The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
FE Analysis of Hollow Propeller Shaft using Steel and Composite Material then...ijsrd.com
Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental and fea analysis of composite leaf spring by varying thicknesseSAT Journals
Abstract
The work is carried out on composite leaf spring of a commercial vehicle. The objective of this work is to carryout design and analysis of composite leaf spring with experimental design consideration and loading condition. The material of leaf spring is E-GFRC (Glass Fiber reinforced composite). The GFRC leaf springs are manufactured by hand lay-up method which were evaluated and study. The model of composite leaf spring is prepared and analyzed using ANSYS14.5 for the deflection and stresses under defined loading condition. The experimental and FEA result compared for validation. The dimension of conventional leaf spring is taken with varying thickness for evaluation of result and Static analysis is performed
Keywords: E-glass/epoxy composite, ANSYS14.5, Static Analysis.
Performance Optimization of Tie rod using FEAIJERD Editor
Structural performance of any mechanical component is measured basically in terms of its natural frequency, deformation, stiffness, maximum stress level, fatigue life etc. In case of vehicle suspension system; however tie rod is mainly under compressive and fluctuating forces encounter from steering and bumping of vehicle. When steering acts to turn the vehicle, tie rod comes under compressive load. And when vehicle running on rough road condition, fluctuating forces.
FE Analysis of Hollow Propeller Shaft using Steel and Composite Material then...ijsrd.com
Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental and fea analysis of composite leaf spring by varying thicknesseSAT Journals
Abstract
The work is carried out on composite leaf spring of a commercial vehicle. The objective of this work is to carryout design and analysis of composite leaf spring with experimental design consideration and loading condition. The material of leaf spring is E-GFRC (Glass Fiber reinforced composite). The GFRC leaf springs are manufactured by hand lay-up method which were evaluated and study. The model of composite leaf spring is prepared and analyzed using ANSYS14.5 for the deflection and stresses under defined loading condition. The experimental and FEA result compared for validation. The dimension of conventional leaf spring is taken with varying thickness for evaluation of result and Static analysis is performed
Keywords: E-glass/epoxy composite, ANSYS14.5, Static Analysis.
Performance Optimization of Tie rod using FEAIJERD Editor
Structural performance of any mechanical component is measured basically in terms of its natural frequency, deformation, stiffness, maximum stress level, fatigue life etc. In case of vehicle suspension system; however tie rod is mainly under compressive and fluctuating forces encounter from steering and bumping of vehicle. When steering acts to turn the vehicle, tie rod comes under compressive load. And when vehicle running on rough road condition, fluctuating forces.
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile. Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).
In India, industries usually have quality range of gantry girders for industrial sheds. Assisted by skilled workers in India, companies have been able to successfully grow towards the zenith, but there is still minor margin remaining which can be achieved by optimally designing the gantry girder in an economic as well as efficient manner. For this purpose, it is essential to implement the procedure for model, design, analyze and validate the girder efficiently.
1.a literature review on composite material for drive shaftEditorJST
A drive shaft is a pivoting part that transmits control from the motor to the differential apparatus of a
back wheel drive vehicles. The steel driveshaft is utilized as a part of car, these days this steel drive shaft is
supplanted by composite material drive shaft. It has been demonstrated that composite drive shafts are
successful in over-coming the confinements, for example, weight, vibrational qualities and basic speed. Their
flexible properties can be tailored to increase the torque as well as the rotational speed at which they operate.
The drive shafts are used in automotive ,aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is
exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain there
reduction of the weight without decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. The drive shafts are utilized as a part
of car, air ship and aviation applications. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important
Indeed, the very way of the composite materials (fiber and resinous fastener) permits drive-shafts to be intended
to meet particular basic operational characteristics ,and accordingly custom fitted to coordinate the prerequisites
of individual applications. The consequence of this are utilized for demonstrating of carbon/epoxy composite
drive shaft and steel drive shaft utilizing CAD programming to perform static, clasping and modular
examination of both drive shaft utilizing ANSYS programming.
Project documents on weight optimization of lathe bedCollege
we have to select the various material of lathe and remove it and use different material apart from it in order to get better property of lathe bed and reduce the cost.
