DIC
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DIC
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Dic
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a hemorrhagic disorder where uncontrolled clotting occurs in small blood vessels throughout the body. It arises secondary to an underlying condition and involves the inappropriate activation of coagulation factors and consumption of platelets and clotting inhibitors. DIC can be acute and life-threatening, causing rapid depletion of clotting factors and platelets, or chronic with milder manifestations. It is triggered by the release of tissue factors into the bloodstream from conditions like sepsis, trauma, pregnancy complications, and cancer. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause, replacing clotting factors and platelets, and inhibiting further clotting with heparin.
Hemophilia b
Hemophilia B is a rare, recessive X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a lack of functional clotting Factor IX. It affects around 20% of hemophilia cases and risk is highest in males. The Factor IX gene is located on the X chromosome and mutations like deletions or point mutations can cause Hemophilia B. A rare form called Leyden Hemophilia B causes low Factor IX levels until puberty when they may rise due to testosterone. Hemophilia C is also a rare bleeding disorder caused by a lack of Factor XI but it is autosomal and affects both sexes, distinguished from other hemophilias by an absence of bleeding into joints and muscles.
Bleeding and clotting disorders dr anoop k r
This document discusses bleeding and clotting disorders, including the diagnosis and evaluation of bleeding problems. It describes the principal presentations of bleeding disorders such as easy bruising, bleeding from mucous membranes, and excessive bleeding after trauma. It then covers specific types of bleeding disorders like those affecting platelets or coagulation factors. The document outlines typical screening tests used to evaluate bleeding disorders and describes both inherited and acquired causes of platelet and coagulation abnormalities.
Coagulation disorders
This document discusses coagulation disorders and provides information on hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It notes that hemophilia A is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII, while hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency in factor IX. Von Willebrand disease is described as the most common inherited bleeding disorder involving a quantitative or qualitative abnormality of von Willebrand factor. DIC is defined as an acquired syndrome characterized by systemic intravascular coagulation that can lead to thrombosis and bleeding complications.
Hemophilia (a) - Pediatrics
Hemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII or IX. It is passed from mothers to sons and manifests as prolonged or excessive bleeding from minor injuries. The document discusses the definition, incidence, pathophysiology, genetics, clinical manifestations including hemarthrosis and treatment including factor replacement of hemophilia. It is called the "Royal Disease" because Queen Victoria was a carrier who introduced the gene into European royal families, including the Russian Tsars, affecting heirs to those thrones.
Acquired Bleeding Disorders
This document discusses a clinical case of acquired bleeding disorder in a 74-year-old man presenting with bruising. Testing revealed von Willebrand disease type 2 and angiodysplasias. The key considerations for this patient include potential medication and liver disease contributions to bleeding, as well as the diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand disease. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause of the acquired bleeding disorder.
Thrombotic disorders
The document discusses various thrombotic disorders including:
1. Congenital and acquired thrombotic disorders are characterized by the formation of blood clots that obstruct blood flow.
2. Some inherited prothrombotic mutations that can cause thrombosis include Factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, and deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, and protein S.
3. Acquired conditions like malignancy, immobilization, surgery, pregnancy, estrogen use, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia can also trigger blood clots when combined with inherited mutations.
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DIC
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Dic
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a hemorrhagic disorder where uncontrolled clotting occurs in small blood vessels throughout the body. It arises secondary to an underlying condition and involves the inappropriate activation of coagulation factors and consumption of platelets and clotting inhibitors. DIC can be acute and life-threatening, causing rapid depletion of clotting factors and platelets, or chronic with milder manifestations. It is triggered by the release of tissue factors into the bloodstream from conditions like sepsis, trauma, pregnancy complications, and cancer. Treatment focuses on resolving the underlying cause, replacing clotting factors and platelets, and inhibiting further clotting with heparin.
Hemophilia b
Hemophilia B is a rare, recessive X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a lack of functional clotting Factor IX. It affects around 20% of hemophilia cases and risk is highest in males. The Factor IX gene is located on the X chromosome and mutations like deletions or point mutations can cause Hemophilia B. A rare form called Leyden Hemophilia B causes low Factor IX levels until puberty when they may rise due to testosterone. Hemophilia C is also a rare bleeding disorder caused by a lack of Factor XI but it is autosomal and affects both sexes, distinguished from other hemophilias by an absence of bleeding into joints and muscles.
Bleeding and clotting disorders dr anoop k r
This document discusses bleeding and clotting disorders, including the diagnosis and evaluation of bleeding problems. It describes the principal presentations of bleeding disorders such as easy bruising, bleeding from mucous membranes, and excessive bleeding after trauma. It then covers specific types of bleeding disorders like those affecting platelets or coagulation factors. The document outlines typical screening tests used to evaluate bleeding disorders and describes both inherited and acquired causes of platelet and coagulation abnormalities.
Coagulation disorders
This document discusses coagulation disorders and provides information on hemophilia A, hemophilia B, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). It notes that hemophilia A is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII, while hemophilia B is caused by a deficiency in factor IX. Von Willebrand disease is described as the most common inherited bleeding disorder involving a quantitative or qualitative abnormality of von Willebrand factor. DIC is defined as an acquired syndrome characterized by systemic intravascular coagulation that can lead to thrombosis and bleeding complications.
Hemophilia (a) - Pediatrics
Hemophilia is a hereditary bleeding disorder caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII or IX. It is passed from mothers to sons and manifests as prolonged or excessive bleeding from minor injuries. The document discusses the definition, incidence, pathophysiology, genetics, clinical manifestations including hemarthrosis and treatment including factor replacement of hemophilia. It is called the "Royal Disease" because Queen Victoria was a carrier who introduced the gene into European royal families, including the Russian Tsars, affecting heirs to those thrones.
