are - /ðeə ɑ:/- /ðeə ə/ - /ðe(ə) ə/ - /ðeə/
Boy and girl - bɔ(ɪ) əŋ gə:l

Diphthong
• Glide: begins between mid-open and mid-
close and moves in direction to /u/ -
above mid-close position.
• Jaw: slight closing movement of lower jaw
• Lips: neutral for 1st element, 2nd element
lips have a tendency to round.
• Starting point: tongue position similar to
/ ɜ: /
Pulmonic – voiced – narrow- closing – falling

Diphthong
• o - both
• oe – toe
• ow – pillow
• oa – toast
• ou – shoulder
• o + cons. + e – vote
• o + cons. + y – cosy
Toast Cosy Vote Shoulder

DIPHTHONG /ɑu/ /au/
• Glide: begins at a point between the back and
front open position, slightly more fronted than
the position for /ɑ:/ or C[ɑ ], and moves towards
vowel /u/, above the close-mid position
• Lips: change from neutrally open to a weakly
rounded position.
• Requires extensive movement of the tongue
(wide diphthong)
• Jaw: closing movement
• Long: how / loud Reduced: shout
• Pulmonic – voiced – oral – wide – falling -
closing

DIPHTHONG /ɑu/
Ordinary spelling:
• House
• Cow
Shout loud town
Mouse owl mouth

Classification of consonants
• According to the organ that sets the airstream in
motion:
pulmonic – non pulmonic
• If the air is forced outwards or sucked inwards.
egressive - ingressive
• If the vocal cords vibrate or not.
voiced - voiceless
• Position of the soft palate or velum
nasal – oral
• Muscular tension
Fortis - Lenis

• According to articulators used: place of articulation
bilabial: /p/ /b/ /m/
labiodental: /f/ /v/
dental: /θ/ /ð/
alveolar: /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/ /l/
post alveolar: /r/
retroflex: /ɻ /
palato alveolar: /ʃ/ /ʒ / /tʃ/ /dʒ/
palatal: /j/
velar: /k/ /ɡ/ /ŋ/
glottal: /h/
labio-velar: /w/

• Bilabial: the two lips are the primary articulators (pressed firmly).
• Labiodental: lower lip articulates with the upper teeth.
• Dental: tip and rims of tongue articulate with upper teeth.
• Alveolar: tip and blade of tongue articulate with alveolar ridge.
• Post-Alveolar: tip of tongue articulates with rear part of alveolar
ridge.
• Retroflex: tip of tongue is curled back to articulate with the part of
the hard palate immediately behind the alveolar ridge.
• Palato-alveolar: tip and blade of tongue art. with alveolar ridge and
the front part of tongue is raised towards hard palate.
• Palatal: front of tongue articulates with the hard palate.
• Velar: back of tongue articulates with the soft palate.
• Labio Velar: They are articulated in the velun and the lips. Soft
pLaalate is raised, the two lips articulate
• Glottal: an obstruction or narrowing causing friction between vocal
folds.

According to type of closure: manner of articulation
Complete closure:
Plosive: complete closure in the mouth, air pressure builds up,
sudden release producing explosion
/p/ /b/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /ɡ/
http://jonbtulloch.blogspot.com/2013/04/places-and-manners-of-articulation.html
http://www.learnlanguagesonyourown.com/manners-of-articulation.html
Affricate: complete closure at some point in the mouth, air
pressure builds up, separation of organs is slow, producing friction
/tʃ/ /dʒ/
Nasal: complete closure at some point of the mouth, soft palate is
lowered, air escapes through the nasal cavity.
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/

Intermittent closure:
Rolled: rapid succession of taps made by a flexible organ on a
firmer surface
/r/ perro
Tap (flapped): single tap by a flexible organ on a firmer surface.
The tongue taps once against the teeth ridge. (Scottish /r/)
/ɾ/ pero /veri/
Partial closure:
Lateral: partial closure at some part in the mouth and air escapes
on one or both sides of the tongue.
/l/

