The document discusses the design of super elevation for haul roads in opencast mines. It explains that super elevation is used to counter the centrifugal force experienced by vehicles turning at curves, preventing them from toppling over. The appropriate super elevation depends on the radius of curvature and vehicle speed, with smaller radii and higher speeds requiring greater super elevation. An equation is provided to calculate the exact super elevation based on these factors. Tables show example super elevations for different radii and speeds. Designers can use this information to determine the minimum radii that require super elevation at specific speeds. The document aims to help ensure haul road safety by providing guidance on super elevation design.
Many details go into the planning of a mine. The information gathered must come from several
sources. First is the geological, structural, and mineralogical information, combined with the
resource/reserve data. This information leads to the preliminary selection of a potential mining method
and sizing of the mine production. From this the development planning is done, the equipment
selection is made, and the mine workforce projections are completed, all leading to the economic
analysis associated with mine planning.
This is my seminar presentation on slope stability under seismic loading. if you want report of this seminar then massage me on 8487035203, thank you...
Highway planning and alignment: Different modes of transportation – historical Development of road construction- Highway Development in India –Classification of roads- Road pattern
– Highway planning in India- Highway alignment - Engineering Surveys for alignment – Highway Project- Important Transport/Highway related agencies in India. PMGSY project.
Introduction about IRC, NRRDA
Many details go into the planning of a mine. The information gathered must come from several
sources. First is the geological, structural, and mineralogical information, combined with the
resource/reserve data. This information leads to the preliminary selection of a potential mining method
and sizing of the mine production. From this the development planning is done, the equipment
selection is made, and the mine workforce projections are completed, all leading to the economic
analysis associated with mine planning.
This is my seminar presentation on slope stability under seismic loading. if you want report of this seminar then massage me on 8487035203, thank you...
Highway planning and alignment: Different modes of transportation – historical Development of road construction- Highway Development in India –Classification of roads- Road pattern
– Highway planning in India- Highway alignment - Engineering Surveys for alignment – Highway Project- Important Transport/Highway related agencies in India. PMGSY project.
Introduction about IRC, NRRDA
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
Class notes of Geotechnical Engineering course I used to teach at UET Lahore. Feel free to download the slide show.
Anyone looking to modify these files and use them for their own teaching purposes can contact me directly to get hold of editable version.
A presentation on highway geometric design which includes:
definition,
Goals,
Road Alignment,
Its cross section,
Pavement Design, &
Theory about super Elevation
The branch of Civil Engineering which deals with the design, construction and maintenance of the railway tracks for safe and efficient movements of trains is called Railway Engineering
BALLAST
RAILS
SLEEPERS
POINTS OF CROSSINGS
POINTS OF SWITCH
The rolled steel sections laid
end to end in two parallel lines
over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS The rails used in the construction of railway track can be divided into the following three types :
(1) Double Headed Rails (D.H. Rail)
(2) Flat Footed Rails (F.F. Rail)
(3) Bull Headed Rails (B.H. Rail)
97th transportation research board meeting presentation-poster session 583Ozgur Bezgin
This presentation introduces the concept of impact reduction factor and a method both developed by Dr. Niyazi Özgür Bezgin that can estimate vertical impact forces on railways due to changes in track profile. The Bezgin Impact Factors KB1 and KB2 are introduced.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Design of super elevation :- A case study
1. DESIGN OF `HAUL ROAD- A Life Line` of the opencast mine
: - By Tikeshwar Mahto
Dy. Director of Mines Safety,
Bilaspur Region(India)
+917898033693
tikeshwarmahto@yahoo.co.in
Design of curve to maneuver the speed of the Dumper or other vehicles
R
Super Elevation
CURVE
2. Super elevation of a haul road curve in Opencast Mines is designed taking into consideration of `Radius of curvature`
and the `speed of the dumper at the curve`.
It is meant for counter balancing the centrifugal force applied on the dumper or other moving vehicles at the curve of
the road. Centrifugal force acts outward on the moving vehicles and tries to topple out of the road. This force is
counter balanced by the `Gravity force` or self weight of the vehicles (M*g), when the vehicle is inclined inward by
elevating the road at outer side. The amount of elevation of road at the curve depends on the Radius of the
curvature(R) and the speed of the vehicle at the curve (V).
Smaller the radius of curvature, higher will be the super elevation. Also greater the speed of the vehicles at the curve,
higher will be the super elevation. We should see the combined effect of the Radius of the curvature and speed of the
vehicles at the curve, while designing the Super elevation.