Acquired Bleeding Disorders
This document discusses a clinical case of acquired bleeding disorder in a 74-year-old man presenting with bruising. Testing revealed von Willebrand disease type 2 and angiodysplasias. The key considerations for this patient include potential medication and liver disease contributions to bleeding, as well as the diagnosis of acquired von Willebrand disease. Treatment focuses on managing the underlying cause of the acquired bleeding disorder.
Thrombotic disorders
The document discusses various thrombotic disorders including:
1. Congenital and acquired thrombotic disorders are characterized by the formation of blood clots that obstruct blood flow.
2. Some inherited prothrombotic mutations that can cause thrombosis include Factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, and deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, and protein S.
3. Acquired conditions like malignancy, immobilization, surgery, pregnancy, estrogen use, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia can also trigger blood clots when combined with inherited mutations.
Genetics of hemophilia A
The document discusses haemophilia A, which is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII. It provides details on the genetics and molecular basis of the condition, describing how the factor VIII gene is located on the X chromosome and can be affected by inversions or point mutations. Signs and symptoms involve bleeding episodes in joints, muscles or other tissues. Diagnosis involves testing for prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. Treatment relies on regular infusions of replacement factor VIII to control bleeding, though some patients develop inhibitors requiring alternative treatments.
Glannzmann Thromboasthenia
This document summarizes information about Glanzmann thrombasthenia, a rare genetic platelet disorder. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a defect in the 11bß3 integrin complex, which prevents normal platelet aggregation and clot formation. This leads to excessive bleeding and bruising. Diagnosis involves tests like platelet function analyzer, flow cytometry, and platelet aggregation studies. Treatment focuses on medications to reduce bleeding risk, vaccines to prevent infection from frequent transfusions, and recombinant activated factor VII for patients with antibodies preventing normal platelet function.
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet receptor. This defect impairs platelet aggregation and leads to prolonged bleeding. The disease severity can range from mild to severe depending on the level of the glycoprotein deficiency. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications and medications to reduce bleeding risks.
Platelet disorder with ITP
Dr. Nahar K discusses disorders of platelets, including thrombocytopenia and platelet function disorders. Platelets play a key role in hemostasis by adhering to injury sites, aggregating with other platelets to form plugs, and releasing compounds to stimulate clot formation. Disorders can be qualitative defects in platelet function or quantitative defects in platelet number. Thrombocytopenia can be caused by increased platelet destruction, disorders of platelet distribution or pooling, or decreased platelet production. A thorough history, physical exam, blood smear, and functional platelet tests are used to evaluate the cause and guide treatment if needed to prevent bleeding risks.
Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders
This document discusses bleeding and thrombotic disorders. It provides information on hemostasis, mechanisms of bleeding, key aspects of diagnosis such as history and clinical characteristics. It covers laboratory testing including platelet count, bleeding time, platelet function assay, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and tests for fibrinolysis. It also discusses hereditary and acquired causes of bleeding disorders and provides details on specific conditions like hemophilia, von Willebrand disease and treatments.
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare inherited bleeding disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and giant platelets. It is caused by mutations in the glycoprotein Ib/IX/V complex, which binds von Willebrand factor and is essential for platelet adhesion. Patients present with bruising, epistaxis, and heavy menstrual bleeding. Diagnosis involves finding giant platelets, prolonged bleeding times, and absent ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Management focuses on prevention of bleeding episodes through hormonal contraceptives, antifibrinolytics, and desmopressin. Severe bleeding may require platelet transfusions or recombinant factor VIIa.
Hemophilia
Haemophilia is a rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). The document discusses the history, types, signs and symptoms, inheritance, and treatment of hemophilia. It was first described in 1803 and is often called the "disease of kings" because Queen Victoria was a carrier who passed it on to descendants across Europe. Hemophilia A is the most common type and is treated with clotting factor replacement therapy or desmopressin.
Bleeding disorders
Thrombocytopenia can be classified as quantitative (reduced platelet count) or qualitative (platelet function defects). Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune-mediated disorder causing reduced platelet counts. It typically presents with purpura and petechiae. Diagnosis involves isolated thrombocytopenia with normal or increased megakaryocytes on bone marrow exam and platelet autoantibodies. Treatment involves corticosteroids, splenectomy, or IVIG. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy with a classic pentad of signs: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thromb
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
This document discusses blood vessel injury and the coagulation cascade. It notes that widespread endothelial injury can lead to the release of tissue factor and activation of coagulation throughout the body. This can result in widespread microthrombi, consumption coagulopathy, activation of fibrinolysis, and ultimately bleeding. A number of tests are listed to evaluate platelet count, coagulation factors, fibrinogen level, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and fibrin degradation products to diagnose potential coagulation disorders.
Bernard soulier syndrome
Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare inherited bleeding disorder characterized by large platelets and prolonged bleeding times. It results from mutations that cause a dysfunctional platelet glycoprotein receptor complex, leading to defective platelet adhesion. Patients present with mucocutaneous bleeding from an early age. Diagnosis involves identifying thrombocytopenia, large platelets on smear, and abnormal platelet aggregation tests. Treatment focuses on transfusions and minimizing trauma; stem cell transplantation may be considered for severe cases.
Coagulation disorder
This document discusses various blood coagulation tests and factors involved in hemostasis. It also describes complications that can arise in untreated severe hemophilia patients, such as pseudotumor syndrome and limited life expectancy. The development of factor inhibitors is highlighted as a major complication of hemophilia treatment, which can be diagnosed when patients do not respond to normal factor replacement doses and increases both morbidity and mortality.