Narrowing:
Fricative: two organs approximate to such an extent that
at the air passes between them and produces friction.
/f/ /v/ /θ/ /ð/ /s/ /z/ /ʃ/ /ʒ/

Narrowing without friction:
Approximants: (frictionless continuant):
There is narrowing in the mouth but not sufficient to
produce friction.
/l/ /r/ /j/ /w/

Diphthong /eə/
• Glide: it begins in the open-mid front
position and moves in direction of the
more open variety of /ə/ - when it is in final
position.
• In non final position it tends to glide to a
mid /ə/ type.
• Lips: neutrally open.
Pulmonic/voiced/oral/narrow/falling/centering

Diphthong /eə/
Ordinary spelling
Stare Stair
Pair Pear
Mary Heir
There
affair scarce
Never before dark /l/

Diphthong /ɪə/
• Glide: begins with tongue position of close mid and
centralized from front and moves in direction of a more
open variety of /ə/ - when /ɪə/ is in final position in a
word.
• In non final position the glide is not so extensive.
• Lips: neutral, with slight movement from slightly spread
to neutral.
• In unaccented syllables it is not always falling. /ɪ/ can be
weaker of the two and becomes rising diphthong. Ex.
period – serious /pɪərɪəd/ /sɪərɪəs/
• The rising type /ɪə/ is often used when /ə/ represents a
suffix with morphemic status.
easy i:zi easier i:zɪə carry kæri carrier kærɪə
Pulmonic/Voiced/oral/falling or rising/centering/narrow

Diphthong /ɪə/
Ordinary spelling
Deer dear
Weird fierce
Fakir idea
Material museum
Theory Period
Medium
here pierce dear serious

Diphthong /uə/
• Glide: begins with tongue position of close mid and
centralized from back and moves in direction of a more
open variety of /ə/ - when /ɪə/ is in final position in a
word.
• In non final position the glide is not so extensive. More
closer variety of /ə/.
• Lips: weakly rounded at the beginning of the glide and
neutrally open as it progresses.
• In unaccented syllables this diphthong may be rising.
Ex. Influence /ɪnfluəns/
• In many cases it represents a realization of a final
unaccented /u:/ + morpheme.
ex. Rescue /reskju/ rescuer /reskjuə/
Pulmonic/voiced/oral/narrow/centering/falling or raising

Diphthong /uə/
Ordinary spelling
Poor sewer
Tour endure
Fluent actual
During
Actual

DIPHTHONG /eɪ/
• Glide: begins from slightly below close-mid front position
and moves towards /ɪ/, front close vowel.
• Jaw: slightly closing movement.
• Quality: the starting point is somewhat closer than vowel
/e/
• Lips: goes from a neutral to a slightly spread position.
• Before dark /l/: the /ɪ/ is often absorbed into the /ə/ or /u/
ex. /meɪl/
• Does not require extensive movement of the tongue.
(narrow diphthong)
• No change of phoneme in final position /deɪ/
• Pulmonic / voiced / oral / narrow / closing / falling
• Long: day / made Reduced/pre-fortis clipping: late

DIPHTHONG /eɪ/
Ordinary spelling:
• Late
• Rain
• Day
• Eight
• They
Reduced or long (pre-
fortis clipping)
Shade chase
Failed ache
• Steak
• Face
• Lazy
• Range
hate
save

DIPHTHONG / aɪ/
• Glide: begins slightly behind front open position
and moves in the direction of vowel /ɪ/
• It requires an extensive movement of the
tongue. (wide diphthong)
• Lower jaw: closing movement.
• Lips: change from a neutral to a loosely spread
position.
• Before dark /l/ the /ɪ/ element is often absorbed
into the /ə/ or /u/ glide on to the /l/.
Eg. Pile
• No change of phoneme in final position /maɪ/
• Pulmonic, voiced, oral, falling, closing, wide

