The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. This work deals with the replacement of steel spring with hybrid composite springs. Five different types of spring were manufactured using Epoxy, Glass fibre, and Silk with constant cross section varying volume fraction. (40 Epoxy:45 E-Glass:15 Silk, 40 Epoxy:30 E-Glass:30 Silk, 40 Epoxy:15 E-Glass:45 Silk,50 Epoxy:50E-Glass, 50 Epoxy:50 Silk fibre ). Mechanical tests are carried out to assess the credibility of the designed leaf blades.
ANALYSIS AND SIZE OPTIMIZATION OF COMPOSITE LEAF SPRING USING FEAAmit Kotadiya
This document analyzes and compares steel and composite leaf springs using finite element analysis. It describes modeling a steel leaf spring and performing static analysis in ANSYS to calculate stress and deflection. The results are compared to analytical calculations, with a 5-10% difference. A composite multi-leaf spring is then modeled using carbon/epoxy laminates. Static analysis shows the composite leaf spring has an 80% reduced weight compared to steel, with improved load capacity and stiffness. Size optimization of a composite mono-leaf spring further reduces weight by 88.57% and thickness by 1mm.
Experimental and fea analysis of composite leaf spring by varying thicknesseSAT Journals
Abstract
The work is carried out on composite leaf spring of a commercial vehicle. The objective of this work is to carryout design and analysis of composite leaf spring with experimental design consideration and loading condition. The material of leaf spring is E-GFRC (Glass Fiber reinforced composite). The GFRC leaf springs are manufactured by hand lay-up method which were evaluated and study. The model of composite leaf spring is prepared and analyzed using ANSYS14.5 for the deflection and stresses under defined loading condition. The experimental and FEA result compared for validation. The dimension of conventional leaf spring is taken with varying thickness for evaluation of result and Static analysis is performed
Keywords: E-glass/epoxy composite, ANSYS14.5, Static Analysis.
This document presents a study comparing the fatigue performance of a steel leaf spring and a glass fiber/epoxy composite leaf spring used in automobiles. A finite element model was created of each leaf spring using ANSYS software. Static analysis showed the composite spring had higher stiffness but similar maximum stress compared to the steel spring. Fatigue analysis using the Gerber approach predicted the composite spring would have a longer fatigue life of 1.025*10 cycles compared to the steel spring. The document concludes the composite spring design and simulation validate methods for predicting fatigue performance without full physical testing.
This document discusses the modeling and analysis of laminated composite leaf springs to replace conventional steel leaf springs. It aims to reduce weight while maintaining load capacity and stiffness. A mono leaf spring made of E-glass/epoxy, S-glass/epoxy, or carbon/epoxy composite materials is modeled and analyzed using FEA software. The results show the composite leaf springs experience 47% lower stresses, 25-65% higher stiffness, and 27-67% higher frequency compared to steel, while achieving a 73-80% weight reduction.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Helical Spring using Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of a helical spring using composite materials. It aims to compare results of composite springs to existing steel springs. A 3D model of the spring is created in Creo and analyzed in ANSYS. Experimental testing of prototypes will be conducted for different composite materials and results will be compared to the finite element analysis under the same loading conditions. The goal is to evaluate if composite materials like glass fiber and sisal fiber can reduce the weight of helical springs without reducing load capacity or flexibility compared to conventional ASTM A227 steel springs currently used in suspension systems.
FE Analysis of Hollow Propeller Shaft using Steel and Composite Material then...ijsrd.com
Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.
Experimental investigation of fiberglass reinforced mono composite leaf springIAEME Publication
The document discusses experimental investigation of fiberglass reinforced mono-composite leaf springs. Two composite leaf spring samples were fabricated - one with 60% epoxy and 40% fiberglass, and another with 50% of each. Physical tests were performed on the samples and compared to steel leaf springs. Tensile, flexural, dynamic mechanical and heat deflection tests were conducted. The tensile test results showed the 50% composite sample had higher tensile stress and strain values than the 60% sample. In general, the study aims to compare composite and steel leaf springs under different testing conditions.
Optimum design of automotive composite drive shaftiaemedu
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
ANALYSIS AND SIZE OPTIMIZATION OF COMPOSITE LEAF SPRING USING FEAAmit Kotadiya
This document analyzes and compares steel and composite leaf springs using finite element analysis. It describes modeling a steel leaf spring and performing static analysis in ANSYS to calculate stress and deflection. The results are compared to analytical calculations, with a 5-10% difference. A composite multi-leaf spring is then modeled using carbon/epoxy laminates. Static analysis shows the composite leaf spring has an 80% reduced weight compared to steel, with improved load capacity and stiffness. Size optimization of a composite mono-leaf spring further reduces weight by 88.57% and thickness by 1mm.
Experimental and fea analysis of composite leaf spring by varying thicknesseSAT Journals
Abstract
The work is carried out on composite leaf spring of a commercial vehicle. The objective of this work is to carryout design and analysis of composite leaf spring with experimental design consideration and loading condition. The material of leaf spring is E-GFRC (Glass Fiber reinforced composite). The GFRC leaf springs are manufactured by hand lay-up method which were evaluated and study. The model of composite leaf spring is prepared and analyzed using ANSYS14.5 for the deflection and stresses under defined loading condition. The experimental and FEA result compared for validation. The dimension of conventional leaf spring is taken with varying thickness for evaluation of result and Static analysis is performed
Keywords: E-glass/epoxy composite, ANSYS14.5, Static Analysis.
This document presents a study comparing the fatigue performance of a steel leaf spring and a glass fiber/epoxy composite leaf spring used in automobiles. A finite element model was created of each leaf spring using ANSYS software. Static analysis showed the composite spring had higher stiffness but similar maximum stress compared to the steel spring. Fatigue analysis using the Gerber approach predicted the composite spring would have a longer fatigue life of 1.025*10 cycles compared to the steel spring. The document concludes the composite spring design and simulation validate methods for predicting fatigue performance without full physical testing.
This document discusses the modeling and analysis of laminated composite leaf springs to replace conventional steel leaf springs. It aims to reduce weight while maintaining load capacity and stiffness. A mono leaf spring made of E-glass/epoxy, S-glass/epoxy, or carbon/epoxy composite materials is modeled and analyzed using FEA software. The results show the composite leaf springs experience 47% lower stresses, 25-65% higher stiffness, and 27-67% higher frequency compared to steel, while achieving a 73-80% weight reduction.
IRJET- Design and Analysis of Helical Spring using Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
The document discusses the design and analysis of a helical spring using composite materials. It aims to compare results of composite springs to existing steel springs. A 3D model of the spring is created in Creo and analyzed in ANSYS. Experimental testing of prototypes will be conducted for different composite materials and results will be compared to the finite element analysis under the same loading conditions. The goal is to evaluate if composite materials like glass fiber and sisal fiber can reduce the weight of helical springs without reducing load capacity or flexibility compared to conventional ASTM A227 steel springs currently used in suspension systems.
FE Analysis of Hollow Propeller Shaft using Steel and Composite Material then...ijsrd.com
Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.
Experimental investigation of fiberglass reinforced mono composite leaf springIAEME Publication
The document discusses experimental investigation of fiberglass reinforced mono-composite leaf springs. Two composite leaf spring samples were fabricated - one with 60% epoxy and 40% fiberglass, and another with 50% of each. Physical tests were performed on the samples and compared to steel leaf springs. Tensile, flexural, dynamic mechanical and heat deflection tests were conducted. The tensile test results showed the 50% composite sample had higher tensile stress and strain values than the 60% sample. In general, the study aims to compare composite and steel leaf springs under different testing conditions.
Optimum design of automotive composite drive shaftiaemedu
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigation on torsion bar suspension system using e glass fi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative Analysis of En 45 Steel & Thermoplastic Polyimide (30% Carbon Fib...ijsrd.com
This paper describes design and FEA analysis of mono leaf or single-leaf spring that consists of simply one plate of spring. The performance analysis of spring is under static loading condition. Due to the absorb and release property it is become a major factor in designing the leaf spring which is showing the replacement of steel springs with composite leaf springs. A current leaf spring is made up of a steel material which is having high weight, high corrosion, more noise and the property of material is changing when the load is acting and gives low natural frequency. Therefore, composite materials become the predominant alternative material for replacing the spring steels. The objective of this paper is to compare the load carrying capacity, strength and weight saving of composite leaf spring with that of EN45 steel leaf spring. The design constraints are stress, deflection and weight saving for comfort riding and enhancing durability of spring. Dimensions of the composite leaf spring are to be taken as same as conventional EN45 steel leaf spring used in TATA SUMO GOLD for rear suspension. A Finite element approach for analysis of mono leaf springs using ANSYS R15 software is carried out. Using CATIA V5R20 for modelling the leaf spring. The results are compared with the properties of EN45 steel and thermoplastic polyimide with 30% carbon fibre composite material.
Static and Dynamic analysis of a composite leaf springHimanshu Arun Raut
This document summarizes a thesis analyzing the static and dynamic finite element analysis of a composite leaf spring. The thesis examines a fiberglass-epoxy composite leaf spring used in a Chevrolet vehicle and explores its performance under heavier loads. Analytical calculations and FEA simulations are used to analyze stresses in the leaf spring and identify failures from increased loading. The results suggest reducing leaf spring thickness to lower delamination stresses at the mid-section from dynamic loading. Experimental validation and further studies of hybrid composites and eye-end design are recommended for future work.
Design and Analysis of Mono Composite Leaf Spring by Varying Thickness using FEAIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of a mono composite leaf spring with varying thickness using finite element analysis (FEA). A glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) leaf spring was modeled and analyzed in ANSYS and compared to a conventional steel leaf spring. Static analysis was performed to evaluate stress and deflection under a 300kg load with leaf spring thicknesses of 28mm, 30mm, and 32mm. Both analytical calculations and FEA results showed that the composite leaf spring had lower stress and deflection compared to the steel spring, with performance improving as thickness increased. The composite leaf spring provides benefits such as reduced weight, increased damping, and better corrosion resistance compared to the conventional steel spring.
The document presents a simulation and analysis of steel and composite leaf springs by varying the thickness. A composite leaf spring model is created in ANSYS and tested under a 300kg load. The deflection and stresses are compared to those of a conventional steel leaf spring. The results show that the composite leaf spring has lower deflection and stresses compared to the steel spring, and increasing the composite thickness further lowers the deflection and stress. In conclusion, the composite leaf spring can reduce weight by 75% compared to steel while maintaining sufficient strength for the application.
Material Optimization of Leaf Spring of Tractor Trolley by FEAIJMER
Leaf Spring (LS) is an indispensable machine element of the automobile sector. In this
particular work we are analyzed a LS with the help of Finite Element Method when subjected to static
loads and appropriate boundary conditions. The LS taken into consideration is that of a Tractor Trolley
having a Gross Vehicle Weight of 20 ton. According to the existing dimension of simple leaf spring it
has modeled in solid works 2013.after that cad model has used to discretized in to small no of element
and nodes to perform the required finite element analysis. Initially analysis has done for three different
materials and taken the most economic and suitable material for leaf spring in the optimization stages.