The blood core final
This document provides an overview of blood functions and properties. It discusses the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes the processes of hematopoiesis, the functions of different blood cells, and disorders that can occur with blood clotting or cellular components. Testing methods are also summarized to evaluate blood components and clotting functions.
Coagulopathy in children
This document provides an overview of coagulopathy in children. It begins with objectives and definitions. It then discusses various types of bleeding disorders including quantitative and qualitative platelet disorders, coagulation factor disorders like hemophilia, and acquired disorders like disseminated intravascular coagulation. For each condition, it covers causes, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment strategies. It concludes with perioperative considerations and strategies for managing coagulopathy in children undergoing surgery.
Causes of Thrombocytopenia in pediatrics other than ITP
This document discusses the various causes of thrombocytopenia in pediatrics other than immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It identifies two main categories of causes: increased platelet destruction and decreased platelet production. Causes of increased destruction include immune mechanisms like ITP as well as non-immune mechanisms such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and hypersplenism. Causes of decreased production include bone marrow depression/failure from things like chemotherapy, infections like HIV, or infiltration from cancers or storage diseases. Specific congenital syndromes associated with thrombocytopenia like thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome are also mentioned.
Hemophilia
Hemophilia A is an inherited blood disorder where the blood does not clot normally due to a lack of clotting factor VIII. Symptoms include spontaneous bleeding, bruising, joint pain and swelling, and internal bleeding. The disease is passed down from mothers to sons on the X chromosome. Treatment involves replacing the missing clotting factor through intravenous injections or nasal spray medication. There is no cure for hemophilia, but genetic counseling can help determine risk for children.
Thrombocytopenia
This document summarizes the management of oral surgery patients with thrombocytopenia. It begins with an introduction on the challenges of treating patients with bleeding disorders. It then covers basic platelet physiology, describing their production in bone marrow and role in hemostasis. The main types of platelet disorders are outlined as quantitative (too few platelets) and qualitative (dysfunction). Specific causes, diagnoses, and treatment approaches for different platelet disorders are discussed. Three case studies are also referenced to illustrate management of thrombocytopenic patients undergoing oral surgery.
Bleeding neonate / child
This document discusses causes and clinical features of bleeding in neonates and children. It covers etiologies such as coagulation disorders like hemophilia, platelet dysfunction including inherited conditions, thrombocytopenia due to various causes, and vascular disorders. Clinical features are described separately for neonates, which can include oozing from umbilical stump or bleeding from procedures, and for others, such as mucosal or joint bleeding, petechiae, or menorrhagia. Distinguishing features between platelet and coagulation disorders are also provided.
Hematology Rivas2008 Lecture4&5
The document discusses several clonal disorders of hematopoietic stem cells including:
1) Myelodysplastic syndromes which affect myeloid cell lines and cause cytopenias. Treatment is limited and includes transfusions, growth factors, and stem cell transplant.
2) Myeloproliferative disorders like polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis which involve stem cell proliferation. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and reducing risks of thrombosis.
3) Chronic myeloid leukemia is driven by the Philadelphia chromosome and progresses from chronic to blast phase without treatment. Imatinib targets the abnormal BCR-ABL gene.
Hemorrhagic & thrombotic disorders
The document discusses various hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders. It describes the normal hemostasis process and key tests used in evaluation. Several specific disorders are then covered in more detail, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and various thrombotic disorders. For each condition, it discusses causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management.
Platelet disorders
This document summarizes quantitative and qualitative platelet disorders. The most common causes of abnormal bleeding are decreased platelet production, survival, or increased destruction/consumption. Disorders can be congenital or acquired and involve decreased megakaryocyte production, BM infiltration, ineffective thrombopoiesis, or disorders of thrombopoiesis control. Increased platelet destruction can be immunologic due to ITP, drugs, transfusion, or non-immunologic consumption. Functional platelet disorders involve adhesion, aggregation, or secretion defects which may be hereditary or acquired.
Tumour markers
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Phylloides Tumor
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Genetics of hemophilia A
The document discusses haemophilia A, which is an X-linked bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency in coagulation factor VIII. It provides details on the genetics and molecular basis of the condition, describing how the factor VIII gene is located on the X chromosome and can be affected by inversions or point mutations. Signs and symptoms involve bleeding episodes in joints, muscles or other tissues. Diagnosis involves testing for prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. Treatment relies on regular infusions of replacement factor VIII to control bleeding, though some patients develop inhibitors requiring alternative treatments.
Glannzmann Thromboasthenia
This document summarizes information about Glanzmann thrombasthenia, a rare genetic platelet disorder. It is an autosomal recessive disease caused by a defect in the 11bß3 integrin complex, which prevents normal platelet aggregation and clot formation. This leads to excessive bleeding and bruising. Diagnosis involves tests like platelet function analyzer, flow cytometry, and platelet aggregation studies. Treatment focuses on medications to reduce bleeding risk, vaccines to prevent infection from frequent transfusions, and recombinant activated factor VII for patients with antibodies preventing normal platelet function.
Glanzmann thrombasthenia
Glanzmann Thrombasthenia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder caused by a deficiency or dysfunction of the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa platelet receptor. This defect impairs platelet aggregation and leads to prolonged bleeding. The disease severity can range from mild to severe depending on the level of the glycoprotein deficiency. Treatment focuses on lifestyle modifications and medications to reduce bleeding risks.