Let us assume that,
Radius of the curvature = R (in mtrs)
Speed of the vehicle at the curve = V (in m/s)
Load Weight of the vehicle(W) = M*g, where, M is the mass of the loaded vehicle
and `g` is acceleration due to gravity.
Elevation of the road at outer side = S (in mtrs.)
Width of the road at the curve= B (in mtrs.)
Normal reaction to the ground = N
Co-efficient of skidding resistance between Tyres & ground = µ (approx. =0.05)
θ
θ
θ
(M*V2
* Sinθ)/R + M*g Cosθ
Figure showing, a dumper taking turn at the curve
From the above figure, when the turning vehicle is in equilibrium,
Stabilizing forces
Gravity force = M*g, components of which along the plane and normal to the plane are M*g Sinθ &
M*g Cosθ , as shown in above Figure.
Frictional force between Tyres & ground= µ*N, towards centre of the curve.
Where, µ is co-efficient of frictional resistance between Tyre & ground and N is the normal resistance to
super elevated road.
B
S
θ
M*g
Centrifugal force
= (M*V
2
)/R
θ W=Mg
N
µ*N
M*g Sinθ
(M*V2
* Cosθ)/R
3. Destabilizing forces
Centrifugal force (or pseudo force) = (M*V
2
)/R, outside the road in horizontal direction
Components of this force along the super elevated plane and along normal to the plane are
(M*V2
* Cosθ)/R & (M*V2
* Sinθ)/R, as shown in above Figure..
In balance condition, when stabilizing & destabilizing forces are equal :
M*g Sinθ + µ*N = (M*V2
* Cosθ)/R ;-----------------------------------------------------(1)
Here, N= normal reaction to the ground = M*g Cosθ + (M*V2
* Sinθ)/R ----------------(2)
Hence, from equation (1);
M*g Sinθ + µ[M*g Cosθ + (M*V2
* Sinθ)/R] = (M*V2
* Cosθ)/R ------------(3)
Or, g Sinθ + µ[g Cosθ + (V2
* Sinθ)/R] = (V2
* Cosθ)/R ------------------(4)
Or, g (Sinθ + µ Cosθ )= (Cosθ – µSinθ) * V2
/R
Or, V2
/R*g = (Sinθ + µ Cosθ )/ ( Cosθ –µ Sinθ) [ dividing both side by Cosθ)
Or, V2
/R*g = (Tanθ + µ )/(1- µ Tanθ)
When, speed of the vehicle is in KM/H, then speed of vehicle `V` in above equation can be written as V*5/18,
because 1 KM/H = 5/18 m/s.
Hence, (5V/18)2
/R*g = (Tanθ + µ )/(1- µ Tanθ)
Or. (25V
2
/324)/R*g = (Tanθ + µ )/(1- µ Tanθ)
Assuming (25V
2
/324)/R*g = K , for simplicity
Hence, K = (Tanθ + µ )/(1- µ Tanθ)
Or, K (1- µ Tanθ) = (Tanθ + µ)
Or, K- µ = (K *µ + 1) Tanθ
Or, Tanθ = (K- µ)/ (K *µ + 1)
Also, from the above figure,
Tanθ = S/B …………………………………………… (5)
Where, S & B are amount of super elevation and width of haul road.
Hence, S/B = (K- µ)/ (K *µ + 1)
Or, S = B(K- µ)/ (K *µ + 1) meters. …………………..(6)
When super elevation is expressed in % (with respect to Haul road width, B) then
% Super elevation = (S/B)*100 = 100(K- µ)/ (K *µ + 1) % -------------(7)
Taking B= one way haul road width= 15m,
µ = frictional rolling resistance between Tyres & ground= 0.05 (assumed) and
g = 9.81m/s
2
=10m/s
2
Then, K= (25V
2
/324)/R*g =25V
2
/3240R
Hence, from equation (6)
S= B(K- µ)/ (K *µ + 1) meters
Or, S= B (25V
2
/3240R - µ)/ [(25V
2
/3240R )*µ + 1]
Or, S= B (25V
2
- 3240R* µ)/ [(25V
2
*µ + 3240R]
Or, S= 15* (25V
2
- 162R)/ [(1.25V
2
+ 3240R] , where µ =0.05 & B= 15m ---------------(8)
4. Super elevation calculated by the equation (8) taking width of haul road at the curve as, B=15m for different speed
and different Radius of curvature are as tabulated below:
S.N
Radius of
Curvature
(R) in
mtrs.