Comparision of material was perform on the basis of result obtained from the analysis of leaf spring like
von mises stress, strain and deflection.
This document presents a design project for a composite leaf spring. It includes an introduction to leaf springs, discussions of spring types and materials selection. Finite element analysis was conducted comparing a conventional steel leaf spring to a composite e-glass/epoxy spring. The FEA results showed the composite spring experienced 25-35% less stress and deflection. Overall, the composite spring provided a 67.88% weight reduction while maintaining load capacity. The conclusion is that a composite multi-leaf spring is an effective replacement for a steel spring.
Optimization of Multi Leaf Spring by using Design of Experiments & Simulated ...IJMER
This work carried out on a multi leaf spring of a tractor trolley with maximum load
carrying capacity of 5 Tones. The CAD model of this MLS has been modeled in CATIA V5. After
successfully preparing the CAD model, MLS is then tested in Static Structural Analysis workbench for
stress and deflection computations. The finite element analysis of the leaf spring has been performed by
converting the model into number of nodes and elements and then applying the relevant boundary
conditions under the static loading conditions. After implementation of FEA it was observed that the red
area close to shackle was undergoing maximum value of stress. This observation leads us to the
workbench of Knowledge ware and this aided us in studying the response of crucial output parameters of
MLS in the form of Stress and Deflection via Design of experiments. DOE paved the way for SAA where
optimization was carried out in order to reach the minimal stress. The corresponding values of camber
and leaf span were recorded for minimal stress
This document reviews the design and analysis of a composite drive shaft using ANSYS software and a genetic algorithm. It begins with an introduction discussing the benefits of composite materials over conventional steel for drive shafts, including higher strength and stiffness to weight ratios. It then discusses past research on optimizing composite drive shafts. The document focuses on designing a single-piece composite drive shaft to replace a typical two-piece steel shaft, using high-strength carbon/epoxy composite material. It specifies the shaft must withstand over 3500 Nm of torque and have a fundamental frequency over 6500 rpm to avoid vibrations. ANSYS and a genetic algorithm will be used to optimize the design.
Computational Analysis of Fatigue of Glass/Epoxy Composite Automobile Drive S...AM Publications
1) The document analyzes the fatigue life of a composite drive shaft made of glass fiber and epoxy material under variable torsion loads through computational modeling.
2) Finite element analysis is used to determine stress intensity factors along the crack front for different crack lengths. The maximum stress intensity factors increase with increasing crack depth.
3) Both Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors are present, with Mode I dominating at the crack tip and Mode II dominating at the surface interception points as the crack propagates.
The document analyzes and compares steel and composite mono leaf springs. A steel leaf spring for a light commercial vehicle is used as a baseline. A composite mono leaf spring is fabricated from E-glass fiber/epoxy composite using hand layup with fiber orientations of [0/45/0/45]s. Static testing shows the composite leaf spring experiences 53.06% lower stress than steel at full load, has higher stiffness, and weighs 74.49% less than steel. Fatigue life analysis using the Hwang and Han model predicts the composite leaf spring can withstand over 100,000 cycles at a stress level of 0.43, whereas steel is estimated to reach fatigue failure around 100,000 cycles at 510 MPa
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEAIjripublishers Ijri
have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced polymer)
and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
Design & Analysis of Composite Propeller ShaftIJSRD
A Propeller Shaft is the connection between the transmission and the rear axle of the vehicles. The function of propeller shaft is to transmit the power from engine to the rear wheel in case of front engine drive vehicle. High quality steel (Steel SM45) is most commonly used material. The steel drive shaft consists of three universal joints, a center supporting bearing and a bracket, which increase the total weight of a system. The Power transmission can be improved through reducing its weight. According to previous researches many have done the various experiments to reduce the weight by changing the ply thickness, fiber orientation angle, number of plies but until now no one has studied the effect on the properties of the composite formed by changing volume fraction of carbon fiber & epoxy resin. The focus of this work will be to investigate either replacing steel structure of propeller shaft by composite structure such as carbon fiber & epoxy resin to minimize the cost and weight, also to check the suitability of composite structures by experimental method and software testing.
Finite Element Modeling On Behaviour Of Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joint...IJERA Editor
Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that most of the reinforced concrete structures were severely damaged during earthquakes and they need major repair works. Beam column joints, being the lateral and vertical load resisting members in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures during earthquakes. The existing reinforced concrete beam column joints which are not designed as per code IS13920:1993 must be strengthened since they do not meet the ductility requirements. The Finite element method (FEM) has become a staple for predicting and simulating the physical behaviour of complex engineering systems. The commercial finite element analysis (FEA) programs have gained common acceptance among engineers in industry and researchers. The details of the finite element analysis of beam column joints retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets (CFRP) carried out using the package ANSYS are presented in this paper. Three exterior reinforced concrete beam column joint specimens were modelled using ANSYS package. The first specimen is the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000. The second specimen which is also the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 13920:1993. The third specimen had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000 and was retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. During the analysis both the ends of column were hinged. Static load was applied at the free end of the cantilever beam up to a controlled load. The performance of the retrofitted beam column joint was compared with the control specimens and the results are presented in this paper.
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
This document discusses the fabrication of composite leaf springs for vehicle suspension systems. It aims to reduce vehicle weight through the use of composite materials like glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) instead of conventional steel springs. The document outlines the manufacturing process of composite leaf springs using hand lay-up techniques with GFRP and epoxy. It also summarizes the advantages of composite leaf springs like reduced weight and corrosion resistance compared to steel, though their production cost is currently higher. Experimental testing showed composite leaf springs have lower deflection and bending stress than steel springs under the same loads.
This document describes the design and analysis of a leaf spring made of sisal fiber reinforced glass epoxy composite. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of replacing steel leaf springs with composites to reduce weight and increase fuel economy. It then reviews relevant literature on composite leaf springs. The objectives and methodology are described, including fabrication of composite specimens using hand layup. Tests are performed to determine material properties and compare different fiber volume fractions. A steel leaf spring is modeled and analyzed in ANSYS to determine stresses and deflection. A composite leaf spring is also modeled and tested experimentally to verify analytical and FEA results. The composite leaf spring shows stresses within acceptable limits for the material.
design and analysis of composite leaf spring for light weight vehicleEr Deepak Sharma
This document presents a study on the design and analysis of a composite leaf spring for a light weight vehicle to reduce weight. A CAD model of the leaf spring and suspension components was created in CATIA V5. The leaf spring was modeled from composite E-glass/epoxy and graphite epoxy materials and a steel spring. The springs were analyzed in ANSYS for deflection and stress. Results showed the graphite epoxy spring had the lowest deflection of 5.12mm and stress of 434.43MPa, making it a better material to reduce weight compared to the steel spring.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LEAF SPRING BY USING COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR LIGHT VEHI...IAEME Publication
The document describes the design and analysis of a composite leaf spring to replace the steel leaf spring on a Mahindra Commander 650 DI light vehicle. Leaf springs are commonly used for vehicle suspension but are heavy. The goal was to design a composite leaf spring using glass fiber reinforced polymer (E-glass/epoxy) that is lighter than the steel spring while maintaining stiffness. The composite leaf spring design was modeled in Pro/ENGINEER and analyzed in ANSYS software. Results showed the composite leaf spring design weighed 85% less than the steel design while meeting the stiffness requirements.
Analysis of Glass Epoxy Reinforced Monolithic Leaf SpringIJMER
This document summarizes a study analyzing glass epoxy reinforced monolithic leaf springs. It describes the design and analysis of composite leaf springs to replace conventional steel springs. Analytical calculations and ANSYS simulations were used to compare stresses, deflections, and failure properties. The results showed that composite leaf springs provided a 77.29% weight reduction over steel springs, with higher strain energy storage, lower stresses, and improved vibration characteristics, making them a suitable replacement for steel in vehicle suspension applications.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental investigation on torsion bar suspension system using e glass fi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Comparative Analysis of En 45 Steel & Thermoplastic Polyimide (30% Carbon Fib...ijsrd.com
This paper describes design and FEA analysis of mono leaf or single-leaf spring that consists of simply one plate of spring. The performance analysis of spring is under static loading condition. Due to the absorb and release property it is become a major factor in designing the leaf spring which is showing the replacement of steel springs with composite leaf springs. A current leaf spring is made up of a steel material which is having high weight, high corrosion, more noise and the property of material is changing when the load is acting and gives low natural frequency. Therefore, composite materials become the predominant alternative material for replacing the spring steels. The objective of this paper is to compare the load carrying capacity, strength and weight saving of composite leaf spring with that of EN45 steel leaf spring. The design constraints are stress, deflection and weight saving for comfort riding and enhancing durability of spring. Dimensions of the composite leaf spring are to be taken as same as conventional EN45 steel leaf spring used in TATA SUMO GOLD for rear suspension. A Finite element approach for analysis of mono leaf springs using ANSYS R15 software is carried out. Using CATIA V5R20 for modelling the leaf spring. The results are compared with the properties of EN45 steel and thermoplastic polyimide with 30% carbon fibre composite material.
Static and Dynamic analysis of a composite leaf springHimanshu Arun Raut
This document summarizes a thesis analyzing the static and dynamic finite element analysis of a composite leaf spring. The thesis examines a fiberglass-epoxy composite leaf spring used in a Chevrolet vehicle and explores its performance under heavier loads. Analytical calculations and FEA simulations are used to analyze stresses in the leaf spring and identify failures from increased loading. The results suggest reducing leaf spring thickness to lower delamination stresses at the mid-section from dynamic loading. Experimental validation and further studies of hybrid composites and eye-end design are recommended for future work.
Design and Analysis of Mono Composite Leaf Spring by Varying Thickness using FEAIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study on the design and analysis of a mono composite leaf spring with varying thickness using finite element analysis (FEA). A glass fiber reinforced composite (GFRC) leaf spring was modeled and analyzed in ANSYS and compared to a conventional steel leaf spring. Static analysis was performed to evaluate stress and deflection under a 300kg load with leaf spring thicknesses of 28mm, 30mm, and 32mm. Both analytical calculations and FEA results showed that the composite leaf spring had lower stress and deflection compared to the steel spring, with performance improving as thickness increased. The composite leaf spring provides benefits such as reduced weight, increased damping, and better corrosion resistance compared to the conventional steel spring.
The document presents a simulation and analysis of steel and composite leaf springs by varying the thickness. A composite leaf spring model is created in ANSYS and tested under a 300kg load. The deflection and stresses are compared to those of a conventional steel leaf spring. The results show that the composite leaf spring has lower deflection and stresses compared to the steel spring, and increasing the composite thickness further lowers the deflection and stress. In conclusion, the composite leaf spring can reduce weight by 75% compared to steel while maintaining sufficient strength for the application.