Platelet disorder with ITP
Dr. Nahar K discusses disorders of platelets, including thrombocytopenia and platelet function disorders. Platelets play a key role in hemostasis by adhering to injury sites, aggregating with other platelets to form plugs, and releasing compounds to stimulate clot formation. Disorders can be qualitative defects in platelet function or quantitative defects in platelet number. Thrombocytopenia can be caused by increased platelet destruction, disorders of platelet distribution or pooling, or decreased platelet production. A thorough history, physical exam, blood smear, and functional platelet tests are used to evaluate the cause and guide treatment if needed to prevent bleeding risks.
Bleeding and Thrombotic Disorders
This document discusses bleeding and thrombotic disorders. It provides information on hemostasis, mechanisms of bleeding, key aspects of diagnosis such as history and clinical characteristics. It covers laboratory testing including platelet count, bleeding time, platelet function assay, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and tests for fibrinolysis. It also discusses hereditary and acquired causes of bleeding disorders and provides details on specific conditions like hemophilia, von Willebrand disease and treatments.
Bernard-Soulier syndrome
Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare inherited bleeding disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and giant platelets. It is caused by mutations in the glycoprotein Ib/IX/V complex, which binds von Willebrand factor and is essential for platelet adhesion. Patients present with bruising, epistaxis, and heavy menstrual bleeding. Diagnosis involves finding giant platelets, prolonged bleeding times, and absent ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Management focuses on prevention of bleeding episodes through hormonal contraceptives, antifibrinolytics, and desmopressin. Severe bleeding may require platelet transfusions or recombinant factor VIIa.
Hemophilia
Haemophilia is a rare inherited bleeding disorder caused by deficiencies in clotting factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). The document discusses the history, types, signs and symptoms, inheritance, and treatment of hemophilia. It was first described in 1803 and is often called the "disease of kings" because Queen Victoria was a carrier who passed it on to descendants across Europe. Hemophilia A is the most common type and is treated with clotting factor replacement therapy or desmopressin.
Bleeding disorders
Thrombocytopenia can be classified as quantitative (reduced platelet count) or qualitative (platelet function defects). Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune-mediated disorder causing reduced platelet counts. It typically presents with purpura and petechiae. Diagnosis involves isolated thrombocytopenia with normal or increased megakaryocytes on bone marrow exam and platelet autoantibodies. Treatment involves corticosteroids, splenectomy, or IVIG. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a thrombotic microangiopathy with a classic pentad of signs: microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thromb
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
This document discusses blood vessel injury and the coagulation cascade. It notes that widespread endothelial injury can lead to the release of tissue factor and activation of coagulation throughout the body. This can result in widespread microthrombi, consumption coagulopathy, activation of fibrinolysis, and ultimately bleeding. A number of tests are listed to evaluate platelet count, coagulation factors, fibrinogen level, prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, and fibrin degradation products to diagnose potential coagulation disorders.
Bernard soulier syndrome
Bernard-Soulier syndrome is a rare inherited bleeding disorder characterized by large platelets and prolonged bleeding times. It results from mutations that cause a dysfunctional platelet glycoprotein receptor complex, leading to defective platelet adhesion. Patients present with mucocutaneous bleeding from an early age. Diagnosis involves identifying thrombocytopenia, large platelets on smear, and abnormal platelet aggregation tests. Treatment focuses on transfusions and minimizing trauma; stem cell transplantation may be considered for severe cases.
Coagulation disorder
This document discusses various blood coagulation tests and factors involved in hemostasis. It also describes complications that can arise in untreated severe hemophilia patients, such as pseudotumor syndrome and limited life expectancy. The development of factor inhibitors is highlighted as a major complication of hemophilia treatment, which can be diagnosed when patients do not respond to normal factor replacement doses and increases both morbidity and mortality.
The blood core final
This document provides an overview of blood functions and properties. It discusses the components of blood including plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It describes the processes of hematopoiesis, the functions of different blood cells, and disorders that can occur with blood clotting or cellular components. Testing methods are also summarized to evaluate blood components and clotting functions.
Coagulopathy in children
This document provides an overview of coagulopathy in children. It begins with objectives and definitions. It then discusses various types of bleeding disorders including quantitative and qualitative platelet disorders, coagulation factor disorders like hemophilia, and acquired disorders like disseminated intravascular coagulation. For each condition, it covers causes, clinical features, laboratory findings, and treatment strategies. It concludes with perioperative considerations and strategies for managing coagulopathy in children undergoing surgery.
Causes of Thrombocytopenia in pediatrics other than ITP
This document discusses the various causes of thrombocytopenia in pediatrics other than immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). It identifies two main categories of causes: increased platelet destruction and decreased platelet production. Causes of increased destruction include immune mechanisms like ITP as well as non-immune mechanisms such as disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), and hypersplenism. Causes of decreased production include bone marrow depression/failure from things like chemotherapy, infections like HIV, or infiltration from cancers or storage diseases. Specific congenital syndromes associated with thrombocytopenia like thrombocytopenia-absent radius syndrome are also mentioned.
Hemophilia
Hemophilia A is an inherited blood disorder where the blood does not clot normally due to a lack of clotting factor VIII. Symptoms include spontaneous bleeding, bruising, joint pain and swelling, and internal bleeding. The disease is passed down from mothers to sons on the X chromosome. Treatment involves replacing the missing clotting factor through intravenous injections or nasal spray medication. There is no cure for hemophilia, but genetic counseling can help determine risk for children.
Thrombocytopenia
This document summarizes the management of oral surgery patients with thrombocytopenia. It begins with an introduction on the challenges of treating patients with bleeding disorders. It then covers basic platelet physiology, describing their production in bone marrow and role in hemostasis. The main types of platelet disorders are outlined as quantitative (too few platelets) and qualitative (dysfunction). Specific causes, diagnoses, and treatment approaches for different platelet disorders are discussed. Three case studies are also referenced to illustrate management of thrombocytopenic patients undergoing oral surgery.