DIPHTHONG / aɪ/
Ordinary spelling
Write high
Pie height
Aisle dry
Dye
Fly like mile ripe

DIPHTHONG /ɔɪ/
• Glide: begins at a point between the open-mid and open
back positions and moves in direction of of vowel /ɪ/
• Tongue movement: extends from back to centralized
front. Does not require such an extensive movement of
the tongue as diphthong /aɪ/. (wide diphthong)
• Jaw movement: slighter than for diphthong /aɪ/
• Lips: open rounded for the first element, changing to
neutral/slightly spread for the second element.
• Before dark /l/ the /ɪ/ element is often absorbed into the
/ə/ or /u/ glide on to the /l/
Eg. Oil
• No change of phoneme in final position /bɔɪ/
• Pulmonic, voiced, oral, falling, closing, wide

DIPHTHONG /ɔɪ/
Ordinary spelling
Boil
Toy
Voyage
Noise voice joy boils

Homographs
(group of words that share the same spelling but have different meanings and
different pronunciation )
• Give two different pronunciations for each
word
Lead Live
Minute Polish
Read Row
Use Wind
Wound Bow
Nice Tear
Sow Put(t)

Homophones
(word that is pronounced the same as another but differs in meaning and spelling)
• Give two different spellings for the
following pronunciations:
ti: si: sʌm bɔ:d
haɪ hɪm wɔ: wi:k
naɪt nəu ri:d ðeə
θru: wɪtʃ

Homophones
• Transcribe and list the following words into
groups of homophones.
Pore saw course or
Seen nun one paw
Won oar scene coarse
None ore soar

GRADATION
Articles, prepositions, conjunctions
Strong Form Weak form
• And ænd ənd (+ vowel) - ən (+ cons.) – n
• As æz əz ( us əs)
• But bʌt bət
• From frɒm frəm - frm
• Of ɒv əv
• Or ɔ: ɒ - (ə)
• Than ðæn ðən
• That ðæt (demonstrative) ðət
• To tu: tə + cons. / tu + vowel
• There ðeə (adv. Of place) ðə (there are: ðə r ə)
• A eɪ ə
• An æn ən
• The ði: ði: + /ɪ/ or /i:/
ði + vowel except /ɪ/ or /i:/
ðə + consonant
• At æt ət
• Off ɒf ---
• On ɒn ---
• Up ʌp ---
• Too/Two tu: ---

Rules for strong form
• When the word is used as a noun.
“And” means ….
• When contrasted
I didn´t say and I said but.
• Before a pause
What are you looking at? // / #

• Preposition + pronoun
Look at me and tell me if I look pretty.
weak + weak
Look at me not at her.
weak + strong + strong - contrast
Look at me not for me.
strong + weak. + strong + weak - contrast
Why don´t you look at me//
strong: before pause.
Strong + strong - NEVER

There
• Introductory “there” is usually in weak form.
There´s a book on the shelf
There are some flowers in the garden.
There will be no classes tomorrow.
• When used as an adverb it is said with the
strong form.
Leave it over there!
There you are, I have been looking for you.

GRADATION
Relative, personal, possessive and objective pronouns
Strong Weak
• Who hu: hu
• Whom hu:m hum
• Whose hu:z huz
• Me mi: mi
• You ju: ju + vowel / jə + cons.
• Your jɔ: jə
• He hi: hi – (i) he´s - hi:z
• His hɪz hɪz – (ɪz)
• Him hɪm hɪm – (ɪm)
• She ʃi: ʃi she´s - ʃi:z
• Her hɜ: hə / (ə)
• We wi: wi we´ve – wi:v
• Us ʌs əs as æz / əz
• Them ðem ðəm
• Their ðeə ðə

• When the word is used as a noun.
“Whom” means ….
• When contrasted
I didn´t say whom I said whose.
• Before a pause
Why are you looking for her?
• Pronoun in a compound subject
He and his wife painted the house
She and her husband painted the house

• When an auxiliary is contracted on to the
pronoun.
He`d like to go to Europe this summer
• Inversion of subject and verb.
Yes, said he. He said yes.
• When the pronoun is followed by an emphasizer
He himself did it.