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEAIjripublishers Ijri
have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced polymer)
and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
Study of castellated beam using stiffeners a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days the use of castellated beam has been admired due to its beneficial functions like light in weight, easy to erect, economical and stronger. The castellated beam is manufactured from its parent solid I beam by cutting it in zigzag pattern and again joining it by welding, so that the depth of the beam increases. Hence, due to increase in depth of beam load carrying capacity of the parent I section is increased with same quantity of material. The increase in depth of castellated beam leads to web post buckling and lateral torsional buckling failure when these beams are subjected to loading. There are many other modes of failure like formation of flexure mechanism, lateral torsional buckling, and formation of vierendeel mechanism, rupture of the welded joint in a web post and shear buckling of a web post which needs to be taken care of. Study shows that use of stiffeners in the web portion of beam helps in minimizing these failures. Therefore, a detailed study in respect of number of stiffeners, size of stiffener and there locations in the web portion of castellated beam needs to be carried out. Hence, in the present paper an attempt has been made to review existing literature, concerned with strength of beam using stiffeners. The literature survey indicates that use of stiffeners in web portion of castellated beams helps in increasing the strength and also minimizing the deflection. Researchers have suggested using stiffener along the edges in order to reduce the stress concentration along openings.. Key Words: openings, castellated beam, cellular beam, stiffener, thickness.
Design and Optimisation of Sae Mini Baja ChassisIJERA Editor
The objective is to design and develop the roll cage for All - Terrain Vehicle accordance with the rulebook of BAJA 2014 given by SAE. The frame of the SAE Baja vehicle needs to be lightweight and structurally sound to be competitive but still protect the driver. The vehicle needs to traverse all types of off-road conditions including large rocks, downed logs, mud holes, steep inclines, jumps and off camber turns. During the competition events there is significant risk of rollovers, falling from steep ledges, collisions with stationary objects, or impacts from other vehicles. Material for the roll cage is selected based on strength and availability. A software model is prepared in Pro-engineer. Later the design is tested against all modes of failure by conducting various simulations and stress analysis with the aid of ANSYS 13. Based on the result obtained from these tests the design is modified accordingly. A target of 2 is set for Yield Factor of Safety.
Behavior Of Castellated Composite Beam Subjected To Cyclic Loadsirjes
The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of beam-column sub-assemblages castella
due to cyclic loading. Knowing these behaviors can if be analyzed the effectiveness of the concrete filler to
reduce the damage and improve capacity of beam castella. Test beam consists of beam castella fabricated from
normal beam (CB), castella beams with concrete filler between the flange (CCB) and normal beam (NB) as a
comparison. Results showed castella beam (CB) has the advantage to increase the flexural capacity and energy
absorption respectively 100.5% and 74.3%. Besides advantages, castella beam has the disadvantage that
lowering partial ductility and full ductility respectively 12.6 % and 18.1%, decrease resistance ratio 29.5 %
and accelerate the degradation rate of stiffness ratio 31.4%. By the concrete filler between the beam flange to
improve the ability of castella beam, then the beam castella have the ability to increase the flexural capacity of
184.78 %, 217.1% increase energy absorption, increase ductility partial and full ductility respectively 27.9 %
and 26 %, increases resistance ratio 52.5 % and slow the rate of degradation of the stiffness ratio 55.1 %..
Stress Analysis of Automotive Chassis with Various ThicknessesIOSR Journals
Abstract : This paper presents, stress analysis of a ladder type low loader truck chassis structure consisting of
C-beams design for application of 7.5 tonne was performed by using FEM. The commercial finite element
package CATIA version 5 was used for the solution of the problem. To reduce the expenses of the chassis of the
trucks, the chassis structure design should be changed or the thickness should be decreased. Also determination
of the stresses of a truck chassis before manufacturing is important due to the design improvement. In order to
achieve a reduction in the magnitude of stress at critical point of the chassis frame, side member thickness,
cross member thickness and position of cross member from rear end were varied. Numerical results showed that
if the thickness change is not possible, changing the position of cross member may be a good alternative.
Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation, where it is found that the maximum deflection
agrees well with theoretical approximation but varies on the magnitude aspect.
Keywords - Stress analysis, fatigue life prediction and finite element method etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile. Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).
In India, industries usually have quality range of gantry girders for industrial sheds. Assisted by skilled workers in India, companies have been able to successfully grow towards the zenith, but there is still minor margin remaining which can be achieved by optimally designing the gantry girder in an economic as well as efficient manner. For this purpose, it is essential to implement the procedure for model, design, analyze and validate the girder efficiently.