Super Elevation , S= [15*
(25V2
- 162R)]/ [(1.25V2
+
3240R]
for V= 20 KMPH
(in mtrs)
Super Elevation , S= [15* (25V2
- 162R)]/ [(1.25V2
+ 3240R]
for V= 30 KMPH
(in mtrs)
Super Elevation , S= = [15* (25V2
-
162R)]/ [(1.25V2
+ 3240R]
for V= 40 KMPH
(in mtrs)
1 10 3.82 9.34 16.74
2 20 1.55 4.38 8.25
3 30 0.79 2.69 5.31
4 40 0.41 1.84 3.82
5 50 0.18 1.32 2.92
6 60 0.02 0.98 2.31
7 70 0.00 0.73 1.88
8 80 0.00 0.55 1.55
9 90 0.00 0.41 1.30
10 100 0.00 0.29 1.10
11 110 0.00 0.20 0.93
12 120 0.00 0.12 0.79
13 130 0.00 0.05 0.67
14 140 0.00 0.00 0.57
15 150 0.00 0.00 0.48
16 160 0.00 0.00 0.41
17 170 0.00 0.00 0.34
18 180 0.00 0.00 0.28
19 190 0.00 0.00 0.22
20 200 0.00 0.00 0.18
21 210 0.00 0.00 0.13
22 220 0.00 0.00 0.09
23 230 0.00 0.00 0.06
24 240 0.00 0.00 0.02
5. Graph showing the variation in super elevation (in mtrs.) on varying the speed of vehicle (V) at the curve
and radius of curvature(R):
Radius of curvature ---- ->
From the above graph and Table, it can be inferred that the curve of haul road need not be super
elevated, if radius of curvature is more than 50m, 130m, 240m for corresponding speed of vehicle as
20kmph, 30kmph , 40kmph respectively.
Amountofsuperelevation---->
1
2
3
3
2
1
DESIGN OF SUPER
ELEVATION IN OPENCAST
MINE:
ON X-AXIS: Radius of
Curvature of Haul Road (in mtrs)
ON Y- AXIS : Super elevation
at the Curve of Haul Road (in
mtrs)
6. Super elevation (in %) calculated taking the above equation for different speed and different
Radius of curvature as tabulated below.
Here, S/B = (25V
2
- 162R)/ (1.25V
2
+ 3240R) ,
Or, super elevation in % = (S/B)*100
Or, = (25V
2
- 162R)/ (1.25V
2
+ 3240R)*100
Super elevation (in %)
S.N.
Radius of
Curvature
Super Elevation (in %)
= 100* (25V
2
- 162R)/
(1.25V
2
+ 3240R)
Super Elevation (in %),
= 100* (25V
2
- 162R)/
[(1.25V
2
+ 3240R]
Super Elevation (in %)
= 100* (25V
2
- 162R)/
[(1.25V
2
+ 3240R]
(R) in
mtrs.
For V= 20 KMPH
(in %)
For V= 30 KMPH
(in%)
For V= 40 KMPH
(in %)
1 10 25.47 62.28 111.57
2 20 10.35 29.22 55.03
3 30 5.26 17.94 35.42
4 40 2.71 12.25 25.47
5 50 1.17 8.83 19.45
6 60 0.14 6.54 15.42
7 70 0.00 4.90 12.53
8 80 0.00 3.66 10.35
9 90 0.00 2.71 8.66
10 100 0.00 1.94 7.30
11 110 0.00 1.31 6.19
12 120 0.00 0.78 5.26
13 130 0.00 0.34 4.48
14 140 0.00 0.00 3.80
15 150 0.00 0.00 3.22
16 160 0.00 0.00 2.71
17 170 0.00 0.00 2.25
18 180 0.00 0.00 1.85
19 190 0.00 0.00 1.49
20 200 0.00 0.00 1.17
21 210 0.00 0.00 0.88
22 220 0.00 0.00 0.61
23 230 0.00 0.00 0.37
24 240 0.00 0.00 0.14
25 250 0.00 0.00 0.00
7. DESIGN OF SUPER ELEVATION IN % :
ON X- AXIS : Radius of Curvature of Haul Road (in mtrs)
ON Y- AXIS : Super elevation at the Curve of Haul Road (in %)
Radius of curvature ---- ->
Earlier, an accident occurred in Spain, by derailment of over speeding passenger Train at the Curve and
hitting on side wall, in which 88 persons killed. Design of the curve was for maximum speed of 80kmph.
But, the estimated speed of the train at the curve was 144-192kmph (more than double the limiting speed
of the train at curve). In that case, outward centrifugal force (M*V
2
/R) was about 4 times the designed
centrifugal force, which thrown out the train from the track. The snapshot of the accident is attached
below in next page.
Amountofsuperelevation(in%)---->
1
1
2
32
3