• Preposition + pronoun
Look at me and tell me if I look pretty.
weak + weak
Look at me not at her.
weak + strong - contrast
Look at me not for me.
strong + weak.
Why don´t you look at me.
strong: before pause.

GRADATION
Anomalous Finites
Strong Weak
• Must mʌst (supposition) məst (obligation)
• Can kæn kən – kənŋ + /k/g/
kɑ:nt (kn – kŋ) + k,g
• Could kud kəd – (kd)
• Be bi: bi
• Being bi:ɪŋ bɪɪŋ
• Been bi:n bɪn
• Am æm əm - m
• Are ɑ: ə
• Is ɪz z - s
• Was wɒz wəz
• Were wɜ: wə
• Where weə ---

GRADATION (Anomalous Finites)
Strong Weak
• Have hæv (main verb) həv – (əv) - v * (auxiliary)
• Has hæz (obligation) həz – (əz) - z - s **(auxiliary)
• Had hæd (obligation) həd – (əd) - d * (auxiliary)
• Do du: (perform activity) du + vowel - də + consonant –
(d) (auxiliary)
• take cause of action)
• Does dʌz dəz
• Shall ʃæl ʃəl – (ʃl)
• Will wɪl wɪl - l
• Should ʃud ʃəd – (ʃd)
• Would wud wəd – d
• * used after I, we, you, they and generallly after vowel sounds
• ** used after vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Not used after
a pause
• *** Never used after a pause. After l it becomes əl. Paul will

Rules for use of strong form
• When used as a noun
“Must” means obligation
• When contrasted
I didn´t say “can” I said “must”
• Before a meaningful
She was, suprisingly enough, the best
student.
• When the A.Finite stands for the whole sentence
Can we meet? Yes we can.
• In yes/no questions, the A.F. can be either
strong or weak.
Do you like eating chocolate? Yes I do.

• In wh questions either the weak or strong form
can be used. Generally when we use the strong
it means annoyance on the part of the speaker.
What are you doing?
What does she study?
• When the AF is contracted on to the negative
adverb.
She shouldn´t drive so fast. She wasn´t
paying attention
• Affirmative sentences for the sake of emphasis.
Yes I do know what I have to do.

Must
• when must is used with the sense of forming a
conclusion or deduction it is used in the strong form.
She left at 8 o´clock, she must have arrived
• When must means obligation it is used in the weak form.
You must try harder
• When must is used before a consonant we may drop the
“t”
You must speak clearly
• When must is used before a vowel you write the final “t”
He must eat more.
• In final position we always use the strong form.
Must I go. Yes, you must.

Some
• When “some” expresses indefinite number or quantity
we use weak form.
There are some children in the park
• When “some” expresses contrast we use strong form.
Some people like it, others don´t.
• We use strong form when some indicates a restricted
group.
I like some animals not all.
• We use strong form when it is used as a pronoun or as
part of a compound.
Sometimes somewhat
somewhere somehow

Prefix
• Ante / / anteroom …………………. Antecedent ……………………….
Antechamber …………….. antefix ……………………………..
• Ad / / admit …………………….... advertisement ………………….....
• En / / enlighten .......................... entangle .......................................
• Hyper / / hyperactive ...................... hypersonic ....................................
• Hypo / / hypodermic .................... . hypothermia .................................
• Im / / impossible ...................... influence .......................................
• Inter / / interact ............................ interfere ........................................
• Intra / / intravenous .............................
• Semi / / semicircle ......................... semiconscious ..............................
• Sub / / submarine ........................ subtropical ....................................
• Trans / / transatlantic ...................... transport ........................................
• Un / / unreal ............................... unhappy .........................................
• Unacceptable ..............................
• Under / / underarm .......................... underdeveloped ................................