1.a literature review on composite material for drive shaftEditorJST
A drive shaft is a pivoting part that transmits control from the motor to the differential apparatus of a
back wheel drive vehicles. The steel driveshaft is utilized as a part of car, these days this steel drive shaft is
supplanted by composite material drive shaft. It has been demonstrated that composite drive shafts are
successful in over-coming the confinements, for example, weight, vibrational qualities and basic speed. Their
flexible properties can be tailored to increase the torque as well as the rotational speed at which they operate.
The drive shafts are used in automotive ,aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is
exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain there
reduction of the weight without decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. The drive shafts are utilized as a part
of car, air ship and aviation applications. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important
Indeed, the very way of the composite materials (fiber and resinous fastener) permits drive-shafts to be intended
to meet particular basic operational characteristics ,and accordingly custom fitted to coordinate the prerequisites
of individual applications. The consequence of this are utilized for demonstrating of carbon/epoxy composite
drive shaft and steel drive shaft utilizing CAD programming to perform static, clasping and modular
examination of both drive shaft utilizing ANSYS programming.
Project documents on weight optimization of lathe bedCollege
we have to select the various material of lathe and remove it and use different material apart from it in order to get better property of lathe bed and reduce the cost.
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEAIjripublishers Ijri
have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced polymer)
and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
Study of castellated beam using stiffeners a revieweSAT Journals
Abstract Now-a-days the use of castellated beam has been admired due to its beneficial functions like light in weight, easy to erect, economical and stronger. The castellated beam is manufactured from its parent solid I beam by cutting it in zigzag pattern and again joining it by welding, so that the depth of the beam increases. Hence, due to increase in depth of beam load carrying capacity of the parent I section is increased with same quantity of material. The increase in depth of castellated beam leads to web post buckling and lateral torsional buckling failure when these beams are subjected to loading. There are many other modes of failure like formation of flexure mechanism, lateral torsional buckling, and formation of vierendeel mechanism, rupture of the welded joint in a web post and shear buckling of a web post which needs to be taken care of. Study shows that use of stiffeners in the web portion of beam helps in minimizing these failures. Therefore, a detailed study in respect of number of stiffeners, size of stiffener and there locations in the web portion of castellated beam needs to be carried out. Hence, in the present paper an attempt has been made to review existing literature, concerned with strength of beam using stiffeners. The literature survey indicates that use of stiffeners in web portion of castellated beams helps in increasing the strength and also minimizing the deflection. Researchers have suggested using stiffener along the edges in order to reduce the stress concentration along openings.. Key Words: openings, castellated beam, cellular beam, stiffener, thickness.
Design and Optimisation of Sae Mini Baja ChassisIJERA Editor
The objective is to design and develop the roll cage for All - Terrain Vehicle accordance with the rulebook of BAJA 2014 given by SAE. The frame of the SAE Baja vehicle needs to be lightweight and structurally sound to be competitive but still protect the driver. The vehicle needs to traverse all types of off-road conditions including large rocks, downed logs, mud holes, steep inclines, jumps and off camber turns. During the competition events there is significant risk of rollovers, falling from steep ledges, collisions with stationary objects, or impacts from other vehicles. Material for the roll cage is selected based on strength and availability. A software model is prepared in Pro-engineer. Later the design is tested against all modes of failure by conducting various simulations and stress analysis with the aid of ANSYS 13. Based on the result obtained from these tests the design is modified accordingly. A target of 2 is set for Yield Factor of Safety.
Behavior Of Castellated Composite Beam Subjected To Cyclic Loadsirjes
The purpose of this study is to determine the behavior of beam-column sub-assemblages castella
due to cyclic loading. Knowing these behaviors can if be analyzed the effectiveness of the concrete filler to
reduce the damage and improve capacity of beam castella. Test beam consists of beam castella fabricated from
normal beam (CB), castella beams with concrete filler between the flange (CCB) and normal beam (NB) as a
comparison. Results showed castella beam (CB) has the advantage to increase the flexural capacity and energy
absorption respectively 100.5% and 74.3%. Besides advantages, castella beam has the disadvantage that
lowering partial ductility and full ductility respectively 12.6 % and 18.1%, decrease resistance ratio 29.5 %
and accelerate the degradation rate of stiffness ratio 31.4%. By the concrete filler between the beam flange to
improve the ability of castella beam, then the beam castella have the ability to increase the flexural capacity of
184.78 %, 217.1% increase energy absorption, increase ductility partial and full ductility respectively 27.9 %
and 26 %, increases resistance ratio 52.5 % and slow the rate of degradation of the stiffness ratio 55.1 %..