Material Optimization of Leaf Spring of Tractor Trolley by FEAIJMER
Leaf Spring (LS) is an indispensable machine element of the automobile sector. In this
particular work we are analyzed a LS with the help of Finite Element Method when subjected to static
loads and appropriate boundary conditions. The LS taken into consideration is that of a Tractor Trolley
having a Gross Vehicle Weight of 20 ton. According to the existing dimension of simple leaf spring it
has modeled in solid works 2013.after that cad model has used to discretized in to small no of element
and nodes to perform the required finite element analysis. Initially analysis has done for three different
materials and taken the most economic and suitable material for leaf spring in the optimization stages.
Comparision of material was perform on the basis of result obtained from the analysis of leaf spring like
von mises stress, strain and deflection.
This document presents a design project for a composite leaf spring. It includes an introduction to leaf springs, discussions of spring types and materials selection. Finite element analysis was conducted comparing a conventional steel leaf spring to a composite e-glass/epoxy spring. The FEA results showed the composite spring experienced 25-35% less stress and deflection. Overall, the composite spring provided a 67.88% weight reduction while maintaining load capacity. The conclusion is that a composite multi-leaf spring is an effective replacement for a steel spring.
Optimization of Multi Leaf Spring by using Design of Experiments & Simulated ...IJMER
This work carried out on a multi leaf spring of a tractor trolley with maximum load
carrying capacity of 5 Tones. The CAD model of this MLS has been modeled in CATIA V5. After
successfully preparing the CAD model, MLS is then tested in Static Structural Analysis workbench for
stress and deflection computations. The finite element analysis of the leaf spring has been performed by
converting the model into number of nodes and elements and then applying the relevant boundary
conditions under the static loading conditions. After implementation of FEA it was observed that the red
area close to shackle was undergoing maximum value of stress. This observation leads us to the
workbench of Knowledge ware and this aided us in studying the response of crucial output parameters of
MLS in the form of Stress and Deflection via Design of experiments. DOE paved the way for SAA where
optimization was carried out in order to reach the minimal stress. The corresponding values of camber
and leaf span were recorded for minimal stress
This document reviews the design and analysis of a composite drive shaft using ANSYS software and a genetic algorithm. It begins with an introduction discussing the benefits of composite materials over conventional steel for drive shafts, including higher strength and stiffness to weight ratios. It then discusses past research on optimizing composite drive shafts. The document focuses on designing a single-piece composite drive shaft to replace a typical two-piece steel shaft, using high-strength carbon/epoxy composite material. It specifies the shaft must withstand over 3500 Nm of torque and have a fundamental frequency over 6500 rpm to avoid vibrations. ANSYS and a genetic algorithm will be used to optimize the design.
Computational Analysis of Fatigue of Glass/Epoxy Composite Automobile Drive S...AM Publications
1) The document analyzes the fatigue life of a composite drive shaft made of glass fiber and epoxy material under variable torsion loads through computational modeling.
2) Finite element analysis is used to determine stress intensity factors along the crack front for different crack lengths. The maximum stress intensity factors increase with increasing crack depth.
3) Both Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors are present, with Mode I dominating at the crack tip and Mode II dominating at the surface interception points as the crack propagates.
The document analyzes and compares steel and composite mono leaf springs. A steel leaf spring for a light commercial vehicle is used as a baseline. A composite mono leaf spring is fabricated from E-glass fiber/epoxy composite using hand layup with fiber orientations of [0/45/0/45]s. Static testing shows the composite leaf spring experiences 53.06% lower stress than steel at full load, has higher stiffness, and weighs 74.49% less than steel. Fatigue life analysis using the Hwang and Han model predicts the composite leaf spring can withstand over 100,000 cycles at a stress level of 0.43, whereas steel is estimated to reach fatigue failure around 100,000 cycles at 510 MPa
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEAIjripublishers Ijri
have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced polymer)
and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
Design & Analysis of Composite Propeller ShaftIJSRD
A Propeller Shaft is the connection between the transmission and the rear axle of the vehicles. The function of propeller shaft is to transmit the power from engine to the rear wheel in case of front engine drive vehicle. High quality steel (Steel SM45) is most commonly used material. The steel drive shaft consists of three universal joints, a center supporting bearing and a bracket, which increase the total weight of a system. The Power transmission can be improved through reducing its weight. According to previous researches many have done the various experiments to reduce the weight by changing the ply thickness, fiber orientation angle, number of plies but until now no one has studied the effect on the properties of the composite formed by changing volume fraction of carbon fiber & epoxy resin. The focus of this work will be to investigate either replacing steel structure of propeller shaft by composite structure such as carbon fiber & epoxy resin to minimize the cost and weight, also to check the suitability of composite structures by experimental method and software testing.
Finite Element Modeling On Behaviour Of Reinforced Concrete Beam Column Joint...IJERA Editor
Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that most of the reinforced concrete structures were severely damaged during earthquakes and they need major repair works. Beam column joints, being the lateral and vertical load resisting members in reinforced concrete structures are particularly vulnerable to failures during earthquakes. The existing reinforced concrete beam column joints which are not designed as per code IS13920:1993 must be strengthened since they do not meet the ductility requirements. The Finite element method (FEM) has become a staple for predicting and simulating the physical behaviour of complex engineering systems. The commercial finite element analysis (FEA) programs have gained common acceptance among engineers in industry and researchers. The details of the finite element analysis of beam column joints retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer sheets (CFRP) carried out using the package ANSYS are presented in this paper. Three exterior reinforced concrete beam column joint specimens were modelled using ANSYS package. The first specimen is the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000. The second specimen which is also the control specimen. This had reinforcement as per code IS 13920:1993. The third specimen had reinforcement as per code IS 456:2000 and was retrofitted with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. During the analysis both the ends of column were hinged. Static load was applied at the free end of the cantilever beam up to a controlled load. The performance of the retrofitted beam column joint was compared with the control specimens and the results are presented in this paper.
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
This document discusses the fabrication of composite leaf springs for vehicle suspension systems. It aims to reduce vehicle weight through the use of composite materials like glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP) instead of conventional steel springs. The document outlines the manufacturing process of composite leaf springs using hand lay-up techniques with GFRP and epoxy. It also summarizes the advantages of composite leaf springs like reduced weight and corrosion resistance compared to steel, though their production cost is currently higher. Experimental testing showed composite leaf springs have lower deflection and bending stress than steel springs under the same loads.
This document describes the design and analysis of a leaf spring made of sisal fiber reinforced glass epoxy composite. It begins with an abstract that outlines the goal of replacing steel leaf springs with composites to reduce weight and increase fuel economy. It then reviews relevant literature on composite leaf springs. The objectives and methodology are described, including fabrication of composite specimens using hand layup. Tests are performed to determine material properties and compare different fiber volume fractions. A steel leaf spring is modeled and analyzed in ANSYS to determine stresses and deflection. A composite leaf spring is also modeled and tested experimentally to verify analytical and FEA results. The composite leaf spring shows stresses within acceptable limits for the material.
design and analysis of composite leaf spring for light weight vehicleEr Deepak Sharma
This document presents a study on the design and analysis of a composite leaf spring for a light weight vehicle to reduce weight. A CAD model of the leaf spring and suspension components was created in CATIA V5. The leaf spring was modeled from composite E-glass/epoxy and graphite epoxy materials and a steel spring. The springs were analyzed in ANSYS for deflection and stress. Results showed the graphite epoxy spring had the lowest deflection of 5.12mm and stress of 434.43MPa, making it a better material to reduce weight compared to the steel spring.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LEAF SPRING BY USING COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR LIGHT VEHI...IAEME Publication
The document describes the design and analysis of a composite leaf spring to replace the steel leaf spring on a Mahindra Commander 650 DI light vehicle. Leaf springs are commonly used for vehicle suspension but are heavy. The goal was to design a composite leaf spring using glass fiber reinforced polymer (E-glass/epoxy) that is lighter than the steel spring while maintaining stiffness. The composite leaf spring design was modeled in Pro/ENGINEER and analyzed in ANSYS software. Results showed the composite leaf spring design weighed 85% less than the steel design while meeting the stiffness requirements.
Analysis of Glass Epoxy Reinforced Monolithic Leaf SpringIJMER
This document summarizes a study analyzing glass epoxy reinforced monolithic leaf springs. It describes the design and analysis of composite leaf springs to replace conventional steel springs. Analytical calculations and ANSYS simulations were used to compare stresses, deflections, and failure properties. The results showed that composite leaf springs provided a 77.29% weight reduction over steel springs, with higher strain energy storage, lower stresses, and improved vibration characteristics, making them a suitable replacement for steel in vehicle suspension applications.
This document discusses replacing traditional leaf springs in vehicles with composite leaf springs made of fiberglass-reinforced plastic. It begins by introducing composite materials and their benefits of lighter weight, stiffness, and corrosion resistance. Leaf springs are then described as flat plates commonly used in heavy vehicles for suspension. Analysis was performed in ANSYS to compare the stress, strain, bending stress, and deformation of traditional steel leaf springs and composite leaf springs under different loads. The results show the composite leaf springs can reduce weight by around 60% while increasing fatigue life and providing benefits like better damping and corrosion resistance over steel springs.
Optimization of Heavy Vehicle Suspension System Using CompositesIOSR Journals
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Leaf
Springs are long and narrow plates attached to the frame of a trailer that rest above or below the trailer's axle.
There are mono leaf springs, or single-leaf springs, that consist of simply one plate of spring steel. These are
usually thick in the middle and taper out toward the end, and they don't typically offer too much strength and
suspension for towed vehicles. Drivers looking to tow heavier loads typically use multi leaf springs, which
consist of several leaf springs of varying length stacked on top of each other. The shorter the leaf spring, the
closer to the bottom it will be, giving it the same semielliptical shape a single leaf spring gets from being thicker
in the middle. The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with
fiberglass composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. In this thesis a leaf spring used in a heavy
vehicle is designed. While designing leaf spring following four cases are considered: by changing the thickness,
changing no. of leaves, changing camber and changing span .Present used material for leaf spring is Mild Steel.
The objective of this thesis is to compare the load carrying capacity, stiffness and weight savings of composite
leaf spring with that of steel leaf spring. The design constraints are stresses and deflections. In this thesis, the
material is replaced with composites since they are less dense than steel and have good strength. The strength
validation is done using FEA software ANSYS by structural analysis. Modal analysis is also done to determine
the frequencies. Analysis is done by layer stacking method for composites by changing number of layers 3, 5, 11
and 23. The composites used are Aramid Fiber and Glass Fiber
This document provides an introduction to composite materials. It outlines key composite material types including polymer matrix composites, metal matrix composites, ceramic matrix composites, and carbon matrix composites. It discusses common reinforcements such as fibers, particles, and fabrics. The document highlights properties of composites such as high strength to weight ratio, tailorable properties, and design flexibility. It also summarizes the history and applications of composites.