Prefix
• De
Delimit - devil - decide - depart - dessert - despair - denigrate - detach
/ / / /
• ............................................... ..............................................
• ............................................... ...............................................
• ............................................... ...............................................
• ............................................... ................................................
• ............................................... ...............................................
• Pre
Premature - predict - premonition - precedent - precancel - preceed – present
Premarital - predictable – prematurily – predicate – premix – presence – Preserve –
/ / / / / /
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... .................................... ...................................

Prefix
• Pro
Protest – protestant – profitable – pro life – produce – proclaim – promissory - Progressive –
project – promotion – pro work
/ / / / / /
• .................................. .................................... ...................................
• ................................... .................................... ...................................
• ................................... .................................... ...................................
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... .................................... ...................................
• Re
Repaint – receive – recommend – relay – recount – redemand – rebel – record –
Recall – refill – rectify – refugee – recurrent – regular
/ / / / / /
• .................................. ................................. ...................................
• ................................... .................................. ...................................
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... .................................... ...................................

Prefix
• Bi
Bilingual – bisect – biblical – bimester – billiard – billion – bifurcate –bifocal - bipolar –Bigamy –
bitter
/ / / /
• ................................................ ..............................................
• ................................................ ...............................................
• ................................................ ...............................................
• ................................................. ................................................
• ................................................. ...............................................
• Tri
Triangle - tribune – triaxial – trimotor -
/ / / /
• ................................................ ..............................................
• ................................................ ...............................................
• ................................................ ...............................................
• Ex
Exit – expand – exasperate – exclude – exalt – exibition – exercise – executive -Execute –
expectation – export – external – exotic
/ / / / / /
• .................................. ................................. ...................................
• ................................... .................................. ...................................
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... ................................... ...................................
• ................................... .................................... ...................................

Word endings
• - ate ……… to associate .........................
the associate .......................... considerate ........................
• - able: ……. abominable .............................. enjoyable ...........................
• - age: ……. average ....................................
• - ible: responsible .................................
• - day: ……. Sunday ................................
• - est: coldest .......................................
• - et: Margaret …………………………..
• - ful: ……… adj.: dreadful .............................
• noun: handful ............................
• - land: ……. Auckland ...................................
• - less: …..... aimless .................................. powerless .............................
• - man: ……. policeman ..............................

Word endings
• - ment: noun: equipment .........................................
Verb: to complement ....................................
To implement ......................................
• - ness: bitterness .......................................................
• -- some: some ...........................................................
handsome ...................................................
• - sion: extension ………………………………………..
decision ………………………………………….
• - tion: digestion ………………………………………….
education …………………………………………
action ……………………………………………..

sion/tion
Consonant + sion: /ʃn/
extension /ɪkstenʃn
̩ /
/s/ + sion: /ʃn/
admission /ədmɪʃn
̩ /
Vowel + sion: /ʒn/
decision /dɪsɪʒn
̩ /
/s/ + tion: /tʃn/
digestion /daɪdʒestʃn
̩ /
Vowel/Diphthong or consonant (except /s/) + tion: /ʃn/
education /edjukeɪʃn
̩ / - action /ækʃn
̩ /

Write in phonetics
• Flights
• Cookies
• Authors
• Talks
• Rushes
• Hopped
• Phoned
• Mended
• Walked
• Started
• Inches
• Protest
• Declare
• Repay
• Aimless
• Policeman
• Document
• Celebrate
• Fortunate
• Agreeing

Write in phonetics
• Being
• Seeing
• Illusion
• Precision
• Communication
• Preclinical
• Subarea
• Example
• Excellent
• Except
• Expert
• React
• Readmit
• Bicentenary
• Music
• Amusing
• European
• Universal
• Human