Bleeding neonate / child
This document discusses causes and clinical features of bleeding in neonates and children. It covers etiologies such as coagulation disorders like hemophilia, platelet dysfunction including inherited conditions, thrombocytopenia due to various causes, and vascular disorders. Clinical features are described separately for neonates, which can include oozing from umbilical stump or bleeding from procedures, and for others, such as mucosal or joint bleeding, petechiae, or menorrhagia. Distinguishing features between platelet and coagulation disorders are also provided.
Hematology Rivas2008 Lecture4&5
The document discusses several clonal disorders of hematopoietic stem cells including:
1) Myelodysplastic syndromes which affect myeloid cell lines and cause cytopenias. Treatment is limited and includes transfusions, growth factors, and stem cell transplant.
2) Myeloproliferative disorders like polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, and myelofibrosis which involve stem cell proliferation. Treatment focuses on controlling symptoms and reducing risks of thrombosis.
3) Chronic myeloid leukemia is driven by the Philadelphia chromosome and progresses from chronic to blast phase without treatment. Imatinib targets the abnormal BCR-ABL gene.
Hemorrhagic & thrombotic disorders
The document discusses various hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders. It describes the normal hemostasis process and key tests used in evaluation. Several specific disorders are then covered in more detail, including immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), hemophilia, von Willebrand disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), and various thrombotic disorders. For each condition, it discusses causes, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management.
Platelet disorders
This document summarizes quantitative and qualitative platelet disorders. The most common causes of abnormal bleeding are decreased platelet production, survival, or increased destruction/consumption. Disorders can be congenital or acquired and involve decreased megakaryocyte production, BM infiltration, ineffective thrombopoiesis, or disorders of thrombopoiesis control. Increased platelet destruction can be immunologic due to ITP, drugs, transfusion, or non-immunologic consumption. Functional platelet disorders involve adhesion, aggregation, or secretion defects which may be hereditary or acquired.
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Causes of Thrombocytopenia in pediatrics other than ITP
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Blood transfusion reactions
Blood transfusion reactions
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Chromogens used in IHC
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ABC method of IHC
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Acute leukaemias classification
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Immunity
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Blood groups
Blood Groups
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Haemolytic anaemia
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Breast Carcinoma
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Fibroadenoma cytology
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Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia
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Malaria
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Enzyme histochemistry
Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions without being changed chemically. They act as catalysts by lowering the activation energy of reactions and increasing their rate. Enzymes are usually named by adding "ase" to the substrate they act on and can be classified into six groups including oxidoreductases, transferases and hydrolases. Enzyme histochemistry is used in muscle disease diagnosis by demonstrating enzyme activity and localization in tissue sections.
Haemophilia
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Thrombocytopenia
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The document discusses various thrombotic disorders including:
1. Congenital and acquired thrombotic disorders are characterized by the formation of blood clots that obstruct blood flow.
2. Some inherited prothrombotic mutations that can cause thrombosis include Factor V Leiden, prothrombin 20210A, and deficiencies of antithrombin, protein C, and protein S.
3. Acquired conditions like malignancy, immobilization, surgery, pregnancy, estrogen use, and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia can also trigger blood clots when combined with inherited mutations.
Thrombophilia
This document discusses hypercoagulable states (thrombophilia). It presents two case studies of patients presenting with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It then defines thrombophilia as a disorder associated with an increased tendency to form blood clots. The document reviews hemostasis and coagulation mechanisms, inherited and acquired risk factors for hypercoagulability, and recommends a stepwise approach to thrombophilia testing that considers the clinical scenario and implications of testing.
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The document discusses various coagulation disorders including:
1. Congenital coagulation disorders such as hemophilia A and B which are caused by deficiencies in coagulation factors VIII and IX.
2. Acquired coagulation disorders including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), vitamin K deficiency, liver disease, and antibodies against coagulation factors.
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Hemostasis in Pathology
Normal hemostasis involves three key steps: vessel constriction and formation of a platelet plug to stop bleeding (primary hemostasis), activation of the clotting cascade and deposition of fibrin to stabilize the platelet plug (secondary hemostasis), and dissolution of the fibrin clot and removal of the plug (tertiary hemostasis). Bleeding disorders can result from abnormalities in blood vessels, platelets, or clotting factors. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder where autoantibodies cause accelerated platelet destruction, which can lead to dangerous bleeding especially intracerebral hemorrhage when platelet counts fall below 20,000.
Diseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy And Others
DIC is a pathologic process secondary to an underlying illness where widespread activation of coagulation leads to microvascular fibrin deposition and compromised blood supply. The main features are attributable to excessive thrombin generation. Clinical conditions associated with DIC include sepsis, trauma, organ destruction, malignancy, and vascular abnormalities. The pathogenesis involves tissue factor-dependent microvascular fibrin deposition via the extrinsic coagulation pathway. Treatment focuses on treating the underlying condition, and transfusions are only used if bleeding risk is present.
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Infringements of coagulability of the blood system can cause coagulopathies or disorders of coagulation and anticoagulation. Coagulation is a complex process involving platelets forming a plug and proteins in the blood plasma forming fibrin strands. Testing includes aPTT, PT, fibrinogen levels, and platelet counts. Surgery, trauma, immobilization, and risk factors like cancer or obesity can influence hemostasis and risk of thrombosis. Treatment involves blood thinners, early ambulation, compression devices, and aspirin. Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a thrombohemorrhagic disorder where fibrin forms in blood vessels, consuming coagulation factors and platelets and
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This document provides an overview of hematology, including:
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2) Hematopoiesis, the process of blood cell production, and the roles of stem cells, growth factors, and the bone marrow microenvironment.