“A Comparative Study on Balance and Flexibility between National Level Artist...IOSR Journals
Abstract: The Main Purpose Of The Study Or Investigation Is To Find Out The Balance And Flexibility
Between National Level Artistic Gymnast And National Level Dancer For Girls Under 18 To 22 Years. Total 60
Subjects Of 18-22 Years Age Group Were Taken As Subject And Equally Divided At Random Into Two Different
Treatment Groups Viz, Gymnastics And Dance From National Level Competition And Various Dance Academy.
The Measurement Of Balance And Flexibility Was Taken Into Account As A Criterion Measures. The
Researcher Applied The Following Tests; Modified Storks Stand Test To Measure Static Balance And Modified
Standing – Bending Reach Rating Test To Measure Hamstring Muscles Flexibility. From The Result It Is
Found-National Artistic Gymnast Is Superior In Both Balance And Flexibility To A National Dancer. Besides, A
Non-Significant Correlation Has Been Found Between – A) Height And Balance, B) Height And Flexibility, C)
Weight And Balance, And D) Weight And Flexibility In National Artistic Gymnast And National Dancer.
Key Words: Girls, Gymnastics, Dance, Balance, Flexibility, National Level Artistic Gymnast, National Level
Dancer.
Geostatistical approach to the estimation of the uncertainty and spatial vari...IOSR Journals
Abstract. This article presents a case of application of geostatistical methods in geotechnical engineering:
There is a railway platform, going to be built on compressible soils which presents important settlement.
Geotechnical data were analyzed by a geostatistical approach using GIS software to characterize the spatial
variability of the thickness of the compressible soils and their deformation Module.
Then these data were crossed with settlement calculations by oedometer method to estimate the distribution of
soil compaction on the entire site.
Key words: Morocco, Kenitra, geotechnical studies, settlement, geostatistics, kriging.
Tailoring of composite cantilever beam for maximum stiffness and minimum weightIOSR Journals
As the natural resources goes on decreasing now a days and to meet the needs of natural resources conservation, energy economy most of the manufacturers and their sub contractors are attempting to reduce the weight of the members in recent years. In this approach they are searching for low cost, high strength to weight ratio materials. Substituting composite structures for conventional metallic structures has many advantages because of higher specific stiffness and strength of composite materials. Composite materials have the major advantage of high strength to weight ratio with continuously decreasing travel of cost in addition to other advantages like excellent corrosive resistance, superior torsional buckling and fatigue strength and high specific strain energy storage capacity. The present work aims at the suitability of composite materials usage, by the identification of optimal fiber orientation stacking sequence and tailoring for laminate thickness/width for maximum stiffness and minimum weight design of laminated composite beam. The structural response is evaluated from conventional metallic structure with optimization techniques for maximizing stiffness and minimum weight. These metallic optimum values are extended initially to composite beam to maintain strength with the developed of optimization algorithm. Later with topology optimization and by tailoring cross-sections algorithm of the beam is evaluated with optimal fiber orientations and stacking sequence to maintain strength as in additional advantage of less weight for composites. Tailoring is done based on gradual decrement in cross-section over the length in both thickness and width direction. Numerical results are presented for cantilever beam with different geometries showing the maximizing stiffness and with minimum weight. The results indicate that the devised strategy is well suited for finding optimal fiber orientations and laminate thickness/width in the tailoring design of slender laminated composite structure.
Influence of joint clearance on kinematic and dynamic parameters of mechanismIOSR Journals
Kinematic joints for dynamic analysis of multi-body mechanical systems assumed ideal or perfect.
However, in a real mechanical kinematical joint clearance is always present. Such clearance is necessary for
the component assemblage and to allow the relative motion between the connected bodies. This clearance is
inevitable due to the manufacturing tolerances, material deformations, wear, and imperfections. The presence of
such joint clearance degrades the performance of mechanical systems in virtue of the contact and impact forces
that take place at the joint. Contact analysis is a computational bottleneck in mechanical design where the
contact changes. Manual analysis is time-consuming and prone to error. To address these problems, a
geometrical contact analysis method based on kinematic simulation, using CAD software is developed. An
equivalent kinematic linkage mechanism is constructed according to contact position of pin and hole assembly.