• Push
• Name
• Cake
• Five
• Rest
• Cough
• Church
• Part

Aspiration
• Potatoes
• Tentative
• Conclude
• Recover
• Attitude
• Attempt
• Politics
• Consumers
• Spanish
• Particular
• Crops
• Carried
• Peculiar
• Includes
• Consideration
• Circumstances
• Appears
• Rapid

Linking / r /
• Here or there
• Car of his
• Peter Brown
• Peter Avon
• I go there usually
• I´m sure it does
• Winter evenings
• Idea of it
• Russia and China
• Law and order

Past tense - regular verbs
• Hardened
• Leadked
• Farmed
• Coursed
• Shamed
• Grounded
• Depicted
• tripped
• Received
• Lived
• Served
• Grounded
• Pointed
• Stored
• Obtained
• Finished

Transcribe the following verbs in
their past version
• Growl knit
• Walk die
• Raised permit
• Wash invest
• Nod work
• Expect regard
• Answer add
• Pack listen

Plural/Possessive/3rd Person
• Wheels
• Welshes
• Benches
• Fields
• Chicks
• Begs
• Moods
• Youths
• bruises
• Wreaths
• Doctors
• Shapes
• Stones
• Combs
• Ceases
• Sneezes
• Spring´s
• garages

Plurals
• Laughs things
• Roses angels
• Sinks garages
• Ridges rugs
• Hopes moths
• Laws churches
• Tins stops

Vowel /ʌ/ or /ə/
• All the words have /ʌ/ or /ə/, decide which
is the correct sound.
Monday afraid
Tonight enough
Human recover
Become trouble
Sugar important

TRANSCRIPTION
• Just two months ago my life was completely
different. I had been living abroad for four months
but I hadn´t begun to feel at home yet. It´s always
hard making friends if you go somewhere new, but
in another country there is the added problem of
differences in language and culture. I was feeling
lonely and bored and I spent all my time reading
and going to the cinema. There were benefits: I
read some books that I´d always wanted to read
and I became very knowledgeable about the films..

Prefixes
. Rewrite
• Reliable
• Reproval
• Reckon
• Preexistent
• Prevents
• Deputy
• Device
• Subtract
• Provider
• Prospect
• Pro-celebrity
• Excite
• Exist
• Binomial
• Binary

Word endigs
• Fruitless
• Thursday
• Happen
• Cheapest
• Noticeable
• Encourage
• Argument
• Tiredness
• Lace
• Necklace
• Open
• Nature
• Vicious
• Colour
• Graceful
• Hotest

Linking /r/
• I love buns with butter and honey.
• This is the city where I live.
• The fast car was far in the dark.
• They were aware that the barbarians could
be everywhere.

/ ŋ / + k / g
• Incurs
• Think
• Banger
• Hanged
• Longing
• Longest
• Drinking
• Younger
• ankle
• Ringer
• Sting
• Hunger
• Length

/ j / - / w /
• Human
• Yard
• Beautiful
• View
• Wordly
• Square
• Upwards
• Humanity
• acquire

Elision
• Favourite
• Opera
• Average
• Moderate
• Camera
• History
• Boundary
• Every
• Miserable
• Different
• Missionary
• Flavouring
• Cookery
• Victory
• Temperature
• Darken

Strong and weak forms
• We know her, but she doesn´t know us.
• They hate you but not us.
• Shall we call the doctor or will you.
• There is a man calling you. Where? Over there.
• That´s the tool for this work.
• What can you suggest to buy them for
Christmas?
• There could be a bit of rain at the end of the
morning. In the evening there will be sunshine.

• He really does believe that story.
• She said you must, not that you may go.
• Am I serious? Yes, I am afraid I am!
• It was the pick of the bunch.
• Haven´t you heard from them at all?
• Have you taken them from that box?
• Aren´t there any letters for her to open?

