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A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
ppt on construction and design of flexible pavementSUSMITAMAITY4
types of pavement.\,failure of flexible pavement,cross section of flexible pavement,advantages and disadvantages of flexible pavement,load distribution etc
Pavement materials in Road Constructionsrinivas2036
Different pavement materials used in the road construction. Importance of soil, aggregate pavement materials. Tests on Soil for pavement construction. Tests on aggregate for pavement construction.
Requirements of soil and aggregates in pavement.
A highway pavement is a structure consisting of superimposed layers of processed materials above the natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance, favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise pollution.
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
Types of Pavements, Layers present in the pavements, Stresses on the rigid pavements, wheel load, repetitions etc.. and Indian Standard Method of design of Rigid Pavements.
ppt on construction and design of flexible pavementSUSMITAMAITY4
types of pavement.\,failure of flexible pavement,cross section of flexible pavement,advantages and disadvantages of flexible pavement,load distribution etc
Pavement materials in Road Constructionsrinivas2036
Different pavement materials used in the road construction. Importance of soil, aggregate pavement materials. Tests on Soil for pavement construction. Tests on aggregate for pavement construction.
Requirements of soil and aggregates in pavement.
2.4 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PAVEMENT (TRE) 315061...VATSAL PATEL
Pavement component functions, factors affecting pavement design and basic pavement design of Flexible and Rigid pavement as per IRC guidelines, Steps for construction of highway on embankment and in cutting. Construction of embankment and subgrade, soil stabilization. Flexible Pavement: Construction of Granular Sub-Base/Drainage layer, Construction of Granular Base Course-WBM and WMM, Construction of bituminous pavement layers- base course and surface course, prime coat and tack coat. Rigid Pavement: Types of cement concrete pavement, components of cement concrete pavement and its functions, construction of cement concrete pavement, joints in cement concrete pavement-function and construction
Highway Construction Materials and PracticeSenthamizhan M
Sub grade soil is an integral part of the road pavement structure as it provides the support to the pavement from beneath.
The sub grade soil and its properties are important in the design of pavement structure.
The main function of the sub grade is to give adequate support to the pavement and for this the sub grade should possess sufficient stability under adverse climatic and loading conditions.
Certain Soils don’t permit the construction of specific structures on it. The alternative is to improve the strength of the soil by various methods like:
Mechanical modification
Chemical Modification
Lime stabilization
Geo textile etc.,
Components of highway pavement and materials used. Soil: Importance, Desirable properties, Index properties, Compaction, Strength evaluation tests. Aggregate: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on road aggregates and quality control. Bituminous binders: Functions, Desirable properties, Tests on bitumen and quality control, Bitumen emulsion functions and classification, Modified bituminous binder functions and classification. Bituminous Mix: Desirable properties and requirement of design mix, general approach for design of bituminous mixes and introduction to Marshall Mix Design Method
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
1. Construction of
Flexible Pavement
BY:
SHILPA KUMTHE FP15054
KIRAN D R FP15056
ARUN RAVINDRANATH FP15058
AJINKYA THAKRE FP15059
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH, PUNE.
2. INTRODUCTION
PAVEMENT:-
“Pavement is load bearing and load distributary component of road”
PURPOSE OF PAVEMENT:-
1. LOAD SUPPORT
2. SMOOTHNESS
3. DRAINAGE
4. ALL WEATHER OPERATION
5. DIRECTION AND GUIDANCE
3. TYPE OF PAVEMENT Type of
pavement
Flexible
pavement
Rigid
pavement
1 .FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT:
Those pavements which reflect the deformation of subgrade and the subsequent
layers to the surface.
2. RIGID PAVEMENT: The pavement are associated with rigidity or flexural strength
or slab action so the load is distributed over a wide area of subgrade soil. Rigid
pavement is laid in slabs with steel reinforcement.
4. FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
THE ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS INCLUDE -
Adaptability to stage construction
Availability of low-cost types that can be easily built
Ability to be easily opened and patched
Easy to repair frost heave and settlement
THE DISADVANTAGES INCLUDE -
Higher maintenance costs
Shorter life span under heavy use
Damage by oils and certain chemicals
Weak edges that may require curbs or edge devices
5. THICKNESS DESIGN
Several Procedures are used.
Based on volume and weight of traffic
Load supporting capacity of soil is important.
Heavy vehicle wheel load has greater impact.
Traffic analysis in necessary.
Designs are chosen based on
1) Designed traffic in terms of cumulative numbers of std. axels.
2) CBR value of subgrade.
6. Total thickness of pavement consists of :-
Bituminous Surface (Wearing Course).
Base Course.
Subbase.
Subgrade.