3) Common hematological diseases like anemias, sickle cell disease, polycythemia, leukemias, and clotting disorders. It discusses associated signs/symptoms and general management approaches.
Medicine.Bleeding disorders.(dr.sabir)
1. The document discusses various bleeding disorders including their causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. It covers disorders of platelets like ITP and coagulation factors deficiencies like hemophilia A.
2. Evaluation of bleeding disorders involves taking a thorough history and physical exam followed by screening tests like CBC, PT, aPTT. Specific disorders are then diagnosed and treated.
3. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include platelet transfusions, coagulation factor replacement, steroids, IVIG, splenectomy, antifibrinolytics, desmopressin, and managing precipitating conditions like infections.
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This document discusses hemostasis, bleeding disorders, and platelet disorders. It begins by explaining normal hemostasis and the mechanisms involved in maintaining a fluid blood state and forming clots at sites of injury. It then defines bleeding disorders as problems with blood clotting that result in abnormal bleeding. Common causes discussed include defects in blood vessels or blood itself, clotting factor deficiencies, platelet abnormalities, and liver disease. Finally, it examines several specific platelet disorders like thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenic purpura, hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and those resulting from bone marrow infiltration or disseminated intravascular coagulation.
CME: Bleeding Disorders - Clinical Features
The document summarizes various bleeding disorders including their clinical features and classifications. Platelet disorders can cause petechiae and purpurae due to decreased platelet production, increased destruction, or sequestration. Clotting factor deficiencies like hemophilia A and B are inherited and cause hemarthroses, hematomas, and bleeding after trauma. Von Willebrand disease is the most common inherited bleeding disorder caused by a defect in von Willebrand factor.
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The document discusses coagulation disorders in neonates. It notes that the hemostatic mechanism differs in neonates, with decreased clotting factor activity and platelet function. Causes of bleeding include coagulation defects, platelet defects, fibrinolytic dysfunction, vascular causes, and miscellaneous issues. Evaluation involves history, physical exam, screening tests, and specific coagulation factor tests as needed. Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may include vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, whole blood transfusion, or specific clotting factor concentrates. Common disorders discussed include vitamin K deficiency, hemophilia A/B, von Willebrand disease, and disseminated intravascular coagulation.
BLEEDING DISORDERS.pptx
This document discusses various bleeding disorders including hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia, scurvy, platelet function disorders, thrombocytopenia, haemophilia A, and coagulation disorders. It provides details on the causes, clinical presentations, diagnostic criteria, management, and treatment options for each condition. A case example is also included of a woman presenting with recurrent epistaxis and hematemesis who was diagnosed with hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia based on her family history and endoscopy/imaging findings showing telangiectasia and arteriovenous shunting.
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The document discusses different types of anemia and hematological disorders. It covers deficiency anemias resulting from iron, vitamin B12, or folic acid deficiencies. It also discusses hypopoietic anemias including aplastic anemia and myelophthisic anemia caused by bone marrow replacement. The main types of hemolytic anemia described are acute hemolytic anemia caused by blood transfusion incompatibility or toxins, and chronic hemolytic anemias like sickle cell anemia, Mediterranean anemia, and erythroblastosis fetalis caused by Rh incompatibility between mother and fetus. The document also briefly mentions polycythemia and purpura.
medicine.Bleeding disorders.(dr.sabir) (new powerpoint)
1. The document discusses various bleeding disorders, their causes, symptoms, and treatments. It describes disorders of platelets like idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and disorders of coagulation factors like hemophilia A.
2. Diagnostic tests for bleeding disorders include complete blood count, platelet count, aPTT, PT, and bleeding time. Treatment depends on the underlying cause but may include platelet transfusions, steroids, IVIG, splenectomy, clotting factor replacement, and controlling any precipitating conditions.
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Thromboembolism 7- 5-15
A 19 day old baby was delivered preterm at 35 weeks gestation and weighed 2100g. He developed jaundice and was treated with phototherapy. After antibiotics and blood transfusion for septic shock, his lower extremities became cyanosed and blackened with absent pulses. He was diagnosed with thromboembolism. Heparin infusion was started and his condition gradually improved. Thromboembolism is a serious condition in newborns that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment such as anticoagulation therapy to dissolve clots and restore blood flow. Risk factors include prematurity, sepsis, catheters and inherited disorders.
Aplastic and hypoproliferative anemias
This document summarizes aplastic and hypoplastic anemias. Aplastic anemia is a life-threatening condition where the bone marrow fails to produce red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, leading to pancytopenia. It can be acquired through exposure to radiation, chemicals, infections or idiopathically. Congenital causes include Fanconi's anemia and familial aplastic anemia. Clinical manifestations include fatigue, pallor, infections, and bleeding. Treatment involves removing causative agents if known, blood transfusions, and bone marrow transplant. Related disorders with pancytopenia include myelodysplastic syndromes and pure red cell aplasia.