Strong and weak form
• The woman couldn´t put on her hood.
• Use a ruler as you do at school.
• You put the book as high as you could.
• She herself said it was a bit expensive.
• He and his wife have both had a lot of work.
• We have a friend who has an owl and a parrot.
• She said that that was the problem they had to solve.
• He is the one who made a mistake, not me.
• There is a book we need over there.
• We don´t smoke but some people do.
• Where have you been? I´ve been to the butcher´s

Narrow transcription
Mark linking /r/, dark /l/, nasalization, pre-fortis clipping, full
and weak aspiration, rising diphthongs.
• eɪ: teɪk ðə θə:d tə:nɪŋ ɒn ðə raɪt // ðen stɒp baɪ ðə tʃə:tʃ
// aɪd laɪk jə tə rɪvə:s raund ðæt kɔ:nə //
• bi: jes / aɪ sə:t(ə)nli ni:d tə præktɪs rɪvə:sɪŋ //
• eɪ: nɒt bæd // bət jə wə:nt kləus ɪnʌf tə ðə kə:b // tə:n
ðə stɪərɪŋ wi:l fə:ðə tə ðə left //
• bi: əu keɪ // lɑ:st lesn aɪ tə:nd ɪt tu: mʌtʃ / ənd aɪ wəz tu:
kləus tə ðə kə:b // əu dɪə / ðæt wəz wə:s //
• eɪ: wi:l rɪtə:n tə rɪvə:sɪŋ leɪtə // nɑu draɪv ɒn // tə:n raɪt
baɪ ðə bɪg fə: tri: //
• bi: aɪ ni:d tə lə:n hau tə du: ən ɪmədʒənsi stɒp //
• eɪ: jes / wen wi:v gɒn ə bɪt fə:ðə // teɪk ðə fə:st tə:nɪŋ -
maɪnd ðæt gə:l // wel dʌn / ðæt wəz ə pə:fɪkt ɪmə:dʒənsi
stɒp //

Write in phonetics
• These are my lead soldiers.
• He always takes the lead in any group.
• Whenever he goes fishing he comes back with a
huge sole.
• Something is stuck on the sole of my left shoe.
• The boy I live with knows a good pub with live
music.
• If we don`t hurry, it will be hard to wind in the
sails in this wind.
• Don`t worry it`s just another family row about the
holidays.

Transcribe the following sentences
• A little girl aged four.
• An aged man with a weather-beaten face.
• She learned her lesson with no difficulty.
• He was a learned scholar from Cambridge
• The priest blessed the people at the end of the
ceremony
• A blessed saint.
• She was beloved by all.
• He as a beloved monarch.

Correct the mistakes
• A: ɡu:d mɒ:rnɪŋ // kæŋ aɪ help jə?
• B: jez/ pli:z/ aɪm lu:kin fər ə pækiʒ hɒlidei
sʌmweər wɪθ tempərətʃəs nɔ:t fɔli:ŋ tu
fri:sɪng pɔɪntz/ ən if pɒsibəl / ə tʃɪp wən //
• A: aɪ θɪnk ðeəz sɒmθɪŋ fɔ: ju: // wi: həv
wʌndərful tuərz / ðeɪə kɒlt leʒə wɪθ pleʃə:
laɪŋ ɪn ðe sʌnʃain //
• B: ðət`l bi: greɪt //
• A: hɪs ə brəuʃuə / wɪθ ɔ:l ði: pleɪsɪs ənd
praɪzɪz//

Transcription
• I won`t ever go by boat.
……………………………………………………………….
• John Brown`s been to town.
………………………………………………………………
• The postman´s over the road.
• ………………………………………………………………
• He has a bouncing hound who covers the ground by
bounces.
………………………………………………………………
• Go home and don´t joke.
……………………………………………………………….

TRANSCRIPTION
• Despite the fact that my grandmother is ninety-
two years old, she is still very active and full of
life. Actually she behaves as if she were thirty
years younger than she is. She works eight
hours every day around the house, and she
goes shopping by herself. When she´s not busy
cooking and cleaning she likes spending her
time reading, knitting and doing crosswords.
Her memory is as good today as it ever was and
her sence of humour seems to get better the
older she gets.