7. WEARING COURSE
Three types of bituminous layers-
1. Bituminous Macadam.
2. Penetration Macadam.
3. Built up spray Grout.
8. BITUMINOUS MACADAM
It consist of crushed aggregate and bituminous binder heated and mixed
in a hot mix plant at specified temperature, transported to the
construction site, laid with a mechanical pawer and compacted by roller.
Material used : Bitumen binder of grade VG -30,20 and Max size of
aggregate 50mm.
9. BITUMINOUS PENETRASION MACADAM.
The coarse aggregate of specified size are first spread and compacted well in dry
state. Compacted thickness 50-75 mm. After compacting of dry aggregates, hot
bituminous binder of specified grade is spread in large quantity on the top of
this layer. Filling up a part of void and binding by key aggregate.
BUILT UP SPRAY GROUT
It consist of a two layer composite construction of compacted crushed stone
aggregate with bituminous binder applied after each layer and key aggregate
placed on the top surface of the second layer.
10. BASE COURSE
The base course is immediately beneath the surface course. It provides
additional load distribution and contributes to drainage and frost resistance.
Base courses are usually constructed out of
AGGREGATES: Base courses are most typically constructed from durable
aggregates that will not be damaged by moisture and frost action.
Aggregates can be either stabilized or un-stabilized.
11. SUB-BASE COURSE
Intermediate layer between subgrade and granular base
course
Essentially a drainage layer
Distributes the stresses imposed by traffic
12. FUNCTION OF SUB-BASE COURSE OF
FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT
It functions primarily as structural support but it can also help:
Minimize the intrusion of fines from the sub-grade into the pavement
structure.
Improve drainage.
Minimize frost action damage.
Provide a working platform for construction.
The subbase generally consists of lower quality materials than the base course
but better than the sub-grade soils.
13. MATERIALS FOR SUB BASE
LOCALLY AVAILABLE MATERIALS
Natural sand
Gravel or moorum
Kankar
Crushed stone
Laterite
INDUSTRIAL WASTE AND OTHER MATERIALS
Steel slag
Pond ash or Pond ash – Bottom ash mix
Crushed concrete
Brick bats
14. SUBGRADE
It forms the foundation of the pavement system
Subgrade soils are subjected to lower stresses than the surface, base, and
subbase courses.
Since load stresses decrease with depth, the controlling subgrade stress
usually lies at the top of the subgrade.
The combined thickness of subbase, base, and wearing surface must be
great enough to reduce the stresses occurring in the subgrade to values
that will not cause excessive distortion or displacement of the subgrade
soil layer.
15. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED
General characteristics of the subgrade soils.
Depth to bedrock.
Depth to the water table.
Compaction that can be attained in the subgrade.
CBR values of uncompacted and compacted subgrades.
Presence of weak or soft layers or organics in the subsoil.
Susceptibility to detrimental frost action or excessive swell.
16. METHODS FOR SUBGRADE
PREPARATION
COMPACTION
In fill areas, subgrade below the top 150 mm (6 inches) is often considered
adequate if it is compacted to 90 percent relative density.
In order to achieve these densities the subgrade must be at or near its
optimum moisture content (the moisture content at which maximum density
can be achieved).
Usually compaction of in situ or fill subgrade will result in adequate
structural support.
17. STABILIZATION
The binding characteristics of these materials generally increase subgrade
load-bearing capacity.
Typically, lime is used with highly plastic soils (plasticity index greater than
10), cement is used with less plastic soils (plasticity index less than 10) and
emulsified asphalt can be used with sandy soils.
For flexible pavements, a primecoat is not effective on silty clay or clay
soils because the material cannot be absorbed into such a fine soil (TRB,
2000).
18. OVER-EXCAVATION
The general principle is to replace poor load-bearing in situ subgrade with
better load-bearing fill.
Typically, 0.3 – 0.6 m (1 – 2 ft.) of poor soil may be excavated and replaced
with better load-bearing fill such as gravel borrow.
19. CONSTRUCTION STEPS
1. Preparation of Base
2. Provision of lateral confinement of aggregates
3. Preparation of Mix
4. for small quantity concrete mixer may be used
5. find OMC after replacing retained on 22.4 mm with material 4.75 to 22.4
mm
6. Spreading of Mix
Spreading of mix to be done uniformly / evenly
Should not be dumped in heaps
20. Finishing by Paver /exceptional cases grader
Due importance for segregation
7. Compaction
8to 10 tonne static compactor up to 100 mm
8-10 vibratory roller up to 200 mm
Speed of compactor not to exceed 5 km/hour
Displacement occurring due to roller operations are to be rectified
Use small compactors near kerb/places not assessable to roller
Rolling not be done when subgrade is soft/yielding/causes wave like
motion
21. 8. Any defections on the surface to be rectified
9. Setting and Drying
10. Opening to traffic after sealing