ALL ABOUT AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS MATERIAL .IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR TO KNOW ABOUT MATERIALS USED FOR AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS. AND ALSO THE PROCEDURE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS.
This document provides an overview of a lecture on composite materials. It defines composites as materials made of two or more constituents and discusses the various types of composite materials in terms of their matrices (such as polymer, metal, ceramic) and reinforcements (such as fibers, particles, flakes). The document also explains that composites are used because they offer advantages like lower density, higher strength, and versatility through tailored design. Finally, it states that composites are designed by comparing matrix and reinforcement properties to meet the specifications for a material's intended usage.
Composite materials are made by combining two or more materials to give unique properties. The document discusses the definition of composites, examples like fiberglass, the history from ancient Egyptians to modern plastics, the five basic types, properties depending on materials used, applications in aircraft and boats, advantages like strength and light weight, and disadvantages like cost fluctuations and lack of recyclability. It provides references for further information on composite materials.
The document provides an overview and agenda for a training on Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). It discusses the history and purpose of FMEAs, how they are used to systematically identify and prevent potential failures in products and processes, and the benefits of conducting FMEAs. The training will cover both Design FMEAs (DFMEA) and Process FMEAs (PFMEA) and include exercises for participants to work through.
Role of composites in automobile industryPushpajeet .
Composites are increasingly being used in the automobile industry to reduce weight and improve safety. Some key points:
- Composites allow for more flexible vehicle design while reducing weight compared to metals. This improves fuel efficiency and performance.
- The McLaren F1 was the first production car to use a carbon fiber composite chassis in 1995, starting the use of composites in high-end vehicles.
- Composites provide benefits like crash energy absorption and the ability to create complex 3D parts that improve safety, for example in crumple zones that absorb crash impacts. Their use is expected to grow 75% by 2020 due to these safety benefits.
Project powerpoint presentation on Materials used in automotive industries Vidyasagar Ghantoji
This document provides an overview of materials used in automotive industries. It discusses the chassis and frame, which is made of galvanized steel, aluminum, and other alloys. It also discusses the different types of frames like ladder, backbone, and monocoque frames. Other automotive components discussed include the engine, which uses materials like iron, steel, aluminum, and composites. Additional components and their materials mentioned include tires made of rubber, lights made of plastics, and an electrical system containing copper. The document concludes by acknowledging those who provided guidance for the project.
Materials for automotive body and chassis structure by sandeep mangukiyasandeep mangukiya
The document discusses materials used for automotive body and chassis structures. It outlines key requirements for these materials including lightweight, economic effectiveness, safety, and recyclability. Common materials discussed are steel, aluminum, magnesium, and various composites. Steel remains widely used due to its strength and crashworthiness. Aluminum and magnesium allow for weight reduction but have higher costs. Advanced composites further reduce weight but are also more expensive to produce.
Performance Comparative Analysis of S-Glass Epoxy Composite Leaf Spring with ...IOSR Journals
A leaf spring is a simple form of spring, commonly used for the suspension in wheeled vehicles. Leaf Springs are long and narrow plates attached to the frame of a trailer that rest above or below the trailer's axle. There are mono leaf springs, or single-leaf springs, that consist of simply one plate of spring steel. These are usually thick in the middle and taper out toward the end, and they don't typically offer too much strength and suspension for towed vehicles. Drivers looking to tow heavier loads typically use multi leaf springs, which consist of several leaf springs of varying length stacked on top of each other. The shorter the leaf spring, the closer to the bottom it will be, giving it the same semi elliptical shape a single leaf spring gets from being thicker in the middle. Presently leaf spring is made up with forged steel. In this paper, we designed leaf spring for the materials Mild Steel and composite material s-glass epoxy and compared their performance in terms of deflection, stress and vibration. We also checked the strength variations while changing layers. For validating this design, we conducted FEA Structural Analysis on both steel leaf spring and composite leaf spring.. Modal analysis is also done to compare vibration characteristics of steel and composite leaf springs
The document provides an overview of the Indian automobile industry, which manufactures over 11 million vehicles per year. It discusses key statistics such as production and export figures as well as segmentation of the market into segments like passenger vehicles, commercial vehicles, and two-wheelers. The automobile supply chain in India is also examined, with details provided on the roles of tier 1, 2, and 3 suppliers in delivering components to automakers.
An Overview of Disarray in Vibrational Analysis of Composite Leaf Spring Subj...IJMER
Most real-world phenomena exhibit nonlinear behavior. The behavior of steel leaf spring is
nonlinear. It is having relatively high weight, and change in solid axle angle due to weight transfer
specially during cornering of vehicle. That will lead to oversteer and directional instability under such
situation it is very difficult for driver to control vehicle. These are some defect of metallic leaf spring so
considering automobile development and importance of relative aspect such as fuel consumption,
weight, ride quality, and handling development of new material is necessary in the automobile industry.
In practice, engineering structures display a certain degree of nonlinearity, often due to a combination
of nonlinear material properties, geometric effects, structural joints and nonlinear boundary conditions.
Normally these effects are neglected by linearization in the intended working range. However, it
becomes increasingly more important to take the nonlinear effects into account. This paper tri
This document summarizes trends in automobiles from the past to present and future. In the past, cars had 3-4 cylinder engines running on petrol or diesel with rack and pinion steering and hard brakes. Now, cars have more efficient supercharged or turbocharged engines running on various fuels, with power steering, advanced braking systems, and safety features. In the future, vehicles will run cleaner and faster, using technologies like hybrid power and hydrogen fuel cells to improve fuel efficiency and reduce emissions.
The document summarizes research on the design and fabrication of hybrid composite springs. Five different types of springs were created using epoxy, glass fiber, and silk at varying volume fractions. Mechanical tests were conducted to evaluate the springs' performance. Literature on composite leaf springs, natural fiber composites, and fatigue testing of helical springs is also reviewed. The research aims to reduce vehicle weight through replacing traditional steel springs with lighter composite alternatives.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Pol...IJRES Journal
The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
The document evaluates the mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials made from metallic, carbon, and glass fibers reinforced with a polymer matrix. The composites are produced using hand layup and compression molding. Tensile, impact, flexural, and compression tests will be conducted according to various ASTM standards to determine the mechanical properties of the different fiber combinations. The goal is to develop a hybrid composite that can be used for automobile and sports applications.
A review on “Fabrication and mechanical characterization of composites using ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a review on the fabrication and mechanical characterization of composites using hemp and glass as reinforcement materials in a polyester resin matrix with cenosphere filler. The review discusses how hemp and glass fibers can provide good mechanical properties as reinforcements and how cenosphere filler can improve properties while lowering costs. Composite samples with varying weight fractions of hemp, glass, and filler were tested for tensile and flexural properties. Testing found that the natural fiber hemp polyester composites showed potential to replace conventional materials and allow for more sustainable green manufacturing.
Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF :...ijiert bestjournal
Composite materials (also called composition materials or shorte ned to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physi cal or chemical properties,that when combined,produce a material with characteristics different from the i ndividual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:common examples include materials which are stronger,lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades,the use of natural fibers as r einforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost,low density,hardness,higher fatigue endurance,good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness. The Asian markets have been using natural fibers for many years e.g.,jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fibers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. India is an agricultural country and it is the main stay of Indian economy. Thousa nds of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agric ultural wastes include wheat husk,rice husk,and their straw,hemp fiber and shells of various dry fruits. These ag ricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use.
Effects of Fiber Length and Loading on the Qualities of Fiber Reinforced Epox...AI Publications
Composite isn't a new word, it's a long time around. Due to its usage in several applications, it has risen in prominence over the last four to five decades. The main aim of the study is Effects of Fiber Length and Loading on the Qualities of Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites from Schumannianthus Dichotomus (Murta). The polymer matrix is made of Araldite AW106 epoxy resin and HV953U hardener. Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether with the same epoxy weight as 214 – 221 g eq-1 is included in Araldite AW106. The HV953U hardener includes 1,3-propylenediamine N-(3-dimethaminopropyl)-. Composite materials have a very adaptable component lay out above normal materials due to their clear strength, strength, and exhaustive characteristics.
Review Paper on Nanotechnology-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer compositesAdib Bin Rashid
Incorporating nanoparticles can significantly improve the performance and functionality of fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) composites. Different techniques exist for processing, testing, and implementing nanocomposites in various industries. Depending on these factors, these materials can be tailored to suit the specific applications of the automotive and aerospace industries, defence industries, biomedical and energy sectors etc. Nanotechnology offers several potential benefits for composites, including improved mechanical properties, surface modification, and sensing capabilities. This paper discusses the different types of nanoparticles, nanofibers, and nano-coating that can be used for reinforcement, surface modification, and property enhancement in FRP composites. It also examines the challenges associated with incorporating nanotechnology into composites and provides recommendations for potential opportunities in future work. This
study is intended to offer a comprehensive understanding of the current research on using nanotechnology in FRP composites and its potential impact on the composites industry
IRJET - Experimental Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Laminat...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of an experimental investigation into the mechanical properties of hybrid laminated composites reinforced with Kevlar, hemp fibers, and crab powder. Composites were fabricated with Kevlar fiber oriented at 0° and hemp fiber oriented at 0°, 30°, 45°, and 60° using hand layup. The tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the composites were then tested according to appropriate standards. The composite with hemp fiber oriented at 60° exhibited the highest tensile strength (281.194 N/mm^2), flexural strength (1632.1N/mm^2), and impact strength (8.66J). In general, properties improved with increasing he
IRJET- Study on Hybrid Glass/Carbon Fiber Reinforced Vinyl Ester Polymer Comp...IRJET Journal
This study examines hybrid glass/carbon fiber reinforced vinyl ester polymer composites. Glass fiber and carbon fibers are chosen as reinforcements for their properties, while vinyl ester resin is selected as the polymer matrix. The document provides background on these materials, including that glass fiber is low-cost and isotropic, carbon fiber is very stiff with low density, and vinyl ester resin has high strength and corrosion resistance. Previous research found that hybrid composites can achieve optimized properties by combining different fiber types and that fiber parameters like length, orientation, and diameter influence mechanical characteristics. The goal of this study is to investigate these hybrid composites and how fiber properties affect their mechanics.
Prepared a Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic board and determined the optimal drilling conditions that would cause the least delamination using Design of Experiments.
This document discusses a study on the effect of reinforcing high density polyethylene (HDPE) with keratin fibers from human hair. Short keratin fibers from human hair were used at 1% weight percentage to reinforce an HDPE matrix. The flexural strength and tensile strength of the keratin fiber composite were evaluated and compared to unreinforced HDPE. The goal of the study was to investigate the reinforcement effects of adding keratin fibers from human hair to an HDPE polymer matrix.