Correct the transcription
• eɪ = mai sɪstər ɪz kʌmɪŋg tu: si: mi: tʌmɒrəu //
aɪ wɒndə wɒtz ɒn //
• bi:= lu:k ɪn ði: nju:speɪpə // ɪn ði sekʃɒn kɔ:lɪd
entəteɪnments //
• eɪ = əu / jes // lu:k / æt ðə pleɪərs θɪətə // ðeəs ə
kɒmedi / wɪð əmændə mɔ:rgən / ənd maɪkel
ælen //
• bi: = aɪv hə:d ɒf əmændə mɔ:rgən / bʌt huz
maɪkel ælen?
• eɪ = hi: wɒz ɪn ðæt telɪvɪʃn si:rɪəs əbɑut eɪ
hɒspɪtæl // hi: pleɪd ðə dɒktə hu: ceɪm frɒm
kænədɑ //

Correct the transcription
• bi: = əu jes / aɪ rɪmembər // təmɒrəu ɪz ə
gu:d naɪt tə gəu tu: ði: θɪətə // ən mʌndeɪs
/ ju: kæn get tu: si:ts fɔ: ðə praɪs ɒv wən //
• eɪ = ðæts gu:d // juʒuəli / wen aɪ gəu tu:
ðə θɪətə / aɪ sɪt æt ðə bæk / ɪts nɒt æz
kəmftəbəl / bʌt ɪts tʃi:pə / bʌt təmɒrəu wi:
kæŋ əfɔ:d betə si:ts / æt ði frɒnt //

• You should have seen her!
• What is that for, for goodness sake?
• There were some fifty people there.
• If I had known he was going to be laughed
at, I would have stopped it.
• She said she couldn´t show it to him
because it was for his birthday.
• She told me that the baby had had its
supper, not him.

Classification of vowels
According to the classification of vowels,
circle the odd word out in each group and
give the reason why.
• Hand wolf bath sorry
• Dock move match board
• Cheese pretty does stock
• Son world car soup
• Heart group leaf juice

Relation letter-sound
• Give the different pronunciations of the ordinary
spelling ea in:
Team guinea leather Sean
great idea Wearing
• Give the pronunciation of the vowel sound in:
Truth boot clue soup
flew juice shoe tomb
. Give the pronunciation of the spelling ough in:
Through tough thorough though
Plough thought cough hiccough

NARROW TRANSCRIPTION
Write the following words in phonetics and
indicate: nasalization, pre-fortis clipping, smoothing
(levelling), full aspiration, weak aspiration, vowel elision.
• Meetings mint
• History dreadful
• Quiet resist
• Particular resists
• Ship expenses
• Badness moment
• Allowed available

VOWEL AND DIPHTHONG
DIAGRAM
• On the diagram below indicate the vowels
and glides for the diphthongs in the
following words.
Spy rent saint choice
Hall laugh fewer rare

Homographs
• Give two different pronunciations for each
word.
• Close drawer
• Invalid buffet
• bathed

Homophones: match and transcribe the following
list of words into groups of homophones
• Blew
• Sought
• Q
• Sight
• Y
• Steak
• Knight
• Weight
• Neigh
• Yolk
• there
• Wait
• Stake
• Nay
• Sort
• Night
• Yoke
• Why
• Cite
• Their
• Blue
• Queue

Transcription
The yearly report of the Blue Cross – the charity that run
animal hopitals – reported 9% increase in the number of
animals treated at its four centres. Many pet owners
cannot afford their vets bill and are now going to the
charity. One of the main reasons for the increase in bills is
a new European Community law which has doubled the
cost of veterinary medicines. Vets´costs are going up, and
like all small businesses they have to keep up with the
times – if an animal has to have an expensive treatment
then people have to pay for it.

Fonología I, 2022, Teoría general.ppt

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