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General and Cellular Morphology
Bacteria have a simple cellular structure that allows them to grow and metabolize at a rapid rate. They are typically 0.5-1.0 um in diameter and have a high surface area to volume ratio that facilitates nutrient absorption. Bacterial cells exist in various shapes including spherical, rod-shaped, and helically curved. They also arrange in characteristic patterns depending on the species. The rigid cell wall gives bacteria their shape and allows them to withstand changes in osmotic pressure. Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria have different cell wall structures, with Gram negatives possessing an additional outer membrane. Internal structures include the cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material. Some bacteria form resistant endospores or cysts during
Scope of Pharmaceutical microbiology -2021
Microbiology is the study of microscopic organisms and their interactions. It includes bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. The document discusses several key applications of microbiology in the pharmaceutical field and related industries. Specifically, it notes that microbiology is crucial for (1) developing antimicrobial drugs and ensuring drug therapies target pathogens without harming hosts, (2) producing antibiotics, vaccines, and other pharmaceutical products, and (3) quality control throughout the pharmaceutical manufacturing process to prevent microbial contamination. Microbiology also plays important roles in medical devices, cosmetics, biopharmaceutical testing, cell banks, and environmental monitoring and remediation.
Nomenclature and classification of microorganisms - 2021
This document summarizes the classification and nomenclature of microorganisms. It discusses how microorganisms are classified into taxonomic groups like species, genus, family, order, class, division and kingdom based on their characteristics and genetic relatedness. The three main methods used for bacterial classification are the intuitive method, numerical taxonomy, and genetic relatedness based on DNA comparisons. It also explains the standards for scientific naming of microorganisms, with each species having a single internationally accepted name for clear communication. A key reference for bacterial taxonomy is Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
Allergy and Hypersensitivity
Allergy and Anaphylaxis/Hypersensitivity document discusses:
1. Allergies are immune system disorders caused by hypersensitivity to allergens like foods, pollens, or dusts. Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction affecting multiple body systems.
2. The four types of hypersensitivity reactions are: Type I involves IgE antibodies and causes immediate allergic reactions. Type II involves IgG/IgM antibodies attacking cell surfaces. Type III involves immune complex formation and complement activation causing tissue damage. Type IV is cell-mediated and involves T lymphocytes responding to antigens days later.
3. Anaphylaxis differs from other allergic reactions in affecting multiple
Autoimmunity and Tolerance
The document discusses immunological tolerance and its breakdown which can lead to autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. It explains the mechanisms of central and peripheral tolerance that normally prevent immune responses against self-antigens. Failure of these tolerance mechanisms can occur through various causes like a breakdown of T cell anergy or loss of regulatory T cells, resulting in an immune response against self-tissues and the development of autoimmune conditions.
Biosafety Levels
This document outlines the four biosafety levels (BSL 1-4) according to the risk posed by pathogens. BSL1 is for low risk agents and requires basic precautions like gloves and disinfection. BSL2 is for agents that cause human disease but effective treatment exists; it requires biosafety cabinets, restricted access, and medical evaluation for accidents. BSL3 is for indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious disease; it has enhanced containment like vertical laminar hoods, strict access control, and decontamination of wastes. BSL4 is the highest level, for dangerous exotic agents with no treatment, and requires a completely sealed cabinet, positive pressure personnel suits, showers, and specialized waste
Introduction of Biosafety
This document discusses biosafety and biosecurity in laboratories. It defines biosafety as the combination of practices and procedures used to prevent exposure to pathogens and their accidental release. This includes containment principles and technologies. Biosecurity refers to security measures to prevent theft or misuse of pathogens. The document outlines the history of biosafety guidelines and regulations. It emphasizes the importance of training, awareness, and proper equipment and practices for managing biohazard risks to laboratory personnel, the public, and environment.
Antibodies and Types
The document discusses the components of the immune system and the different classes of antibodies. It states that the immune system consists of cellular components like phagocytes and lymphocytes, as well as molecular components like antibodies. It then goes on to describe the five major classes of antibodies - IgM, IgG, IgE, IgD and IgA - and their different functions in the immune response.
Introduction and types of immunity I Pharmaceutical Microbiology
The document discusses immunology, which is the study of the immune system and its functions. It describes the innate and adaptive immune systems. The innate system is non-specific and provides immediate protection through physical and cellular barriers. The adaptive system builds immunity through antibodies and memory cells to mount pathogen-specific responses. Key components include antigens, antibodies, white blood cells, and proteins that signal and complement immune responses.
Morphological and Selective Biochemical characterization of some specimen
This document provides information on four common bacterial identification tests:
1. The catalase test differentiates whether a bacteria produces the enzyme catalase by observing if gas bubbles are produced when bacteria is added to hydrogen peroxide. Staphylococcus is catalase positive and Streptococcus is negative.
2. The coagulase test identifies Staphylococcus aureus by observing if plasma clots due to coagulase production. S. aureus produces free and bound coagulase.
3. The oxidase test detects oxidase production in bacteria like Pseudomonas by observing the development of color when bacteria is added to oxidase reagent.
4. The indole test identifies if bacteria
Fungi/Yeast/Molds
Fungi differ from bacteria in that they have a cell wall composed of chitin rather than peptidoglycan, and a cell membrane containing ergosterol rather than cholesterol. There are two main types of fungi: yeasts, which grow as single cells, and molds, which grow as filaments called hyphae. Many medically important fungi can exist as either molds or yeasts depending on temperature. Fungi reproduce both sexually through spores and asexually through budding or formation of conidia. Host defenses against fungi include intact skin and mucous membranes, as well as cell-mediated immunity and antibodies, though fungi do not produce endotoxins or exotox
Normal Flora
The document discusses the normal flora of various body sites. It defines normal flora as the bacteria and fungi permanently residing on the skin, in the oral cavity, gut, and vagina. While viruses and parasites are usually not considered normal flora, they can be present without causing symptoms. The three major roles of normal flora are: (1) causing disease in immunocompromised individuals, (2) providing colonization resistance against pathogens, and (3) producing vitamins for the host. Specific normal flora are then described for the skin, gut, ears, and nose.