Study on Effect of Thickness and Fibre Orientation on a Tensile and Flexural ...IJERA Editor
This project presents the study of tensile, flexural & moisture absorption properties of composites made from S-glass, Carbon and E-glass fibre. The specimens are prepared using hand lay-up techniques as per ASTM standard for different thickness 2mm and 3mm and fibre orientation of 30º, 45º and 60º, where an attempt is made to study the properties of composite materials by composing the different materials together to obtain the desired properties by increasing the thickness and fibre orientation. By the variation of thickness tensile strength of hybrid composite is observed for each thickness and is compared with the finite element analysis results. The test ready specimens were subjected to tensile and flexural loads on UTM. This research indicates that tensile strength is mainly dependent on the fiber orientation & thickness of laminated polymer composites. The moisture absorption increases with the fibre, filler content and duration of immersion in water.
This document presents a study on the effect of thickness and fiber orientation on the tensile and flexural properties of a hybrid composite made from S-glass, carbon, and E-glass fibers. Specimens of different thicknesses (2mm and 3mm) and fiber orientations (30°, 45°, 60°) were prepared and tested according to ASTM standards. The test results showed that tensile strength was dependent on fiber orientation and thickness. Specifically, tensile strength increased with thickness and was highest at a 30° fiber orientation for both the 2mm and 3mm specimens.
A Study on Effect of Carbon and Ash Fillers on Flexural Properties in GFRP Co...IRJET Journal
The document studies the effect of carbon and ash fillers on the flexural properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composites were fabricated with hand layup using glass fibers, epoxy resin, and either carbon or ash fillers added at 10% by volume. Flexural testing found that composites with carbon filler had slightly higher flexural strength than composites with ash filler, but both fillers improved flexural strength over composites without filler. In conclusion, carbon and ash fillers can significantly increase the flexural strength of glass fiber epoxy composites when added at 10% by volume.
IRJET- Review on Materials used in Windmill Blade DesignIRJET Journal
This document summarizes materials used for wind turbine blade design. It discusses how composite materials are commonly used for blades and nacelles because they offer benefits like high stiffness, low density, and high fatigue life. The most important part of a wind turbine is the blade, which harnesses wind to produce energy, so the materials used must be efficient and durable. Composite materials have become widely used by manufacturers. The document also reviews different studies on materials used for blades and concludes that composites with carbon fibers provide the best combination of properties like strength and stiffness for large, offshore wind turbines.
INVESTIGATION ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HEMP-E GLASS FIBER REINFORCED POLYM...IAEME Publication
Natural fiber composite is currently a leading module in the world of composites. It is due to many of its features such as freely available, easy processing, low cost, ability to replace usage of Glass fiber (Synthetic fiber), better strength properties and ecofriendly. They find useful applications in various fields from domestic to automotive sector as of now. Natural fibers with good content of lignocellulose, low density, and better elongation percentage are chosen for manufacturing of composites of above mentioned applications. Unidirectional & Continuous natural fiber composites are said to be anisotropic and having predominant mechanical properties.
Characteristics of Murta Bast Fiber Reinforced Epoxy CompositesIJAEMSJORNAL
In daily applications, the composites may also be found. The most prevalent kind of life is concrete. Concrete is a gravel, sand and cement composite material. The main aim of the study is Characteristics of Murta Bast Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Epoxy resin and HV953U Hardensin from a nearby supplier were purchased and used in accordance with the provision. Bisphénol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) of the araldite AW106 has an epoxy of the same weight as the eq-1 (203–222 g). Increasing assembly of innovation alone is not enough, especially for composites, to overcome the cost barrier. For composites to be cut through with metals, it is crucial that an integrated application be made in plan, material, measure, tooling, quality verification, production and even programming
Design and Fe Analysis of Composite Grid Structure for Skin Stiffening Applic...IRJET Journal
This document describes a finite element analysis of composite grid structures for use in skin stiffening applications. It provides background on grid structures, noting that they are shell-like structures that support the skin of a structure. When made of composites, grid structures can reduce weight and uniformly distribute loads for aerospace applications. The study aims to analyze an orthogrid and isogrid composite plate using FEA to evaluate deflection, stress, and stiffness-to-weight ratio when the skin thickness is varied. An overview of finite element analysis and the steps involved in an FEA are also provided.
IRJET- Analysis and Improvement of Composite MaterialsIRJET Journal
This document discusses analysis and improvement of composite materials. It begins with an abstract that outlines how composite materials are increasingly being used and researched for applications in industries like aerospace, manufacturing, automobiles, and biomedical.
The document then provides background on composite materials, noting they are made of two or more materials combined to produce properties different from the individual components. It discusses some common fiber and matrix materials used in composites like glass, carbon, and polymers.
The document also examines terminology and basic properties of composites like volume fraction, density, and stress-strain behavior. It provides equations to calculate properties of composite materials based on the properties of the fibers and matrix.
Similar to DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HYBRID COMPOSITE SPRINGS (20)
Submission Deadline: 30th September 2022
Acceptance Notification: Within Three Days’ time period
Online Publication: Within 24 Hrs. time Period
Expected Date of Dispatch of Printed Journal: 5th October 2022
MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF SURFACE ROUGHNESS AND WHITE LATER THICKNESS IN WIRE-...IAEME Publication
White layer thickness (WLT) formed and surface roughness in wire electric discharge turning (WEDT) of tungsten carbide composite has been made to model through response surface methodology (RSM). A Taguchi’s standard Design of experiments involving five input variables with three levels has been employed to establish a mathematical model between input parameters and responses. Percentage of cobalt content, spindle speed, Pulse on-time, wire feed and pulse off-time were changed during the experimental tests based on the Taguchi’s orthogonal array L27 (3^13). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that the mathematical models obtained can adequately describe performance within the parameters of the factors considered. There was a good agreement between the experimental and predicted values in this study.
A STUDY ON THE REASONS FOR TRANSGENDER TO BECOME ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
The study explores the reasons for a transgender to become entrepreneurs. In this study transgender entrepreneur was taken as independent variable and reasons to become as dependent variable. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire containing a five point Likert Scale. The study examined the data of 30 transgender entrepreneurs in Salem Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State, India. Simple Random sampling technique was used. Garrett Ranking Technique (Percentile Position, Mean Scores) was used as the analysis for the present study to identify the top 13 stimulus factors for establishment of trans entrepreneurial venture. Economic advancement of a nation is governed upon the upshot of a resolute entrepreneurial doings. The conception of entrepreneurship has stretched and materialized to the socially deflated uncharted sections of transgender community. Presently transgenders have smashed their stereotypes and are making recent headlines of achievements in various fields of our Indian society. The trans-community is gradually being observed in a new light and has been trying to achieve prospective growth in entrepreneurship. The findings of the research revealed that the optimistic changes are taking place to change affirmative societal outlook of the transgender for entrepreneurial ventureship. It also laid emphasis on other transgenders to renovate their traditional living. The paper also highlights that legislators, supervisory body should endorse an impartial canons and reforms in Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board Association.
BROAD UNEXPOSED SKILLS OF TRANSGENDER ENTREPRENEURSIAEME Publication
Since ages gender difference is always a debatable theme whether caused by nature, evolution or environment. The birth of a transgender is dreadful not only for the child but also for their parents. The pain of living in the wrong physique and treated as second class victimized citizen is outrageous and fully harboured with vicious baseless negative scruples. For so long, social exclusion had perpetuated inequality and deprivation experiencing ingrained malign stigma and besieged victims of crime or violence across their life spans. They are pushed into the murky way of life with a source of eternal disgust, bereft sexual potency and perennial fear. Although they are highly visible but very little is known about them. The common public needs to comprehend the ravaged arrogance on these insensitive souls and assist in integrating them into the mainstream by offering equal opportunity, treat with humanity and respect their dignity. Entrepreneurship in the current age is endorsing the gender fairness movement. Unstable careers and economic inadequacy had inclined one of the gender variant people called Transgender to become entrepreneurs. These tiny budding entrepreneurs resulted in economic transition by means of employment, free from the clutches of stereotype jobs, raised standard of living and handful of financial empowerment. Besides all these inhibitions, they were able to witness a platform for skill set development that ignited them to enter into entrepreneurial domain. This paper epitomizes skill sets involved in trans-entrepreneurs of Thoothukudi Municipal Corporation of Tamil Nadu State and is a groundbreaking determination to sightsee various skills incorporated and the impact on entrepreneurship.
DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE USER'S INTENTION TO USE MOBILE BANKING APPLICATIONSIAEME Publication
The banking and financial services industries are experiencing increased technology penetration. Among them, the banking industry has made technological advancements to better serve the general populace. The economy focused on transforming the banking sector's system into a cashless, paperless, and faceless one. The researcher wants to evaluate the user's intention for utilising a mobile banking application. The study also examines the variables affecting the user's behaviour intention when selecting specific applications for financial transactions. The researcher employed a well-structured questionnaire and a descriptive study methodology to gather the respondents' primary data utilising the snowball sampling technique. The study includes variables like performance expectations, effort expectations, social impact, enabling circumstances, and perceived risk. Each of the aforementioned variables has a major impact on how users utilise mobile banking applications. The outcome will assist the service provider in comprehending the user's history with mobile banking applications.
ANALYSE THE USER PREDILECTION ON GPAY AND PHONEPE FOR DIGITAL TRANSACTIONSIAEME Publication
Technology upgradation in banking sector took the economy to view that payment mode towards online transactions using mobile applications. This system enabled connectivity between banks, Merchant and user in a convenient mode. there are various applications used for online transactions such as Google pay, Paytm, freecharge, mobikiwi, oxygen, phonepe and so on and it also includes mobile banking applications. The study aimed at evaluating the predilection of the user in adopting digital transaction. The study is descriptive in nature. The researcher used random sample techniques to collect the data. The findings reveal that mobile applications differ with the quality of service rendered by Gpay and Phonepe. The researcher suggest the Phonepe application should focus on implementing the application should be user friendly interface and Gpay on motivating the users to feel the importance of request for money and modes of payments in the application.
VOICE BASED ATM FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED USING ARDUINOIAEME Publication
The prototype of a voice-based ATM for visually impaired using Arduino is to help people who are blind. This uses RFID cards which contain users fingerprint encrypted on it and interacts with the users through voice commands. ATM operates when sensor detects the presence of one person in the cabin. After scanning the RFID card, it will ask to select the mode like –normal or blind. User can select the respective mode through voice input, if blind mode is selected the balance check or cash withdraw can be done through voice input. Normal mode procedure is same as the existing ATM.
IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE ON HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AMONG...IAEME Publication
There is increasing acceptability of emotional intelligence as a major factor in personality assessment and effective human resource management. Emotional intelligence as the ability to build capacity, empathize, co-operate, motivate and develop others cannot be divorced from both effective performance and human resource management systems. The human person is crucial in defining organizational leadership and fortunes in terms of challenges and opportunities and walking across both multinational and bilateral relationships. The growing complexity of the business world requires a great deal of self-confidence, integrity, communication, conflict and diversity management to keep the global enterprise within the paths of productivity and sustainability. Using the exploratory research design and 255 participants the result of this original study indicates strong positive correlation between emotional intelligence and effective human resource management. The paper offers suggestions on further studies between emotional intelligence and human capital development and recommends for conflict management as an integral part of effective human resource management.
VISUALISING AGING PARENTS & THEIR CLOSE CARERS LIFE JOURNEY IN AGING ECONOMYIAEME Publication
Our life journey, in general, is closely defined by the way we understand the meaning of why we coexist and deal with its challenges. As we develop the "inspiration economy", we could say that nearly all of the challenges we have faced are opportunities that help us to discover the rest of our journey. In this note paper, we explore how being faced with the opportunity of being a close carer for an aging parent with dementia brought intangible discoveries that changed our insight of the meaning of the rest of our life journey.
A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PERFO...IAEME Publication
The main objective of this study is to analyze the impact of aspects of Organizational Culture on the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System (PMS) in the Health Care Organization at Thanjavur. Organizational Culture and PMS play a crucial role in present-day organizations in achieving their objectives. PMS needs employees’ cooperation to achieve its intended objectives. Employees' cooperation depends upon the organization’s culture. The present study uses exploratory research to examine the relationship between the Organization's culture and the Effectiveness of the Performance Management System. The study uses a Structured Questionnaire to collect the primary data. For this study, Thirty-six non-clinical employees were selected from twelve randomly selected Health Care organizations at Thanjavur. Thirty-two fully completed questionnaires were received.
Living in 21st century in itself reminds all of us the necessity of police and its administration. As more and more we are entering into the modern society and culture, the more we require the services of the so called ‘Khaki Worthy’ men i.e., the police personnel. Whether we talk of Indian police or the other nation’s police, they all have the same recognition as they have in India. But as already mentioned, their services and requirements are different after the like 26th November, 2008 incidents, where they without saving their own lives has sacrificed themselves without any hitch and without caring about their respective family members and wards. In other words, they are like our heroes and mentors who can guide us from the darkness of fear, militancy, corruption and other dark sides of life and so on. Now the question arises, if Gandhi would have been alive today, what would have been his reaction/opinion to the police and its functioning? Would he have some thing different in his mind now what he had been in his mind before the partition or would he be going to start some Satyagraha in the form of some improvement in the functioning of the police administration? Really these questions or rather night mares can come to any one’s mind, when there is too much confusion is prevailing in our minds, when there is too much corruption in the society and when the polices working is also in the questioning because of one or the other case throughout the India. It is matter of great concern that we have to thing over our administration and our practical approach because the police personals are also like us, they are part and parcel of our society and among one of us, so why we all are pin pointing towards them.
A STUDY ON TALENT MANAGEMENT AND ITS IMPACT ON EMPLOYEE RETENTION IN SELECTED...IAEME Publication
The goal of this study was to see how talent management affected employee retention in the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The fundamental issue was the difficulty to attract, hire, and retain talented personnel who perform well and the gap between supply and demand of talent acquisition and retaining them within the firms. The study's main goals were to determine the impact of talent management on employee retention in IT companies in Chennai, investigate talent management strategies that IT companies could use to improve talent acquisition, performance management, career planning and formulate retention strategies that the IT firms could use. The respondents were given a structured close-ended questionnaire with the 5 Point Likert Scale as part of the study's quantitative research design. The target population consisted of 289 IT professionals. The questionnaires were distributed and collected by the researcher directly. The Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to collect and analyse the questionnaire responses. Hypotheses that were formulated for the various areas of the study were tested using a variety of statistical tests. The key findings of the study suggested that talent management had an impact on employee retention. The studies also found that there is a clear link between the implementation of talent management and retention measures. Management should provide enough training and development for employees, clarify job responsibilities, provide adequate remuneration packages, and recognise employees for exceptional performance.
ATTRITION IN THE IT INDUSTRY DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LINKING EMOTIONAL INTE...IAEME Publication
Globally, Millions of dollars were spent by the organizations for employing skilled Information Technology (IT) professionals. It is costly to replace unskilled employees with IT professionals possessing technical skills and competencies that aid in interconnecting the business processes. The organization’s employment tactics were forced to alter by globalization along with technological innovations as they consistently diminish to remain lean, outsource to concentrate on core competencies along with restructuring/reallocate personnel to gather efficiency. As other jobs, organizations or professions have become reasonably more appropriate in a shifting employment landscape, the above alterations trigger both involuntary as well as voluntary turnover. The employee view on jobs is also afflicted by the COVID-19 pandemic along with the employee-driven labour market. So, having effective strategies is necessary to tackle the withdrawal rate of employees. By associating Emotional Intelligence (EI) along with Talent Management (TM) in the IT industry, the rise in attrition rate was analyzed in this study. Only 303 respondents were collected out of 350 participants to whom questionnaires were distributed. From the employees of IT organizations located in Bangalore (India), the data were congregated. A simple random sampling methodology was employed to congregate data as of the respondents. Generating the hypothesis along with testing is eventuated. The effect of EI and TM along with regression analysis between TM and EI was analyzed. The outcomes indicated that employee and Organizational Performance (OP) were elevated by effective EI along with TM.
INFLUENCE OF TALENT MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE A STUD...IAEME Publication
By implementing talent management strategy, organizations would have the option to retain their skilled professionals while additionally working on their overall performance. It is the course of appropriately utilizing the ideal individuals, setting them up for future top positions, exploring and dealing with their performance, and holding them back from leaving the organization. It is employee performance that determines the success of every organization. The firm quickly obtains an upper hand over its rivals in the event that its employees having particular skills that cannot be duplicated by the competitors. Thus, firms are centred on creating successful talent management practices and processes to deal with the unique human resources. Firms are additionally endeavouring to keep their top/key staff since on the off chance that they leave; the whole store of information leaves the firm's hands. The study's objective was to determine the impact of talent management on organizational performance among the selected IT organizations in Chennai. The study recommends that talent management limitedly affects performance. On the off chance that this talent is appropriately management and implemented properly, organizations might benefit as much as possible from their maintained assets to support development and productivity, both monetarily and non-monetarily.
A STUDY OF VARIOUS TYPES OF LOANS OF SELECTED PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR BANKS...IAEME Publication
Banking regulations act of India, 1949 defines banking as “acceptance of deposits for the purpose of lending or investment from the public, repayment on demand or otherwise and withdrawable through cheques, drafts order or otherwise”, the major participants of the Indian financial system are commercial banks, the financial institution encompassing term lending institutions. Investments institutions, specialized financial institution and the state level development banks, non banking financial companies (NBFC) and other market intermediaries such has the stock brokers and money lenders are among the oldest of the certain variants of NBFC and the oldest market participants. The asset quality of banks is one of the most important indicators of their financial health. The Indian banking sector has been facing severe problems of increasing Non- Performing Assets (NPAs). The NPAs growth directly and indirectly affects the quality of assets and profitability of banks. It also shows the efficiency of banks credit risk management and the recovery effectiveness. NPA do not generate any income, whereas, the bank is required to make provisions for such as assets that why is a double edge weapon. This paper outlines the concept of quality of bank loans of different types like Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of selected public and private sector banks. This study is highlighting problems associated with the role of commercial bank in financing Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). The overall objective of the research was to assess the effect of the financing provisions existing for the setting up and operations of MSMEs in the country and to generate recommendations for more robust financing mechanisms for successful operation of the MSMEs, in turn understanding the impact of MSME loans on financial institutions due to NPA. There are many research conducted on the topic of Non- Performing Assets (NPA) Management, concerning particular bank, comparative study of public and private banks etc. In this paper the researcher is considering the aggregate data of selected public sector and private sector banks and attempts to compare the NPA of Housing, Agriculture and MSME loans in state Haryana of public and private sector banks. The tools used in the study are average and Anova test and variance. The findings reveal that NPA is common problem for both public and private sector banks and is associated with all types of loans either that is housing loans, agriculture loans and loans to SMES. NPAs of both public and private sector banks show the increasing trend. In 2010-11 GNPA of public and private sector were at same level it was 2% but after 2010-11 it increased in many fold and at present there is GNPA in some more than 15%. It shows the dark area of Indian banking sector.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MECHANICAL AND TRIBOLOGICAL RELATION OF NYLON/BaSO4 POL...IAEME Publication
An experiment conducted in this study found that BaSO4 changed Nylon 6's mechanical properties. By changing the weight ratios, BaSO4 was used to make Nylon 6. This Researcher looked into how hard Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites are and how well they wear. Experiments were done based on Taguchi design L9. Nylon-6/BaSO4 composites can be tested for their hardness number using a Rockwell hardness testing apparatus. On Nylon/BaSO4, the wear behavior was measured by a wear monitor, pinon-disc friction by varying reinforcement, sliding speed, and sliding distance, and the microstructure of the crack surfaces was observed by SEM. This study provides significant contributions to ultimate strength by increasing BaSO4 content up to 16% in the composites, and sliding speed contributes 72.45% to the wear rate
ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND ...IAEME Publication
The majority of the population in India lives in villages. The village is the back bone of the country. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Developing the rural economy is one of the key indicators towards a country’s success. Whether it be the need to look after the welfare of the farmers or invest in rural infrastructure, Governments have to ensure that rural development isn’t compromised. The economic development of our country largely depends on the progress of rural areas and the standard of living of rural masses. Village or rural industries play an important role in the national economy, particularly in the rural development. Rural entrepreneurship is based on stimulating local entrepreneurial talent and the subsequent growth of indigenous enterprises. It recognizes opportunity in the rural areas and accelerates a unique blend of resources either inside or outside of agriculture. Rural entrepreneurship brings an economic value to the rural sector by creating new methods of production, new markets, new products and generate employment opportunities thereby ensuring continuous rural development. Social Entrepreneurship has the direct and primary objective of serving the society along with the earning profits. So, social entrepreneurship is different from the economic entrepreneurship as its basic objective is not to earn profits but for providing innovative solutions to meet the society needs which are not taken care by majority of the entrepreneurs as they are in the business for profit making as a sole objective. So, the Social Entrepreneurs have the huge growth potential particularly in the developing countries like India where we have huge societal disparities in terms of the financial positions of the population. Still 22 percent of the Indian population is below the poverty line and also there is disparity among the rural & urban population in terms of families living under BPL. 25.7 percent of the rural population & 13.7 percent of the urban population is under BPL which clearly shows the disparity of the poor people in the rural and urban areas. The need to develop social entrepreneurship in agriculture is dictated by a large number of social problems. Such problems include low living standards, unemployment, and social tension. The reasons that led to the emergence of the practice of social entrepreneurship are the above factors. The research problem lays upon disclosing the importance of role of social entrepreneurship in rural development of India. The paper the tendencies of social entrepreneurship in India, to present successful examples of such business for providing recommendations how to improve situation in rural areas in terms of social entrepreneurship development. Indian government has made some steps towards development of social enterprises, social entrepreneurship, and social in- novation, but a lot remains to be improved.
OPTIMAL RECONFIGURATION OF POWER DISTRIBUTION RADIAL NETWORK USING HYBRID MET...IAEME Publication
Distribution system is a critical link between the electric power distributor and the consumers. Most of the distribution networks commonly used by the electric utility is the radial distribution network. However in this type of network, it has technical issues such as enormous power losses which affect the quality of the supply. Nowadays, the introduction of Distributed Generation (DG) units in the system help improve and support the voltage profile of the network as well as the performance of the system components through power loss mitigation. In this study network reconfiguration was done using two meta-heuristic algorithms Particle Swarm Optimization and Gravitational Search Algorithm (PSO-GSA) to enhance power quality and voltage profile in the system when simultaneously applied with the DG units. Backward/Forward Sweep Method was used in the load flow analysis and simulated using the MATLAB program. Five cases were considered in the Reconfiguration based on the contribution of DG units. The proposed method was tested using IEEE 33 bus system. Based on the results, there was a voltage profile improvement in the system from 0.9038 p.u. to 0.9594 p.u.. The integration of DG in the network also reduced power losses from 210.98 kW to 69.3963 kW. Simulated results are drawn to show the performance of each case.
APPLICATION OF FRUGAL APPROACH FOR PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT - A CASE STUDY OF...IAEME Publication
Manufacturing industries have witnessed an outburst in productivity. For productivity improvement manufacturing industries are taking various initiatives by using lean tools and techniques. However, in different manufacturing industries, frugal approach is applied in product design and services as a tool for improvement. Frugal approach contributed to prove less is more and seems indirectly contributing to improve productivity. Hence, there is need to understand status of frugal approach application in manufacturing industries. All manufacturing industries are trying hard and putting continuous efforts for competitive existence. For productivity improvements, manufacturing industries are coming up with different effective and efficient solutions in manufacturing processes and operations. To overcome current challenges, manufacturing industries have started using frugal approach in product design and services. For this study, methodology adopted with both primary and secondary sources of data. For primary source interview and observation technique is used and for secondary source review has done based on available literatures in website, printed magazines, manual etc. An attempt has made for understanding application of frugal approach with the study of manufacturing industry project. Manufacturing industry selected for this project study is Mahindra and Mahindra Ltd. This paper will help researcher to find the connections between the two concepts productivity improvement and frugal approach. This paper will help to understand significance of frugal approach for productivity improvement in manufacturing industry. This will also help to understand current scenario of frugal approach in manufacturing industry. In manufacturing industries various process are involved to deliver the final product. In the process of converting input in to output through manufacturing process productivity plays very critical role. Hence this study will help to evolve status of frugal approach in productivity improvement programme. The notion of frugal can be viewed as an approach towards productivity improvement in manufacturing industries.
A MULTIPLE – CHANNEL QUEUING MODELS ON FUZZY ENVIRONMENTIAEME Publication
In this paper, we investigated a queuing model of fuzzy environment-based a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) and study its performance under realistic conditions. It applies a nonagonal fuzzy number to analyse the relevant performance of a multiple channel queuing model (M/M/C) ( /FCFS). Based on the sub interval average ranking method for nonagonal fuzzy number, we convert fuzzy number to crisp one. Numerical results reveal that the efficiency of this method. Intuitively, the fuzzy environment adapts well to a multiple channel queuing models (M/M/C) ( /FCFS) are very well.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
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dimensions on heating or cooling. The foregoing sections of this paper concern the properties of unidirectional plies
reinforced with fibers of a certain type - glass, carbon, aramid, silk etc.
1.2 GLASS FIBER
Glass fibres are manufactured by drawing molten glass into very fine threads and then immediately protecting
them from contact with the atmosphere or with hard surfaces in order to preserve the defect free structure that is created
by the drawing process. Glass fibres are as strong as any of the newer inorganic fibres but they lack rigidity on account of
their molecular structure. The properties of glasses can be modified to a limited extent by changing the chemical
composition of the glass, but the only glass used to any great extent in composite materials is ordinary borosilicate glass,
known as E-glass. The largest volume usage of composite materials involves E-glass as the reinforcement. S-glass (called
R-glass in France) has somewhat better properties than E-glass, including higher thermal stability, but its higher cost has
limited the extent of its use. Authors [5] have recently described the properties of experimental calcium aluminate glass
fibres with stiffnesses as high as 180GPa.
1.3 SILK
Silk is natural protein fiber, some forms of which can be woven into textiles. The protein fiber of silk is
composed mainly of fibroin and produced by certain insect larvae to form cocoons. The shimmering appearance of silk is
due to the triangular prism-like structure of the silk fiber, which allows silk cloth to refract incoming light at different
angles, thus producing different colors. Silks are produced by several other insects, but generally only the silk of moth
caterpillars has been used to textile manufacturing. There has been some research into others silks, which differ at the
molecular level. Many silks are mainly produced by the larvae of insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, but some
adult insects such as web spinners produce silk, and some insects such as raspy crickets produce silk throughout their
lives. Silk production also occurs in Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, and ants), silverfish, mayflies, thrips, leafhoppers,
beetles, lacewings fleas, files and midges. Other types of arthropod produce silk, most notably various arachnids as
spiders.
2. SPRINGS
A spring is defined as an elastic machine element, which deflects under the action of the load & returns to its
original shape when the load is removed. Mechanical springs are used in machine designs to exert force, provide
flexibility, and to store or absorb energy. Springs are manufactured for many different applications such as compression,
extension, torsion, power, and constant force. Depending on the application, the fuel efficiency and emission gas
regulations of automobiles are two important issues in these days. The best way to increase the fuel efficiency is to
reduce the weight of the automobiles by employing composite materials in the structure of the automobiles. Metal
springs can be can be replaced by composite springs because of weight reduction and corrosion resistance. Metal coil
spring cannot withstand high temperature. At high temperature where it is required to operate composite springs are used.
Metal springs are several advantages, they are very cheap to produce and can be produced in almost all kinds of and in a
very broad range of stiffness. Since the composite materials are anisotropic in nature, the design and manufacture of
composite springs are difficult. Therefore the application of composite materials in springs is not yet popular. For the
purpose of saving energy and improving the performance of the shock absorbers, with light weight and high quality,
composite materials have to be used for today’s vehicles. With the more no of electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles are
entering in to the market in the present scenario, it has become essential to go for the light components for improving the
efficiency. Generally, simple replacement of steel parts by composite materials yields significant weight savings, but as
with many new materials, design and manufacturing problems arises; for example the change from relatively isotropic-
homogeneous steel alloys to anisotropic inhomogeneous fiber reinforcement plastic (FRP). As a result, it is not an easy
task to replace steel by composite materials [5]. Engineers can design a metal suspension and to use composite spring
only for its spring properties. This allows very refined mechanical suspension concept composite spring by vertical load
control.
4. LITERATURE REVIEW
Sample literature is available on the composite leaf blades. Ramakrishna describes the recent developments of
natural fiber reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Natural fibers are of low-cost, recyclable, and eco-friendly
materials. Due to eco-friendly and bio-degradability characteristics of these natural fibers, they are considered as strong
candidates to replace the conventional glass and carbon fibers. The chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of
natural fibers have distinct properties; depending upon the cellulosic content of the fibers which varies from fiber to fiber.
The mechanical properties of composites are influenced mainly by the adhesion between matrix and fibers. Chemical and
physical modification methods were incorporated to improve the fiber–matrix adhesion resulting in the enhancement of
mechanical properties of the composites. The chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of natural fibers have
distinct properties cellulose content of these fibers varies from fiber to fiber. The moisture content lowers the mechanical
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properties. The mechanical properties of composites are influenced mainly by the adhesion between matrix and fibers. As
in the case of glass-fibers, the adhesion properties can be changed by pre-treating the fibers[6]. Girisha &
Sanjeevamurthy have investigate the tensile properties of composites made by reinforcing sisal, coconut spathe and ridge
gourd as the new natural fibers into epoxy resin matrix. The natural fibers extracted by retting and manual processes were
subjected to alkali treatment. The composites fabricated consist of reinforcement in the hybrid combination like sisal-
coconut spathe, sisal-ridge gourd and coconut spathe-ridge gourd with the weight fraction of fibers varying from 5% to
30%. It has been observed that the tensile properties increase with the increase in the weight fraction of fibers to certain
extent and then decreases. The hybridization of the reinforcement in the composite shows greater tensile strength when
compared to individual type of natural fibers reinforced. The incorporation of natural fibers such as Sisal (in the form of
fibers), Ridge gourd (in the form of natural woven mat), and Coconut leaf sheath (in the form of natural woven mat) in to
the Epoxy matrix shows the moderate improvement in the tensile properties of the composites [7]. Mahmood M etal used
four-leaf steel spring in the rear suspension system of light vehicles is analyzed using ANSYS software. Using the results
of the steel leaf spring, a composite one made from fiberglass with epoxy resin is designed and optimized using ANSYS.
Main considerations given to the optimization of the spring geometry. The objective was to obtain a spring with
minimum weight that is capable of carrying given static external forces without failure. The stresses in the composite leaf
spring are much lower than that of the steel spring. Compared to the steel leaf spring the optimized composite leaf spring
without eye units weights nearly 80% less than the steel spring. The natural frequency of composite leaf spring is higher
than that of the steel leaf spring and is far enough from the road frequency to avoid the resonance[8]. Siddaramanna etal
have observed single leaf with variable thickness and width for constant cross sectional area of unidirectional glass fiber
reinforced plastic (GFRP) with similar mechanical and geometrical properties to the multi leaf spring, was designed,
fabricated (hand-layup technique) and tested. Computer algorithm using C-language has been used for the design of
constant cross-section leaf spring. The results showed that an spring width decreases hyperbolically and thickness
increases linearly from the spring eyes towards the axle seat. The finite element results using ANSYS software showing
stresses and deflections were verified with analytical and experimental results. The design constraints were stresses
(Tsai-Wu failure criterion) and displacement. Compared to the steel spring, the composite spring has stresses that are
much lower, the natural frequency is higher and the spring weight is nearly 85 % lower with bonded end joint and with
complete eye unit. The development of a composite mono leaf spring having constant cross sectional area, where the
stress level at any station in the leaf spring is considered constant due to the parabolic type of the thickness of the spring,
has proved to be very effective[9].