Microbiology of Air, Water and Soil
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Culture media
Culture medium is a substance used to grow microorganisms outside the body. It provides nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, minerals and growth factors. Culture media can be solid, semi-solid or liquid. They are classified as simple, complex, synthetic or special based on ingredients. Special media include enriched media which adds substances like blood or serum, and selective media which uses antibiotics to inhibit certain bacteria. Differential and transport media are also used to identify bacteria or safely transport clinical samples for identification.
Bacterial Culture
This document discusses different culture techniques used to isolate and grow bacteria, including streak culture, lawn culture, stroke culture, stab culture, and pour plate method. Streak culture is used to isolate single colonies on a plate by streaking inoculum in parallel lines. Lawn culture provides uniform surface growth by flooding the plate. Stroke and stab cultures grow bacteria in agar slopes or slants for diagnostic tests or maintaining stock cultures. Pour plate method mixes inoculum into molten agar before pouring to quantify bacterial counts.
An Overview of Immunity to Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi and Ptozoans
This document provides an overview of immunity to various pathogens. It discusses the characteristics of pathogens like viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. It explains that pathogens have developed mechanisms to interact with and exploit hosts, while hosts have innate and adaptive immune responses. It describes the complex life cycles of some pathogens like fungi and protozoa that allow them to evade drug treatments by switching forms. It also explains how viruses are highly dependent on host cell machinery to replicate and produce new virus particles to infect other cells.
An Overview of the Immune System
The document summarizes the three lines of defense of the human immune system:
1) Physical and chemical barriers that protect from pathogens.
2) Nonspecific resistance involving phagocytic cells that ingest and destroy microbes.
3) Specific resistance where antigens activate T cells and B cells to produce antibodies against specific pathogens, utilizing both cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immunity. Memory cells provide lasting protection against future attacks.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a set of genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognize foreign molecules in vertebrates. Peptides from intracellular pathogens are carried to the cell surface by MHC class I and MHC class II and presented to CD4 T cells. Antigen presenting cells like dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells present MHC class II antigens to CD4 T cells, while all nucleated cells present MHC class I antigens.
Factor affecting bacterial growth
The document discusses several factors that affect the growth of bacteria, including nutrition concentration, temperature, pH, ions and salt concentration, gaseous concentration, and available water. It notes that bacterial growth rate increases with increasing nutrient and temperature levels up to an optimal point, but then decreases at very high temperatures. Most bacteria grow best at a neutral pH between 6.5-7.5. Different bacteria have varying requirements for metal ions, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water availability. Temperature, pH, oxygen levels, and water availability all impact bacterial metabolic and physiological processes.
Cellular and molecular basis of immunity
The document discusses the different classes of antibodies (immunoglobulins) that make up the humoral immune response. It describes the five main classes: IgM, which is the first antibody produced in response to new antigens; IgG, which represents the majority of antibodies in circulation and provides protection at mucosal surfaces; IgE, which binds allergens and triggers histamine release involved in allergic responses; IgD, which functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells; and IgA, which is found mainly at mucosal surfaces and provides protection against pathogens.
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Nomenclature and classification of microorganisms - 2021
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
DRUGS AND ITS classification slide share
Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a
disease or abnormal condition
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
Pengantar Penggunaan Flutter - Dart programming language1.pptx
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This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UP
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
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DIC
- 2. An acquired syndrome characterized by the intravascular activation of coagulation with loss of localization arising from different causes.
- 3. An acquired syndrome characterized by systemic intravascular coagulation Coagulation is always the initial event. Most morbidity and mortality depends on extent of intravascular thrombosis 6 ThrombosisThrombosis FibrinFibrin Red Blood CellRed Blood Cell PlateletPlatelet WWW. Coumadin.com
- 4. Sepsis/ Severe infections Trauma Organ destruction Severe pancreatitis Malignancies Solid Tumors Leukaemias, Acute Promyelocytic Lymphoproliferative disorders Myeloproliferative syndromes
- 5. Obstetrical Causes Amniotic fluid embolism Abruptio placenta Septic abortion Retained products of conception HELLP syndrome Severe toxic or immunological reactions Snake bites Transfusion reactions Transplant rejection Recreational drugs
- 6. Massive blood loss with inadequate fluid replacement therapy Severe hepatic failure Vascular abnormalities Severe burns
- 7. Activation of Blood Coagulation Suppression of Physiologic Anticoagulant Pathways Impaired Fibrinolysis Cytokines
- 8. Activation of Blood Coagulation Tissue factor/factor VIIa mediated thrombin generation via the extrinsic pathway complex activates factor IX and X TF endothelial cells monocytes Extravascular: lung kidney epithelial cells
- 9. Suppression of Physiologic Anticoagulant Pathways reduced antithrombin III levels reduced activity of the protein C-protein S system Insufficient regulation of tissue factor activity by tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) inhibits TF/FVIIa/Fxa complex activity
- 10. Impaired Fibrinolysis relatively suppressed at time of maximal activation of coagulation due to increased plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1
- 11. Cytokines IL-6, and IL-1 mediates coagulation activation in DIC TNF- mediates dysregulation of physiologic anticoagulant pathways and fibrinolysis modulates IL-6 activity IL-10 may modulate the activation of coagulation CoagulationInflamatio n
- 13. SYSTEMIC ACTIVATION OF COAGULATION Intravascula r deposition of fibrin Depletion of platelets and coagulation factors Thrombosis of small and midsize vessels Bleeding Organ failure DEATH
- 14. CBC Platelet count Peripheral Smear Coagulation Profile PT APTT Serum Fibrinogen
- 15. Fibrinogen degradation products ( FDP’s) D-Dimers
- 16. Fragments Schistocytes Paucity of platelets