Santhosh Kumar & VimalTeja demonstrated to composite structures for conventional metallic structures has
many advantages due to higher specific stiffness and strength of composites. The automobile industry has shown
increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with fiberglass composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight
ratio. This work deals with the replacement of conventional steel leaf spring with a Mono Composite leaf spring using E-
Glass/Epoxy. The design parameters were selected and analyzed with the objective of minimizing weight of the
composite leaf spring as compared to the steel leaf spring. It was observed that the deflection in the composite leaf spring
was almost equal so we can say that composite spring had the same stiffness as that of steel spring. Chang& Chung in
their study comprising of four different types of helical composite springs were made of structures including
unidirectional laminates (AU),rubber core unidirectional laminates (UR), unidirectional laminates with a braided outer
layer (BU), and rubber core unidirectional laminates with a braided outer layer (BUR), respectively. They were aims to
investigate the effects of rubber core and braided outer layer on the mechanical properties of the aforementioned four
helical springs. According to the experimental results, the helical composite spring with a rubber core can increase its
failure load in compression by about 12%; while the spring with a braided outer layer cannot only increase its failure load
in compression by about 18%, but also improve the spring constant by approximately 16%. The helical spring with a
BUR structure has the highest mechanical properties among those considered herein, its failure load in compression
approximately equals 336.2 kgf, and the spring constant is almost 16.27 kgf/mm.The four kinds of helical composite
springs have been developed in this study, and they are lighter and stiffer than the spring made of a commonly used
spring steel (both its spring constant and weight are about 7.8 kgf/ mm and 498.59 g, respectively, of the same volume as
the helical composite springs designed in this study [10].AfyonKocatepe highlighted the effectiveness of composite disc
springs with different cross-section and hybrid type are determined by taking load capacities, masses, hybridization
characteristics and costs of composite disc springs in to account. The disc springs were analyzed with finite elements
program by compressing between two rigid plates. The load-deflection characteristics obtained as a result of the analysis
are compared with the analytic and experimental studies. Then different cross-section and hybrid composite disc springs
were modeled. The trapeze A disc spring were confirmed to be more advantageous in terms of load capacity and mass by
investigating the modeled disc springs. The effect of hybridization on hybrid disc springs with standard cross-section was
investigated and optimum hybrid disc spring was determined according to cost and maximum loading capacity.
Consequently, it is determined that carbon/epoxy plies used for outer layers are more advantageous. But the outer ply
subjected to force was damaged this layer should be particularly reinforced being stressed in the paper [11]. Singh etal
provided the information about the fatigue stress for the helical compression spring. Springs are mechanical shock
absorber system. The researchers throughout the years had given various research methods such on Theoretical,
numerical and experimental. Researchers employ the Theoretical, Numerical and FEM methods. The study showed that
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shear stress and deflection equation is used for calculating the number of active turns and mean diameter in helical
compression springs. Comparison of the theoretical values obtained result by the shear stress equation to the Finite
Element Analysis result of helical compression springs is the mode of our present work, by this analysis it will be
possible in future assist to designers to design of spring against fatigue conditions [12]. Bruno Kaiser & Christina Berger
presents results of fatigue tests on a variety of helical springs up to 107 cycles. These results were obtained in a research
project which extensively investigated the fatigue properties of helical springs with five different wire diameters (1, 2, 3,
5 and 8 mm) up to 107 cycles. The test springs for this project were made out of six different spring materials, two
patented cold drawn unallied spring steel wires, two oil hardened and tempered spring steel wires and two stainless
spring steel wires. After having completed these fatigue investigations limited at 107 cycles, some long term fatigue tests
on shot preened helical compression springs were operated, in one case up to a maximum number of 1.5 x 109 cycles.
The fatigue range of shot preened helical compression springs made of oil hardened and tempered Cr-Si-alloyed spring
steel wires shows a significant decrease in the extremely high cycle region. Further investigations are necessary to better
understand and possibly prevent these failures.
4. MATERIALS AND METHODS
4.1 Materials
The fibers chosen for the spring design with Silk, E-glass in the form of mat due to their high extensibility, In
order to facilitate the wetting of fibers, epoxy resin with 2 h pot life is selected. L-12/K-6 Lapox epoxy system for
laminating applications is used.
4.2 Fabrication
The constant cross section (1150*50*6 mm) design is selected due to its capability for mass production, and to
accommodate continuous reinforcement of fibers and also it is quite suitable for hand lay-up technique.
Many techniques can be suggested for the fabrication of composite leaf spring from unidirectional GFRP.
Composite leaf spring was fabricated using wet filament winding technique. In the present work, the hand lay-up process
was employed.
The templates (mould die) were made from wood (fig.1) according to the desired profile. The glass fibers and
silk were cut to the desired lengths, so that they can be deposited on the template layer by layer during fabrication. In the
conventional hand lay-up technique, a releasing agent (PVA) was applied uniformly to the mould which had good
surface finish. This is followed by the uniform application of epoxy resin over glass fiber. Another layer is layered and
epoxy resin is applied and a roller is using for removing all the trapped air.
Fig.1: Wooden die
Specimens are prepared with variation of constituent layers according to the calculated volume fraction. After
the layers are laid up a Teflon layer to which PVA is applied and kept is placed on it followed by a steel plate. Further
compaction pressure is applied as shown in figure 2.It is kept for curing at atmospheric temperature for 18 hours then it is
taken out as shown in figure 3. Figure 4 shows the various specimens made up of various volume fractions.
Fig. 2: compression after lay up
5. Proceedings of the 2nd
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17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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Fig. 3: (a) laying up of steel plate after layup (b) Removal of spring
Fig. 4: (a) fabricated specimen before trimming (b) fabricated specimen after trimming (c) fabricated specimen
after trimming at the eye section
5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Tensile test
Fig.5: a) Tensile testing setup b) Fractured Tensile Specimens
Table 1: Tensile Test Values
Specimen Type 40:45:15 40:30:30 40:15:45 50E:50GF 50E:50S
Young’s Modulus
(MPa)
19982.54 15914.31 9759.88 16055.76 4239.03
Ultimate Tensile
strength (MPa)
371.19 288.17 182.44 312.45 53.87
Table 1 shows the Modulus and UTS values of the tensile tested specimens. Most of the specimens failed in the
specified gauge length and almost at the mid section.
The highest modulus values are observed in 40:45:15 and the lowest modulus and UTS is observed for silk fibre
reinforced composites. In the present work, the hybridization effect over 50% volume fraction of silk fibre does not show
any improvement in the characteristic properties.
a b
a
b
c
a
6. Proceedings of the 2nd
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17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
138
Fig.6: Stress Vs strain graph
Fig 6 shows the stress-strain variations and it is observed that the stress increases linearly and drops suddenly
and instantaneously as the specimen anticipates the fiber fracture. The non linearity in the stress-strain curve may be due
to matrix crack accumulations, which can be considered as the failure initiation. The highest modulus for the specimen
40:45:15, may be due to its better fiber nesting architecture.
5.2 Flexural Test (3 Point Bending)
The flexural test (3-Point Bending) has been conducted by using bending test fixtures on computerized UTM.
The Load v/s Deflection curves for the specimens 40:45:15, 40:30:30, 40:15:45, 50E:50GF and 50E:50S has been plotted
and shown in Fig.8.
Fig. 7: (a) Specimen under 3PB set up, (b) Post flexural test specimens
Fig. 8: Stress v/s strain behavior
a b
7. Proceedings of the 2nd
International Conference on Current Trends in Engineering and Management ICCTEM -2014
17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
139
Fig 8 shows the stress-strain variations and it is observed that the stress increases linearly and drops suddenly
and instantaneously as the specimen anticipates the fiber fracture. The non linearity in the stress-strain curve may be due
to matrix crack accumulations, which can be considered as the failure initiation. The highest modulus for the specimen
40:45:15, may be due to its better fiber nesting architecture.
5.3 Interlaminar Shear Strength (ILSS) Test
The values of inter-laminar shear strength (ILSS) for the different composite laminate were obtained using the
equation 1.
ILSS = )1.(
75.0
eqn
bxt
P
−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−
Where, P = Maximum bending load,
b = breadth,
t = thickness.
The composition 50E:50GF has showed highest inter-laminar strength owing to 40:30:30 and 40:45:15 by 18.
80 % and 8.25%. The variation of the inter-laminar shear strength of the chosen specimens are shown in Fig. 9
40:45:15 40:30:30 40:15:45 50E:50GF 50E:50S
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
INTERLAMINARSHEARSTRENGTH(N/mm2)
SPECIMEN TYPE
ILSS
.
Fig. 9: Comparison of Interlaminar Shear Strength of Composites
5.4 Specimens Weight Comparison
Table 2: Specimens weight comparison values
Existing Leaf Spring (gm) Fabricated composite leaf blades
2750
40:45:15 40:30:30 40:15:45 50E:50GF 50E:50S
870 710 615 795 505
Weight Reduction (%) 68% 74% 77% 71% 82%
6. CONCLUSION
Manual hand layup methodology is used to synthesize composite leaf blades effectively with minimum flaws.
Flexural and tensile properties are better for 40:45:15 specimen.
The present work infers that 40:45:15 yields best hybridization ratio.
The silk –E-glass reinforced composite have revealed higher strength and modulus.
It was also observed that stiffness was good in 40:45:15 specimen.
It is concluded that hybridization affects Mechanical properties of the composites.
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17 – 19, July 2014, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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7. REFERENCES
Books
[1] R.M. Rowell H.P. Stout, “Hand book of fiber Chemistry”, Marcel Dekker Inc. Newyork, 2nd edition,
p. 456-460 (1998).
Journal Papers
[2] M.Enamul Hossain… Journal of Composite Materials 45(20) 2133–2144.
[3] K.Tanabe.,T.Seino.,and Y.Kajio Characteristics of carbon/glass reinforced plastic leaf spring. Society of
Automotive Engineers, Inc..(1982).
[4] P.K.Mallick Composite Engineering Hand Book, New York .Marcel Dekker. (1997).
[5] M.Shokrieh,and D.Rezaei, Analysis and optimization of composite leaf spring. Composite.Structures.60:
317-325(2003).
[6] RamakrishnaMalkapuram, Vivekkumar and Yuvraj SinghNegi.
[7] C.Girisha., Sanjeevamurthy, Gunti Rangasrinivas…Vol.2, Issue.2, Mar-.Apr 2012.
[8] M Mahmood. Shokrieh,DavoodRezaei… Composite Structures 60 (2003). 317–325.
[9] GulurSiddaramanna, SambagamVijayaranganISSN 1392–1320 Materials Science (Medžiagotyra).Vol. 12,
No. 3. 2006.
[10] Chang-Hsuan Chiu , Chung-Li Hwan. Composite Structures 77 (2007) 331–340
[11] AfyonKocatepe University, Technical Education Faculty, ANS Campus, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey No. 12-
CSME-62, E.I.C. Accession 3382
[12] Gajendra Singh Rathore1, Upendra Kumar Joshi2… Issue 3, Vol.2 (May 2013)