Results of kinematic and dynamic analysis of a four bar linkage with joint clearance shows that the contribution
of joint forces at slower input speed also degrades the performance of mechanism
Thermal conductivity Characterization of Bamboo fiber reinforced in Epoxy ResinIOSR Journals
Over a past few decades composites, plastics, ceramics have been the dominant engineering material. The areas of applications of composites materials have grown rapidly and have even found new markets. The current challenge is to make the durable in tough conditions to replace other materials and also to make them cost effective .This has resulted in development of many new techniques currently being used in the industry. While the use of composites it is clear choice in many applications but the selection of material will depend on the factor such as working life, lifetime requirement, complexity of product shape produced, saving the term cost. The availability of natural fiber is abundances and also they are very inexpensive when compared to other advanced manmade fibers. The primary advantage of natural fibers are low density, low cost, biodegradability, acceptable specific properties, less wear during extracting as well as manufacturing composites and wide varieties of natural fibers are locally available. The main focus of this investigation is to determine the thermal conductivity of bamboo fiber reinforced in epoxy resin composites. The test samples were prepared as per ASTM standards using simple hand-layup technique at different fiber weight fractions (10%, 20%30%, 40%50%, 60%). Thermal conductivity (K) of the composites material were determined experimentally and is validated by the results obtained by rule of mixture, E-S model and also by finite element modeling
collision. There are number of wheel test are available in designing of rim to fulfill the safety requirements
and standards. The aim of this study was to analyze and study the structure for car wheel rim by using the
numerical method. The most of the test procedure has to comply with international standards, which establishes
minimum mechanical requirements and impact collision characteristics of wheels. Numerical implementation of
impact test is convenient for shorten the design time and lower development cost. In this study cast aluminium
alloy wheel rim are used for simulation of impact test by using 3–D explicit finite element methods. The design
of aluminium alloy wheel for automobile application which is carried out and paying special attention to
optimization of the shape and mass of the wheel rim according to aesthetical point of view, to overcome the
wheel cap. A finite element model of the wheel with its tire and striker were developed taking account of the
nonlinearity material properties. Simulation was conducted to study the stress and displacement distributions
during impact test. The analyses results are presented as a function of time. The study is carried under the above
constraints and the results are taken to carryout for further analysis i.e. shape and weight optimization of the
wheel.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 10, Issue 1 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 39-46
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 39 | Page
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft
Using Composite Material
Harshal Bankar1
, Viraj Shinde2
, P. Baskar3
1,2
(Automotive Engineering, VIT University, vellore, India)
3
(Assistant professor, VIT University, Vellore, India)
Abstract : The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal
joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft
about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle.
Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without
significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a
vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost
directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get
consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus
available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic
drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite,
Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was
carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply
orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent
design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
Keywords : Composite, propeller shaft, propel, ply orientation, transmission, universal joint.
I. INTRODUCTION
The advanced composite materials such as Graphite, Carbon, Kevlar and Glass with suitable resins are
widely used because of their high specific strength (strength/density) and high specific modulus
(modulus/density). Advanced composite materials seem ideally suited for long, power driver shaft (propeller
shaft) applications. Their elastic properties can be tailored to increase the torque they can carry as well as the
rotational speed at which they operate. The drive shafts are used in automotive, aircraft and aerospace
applications. The automotive industry is exploiting composite material technology for structural components
construction in order to obtain the reduction of the weight without decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. It
is known that energy conservation is one of the most important objectives in vehicle design and reduction of
weight is one of the most effective measures to obtain this result. Actually, there is almost a direct
proportionality between the weight of a vehicle and its fuel consumption, particularly in city driving.
II. Literature Survey
Composites have high specific modulus, strength and less weight. The fundamental natural frequency
of carbon fiber drive shaft can be twice as that of the steel or aluminium, because the carbon fiber composite
material has more than 4 times the specific stiffness, which makes it possible to manufacture the drive shaft of
passenger cars in one piece. A one piece composite shaft can be manufactured so as to satisfy the vibration
requirements. This eliminates all the assembly, connecting the two piece steel shaft and thus minimizes the
overall weight, vibrations and cost. Due to weight reduction fuel consumption will be reduced. They have high
damping capacity and hence they produce less vibrations and noise. They have good corrosion resistance,
greater torque capacity, longer fatigue life than steel and aluminium [1].
III. Specification Of The Problem
The fundamental natural bending frequency for passenger cars, small trucks, and vans of the propeller
shaft should be higher than 6,500 rpm to avoid whirling vibration and the torque transmission capability of the
drive shaft should be larger than 3,500 Nm. The drive shaft outer diameter should not exceed 100 mm due to
space limitations. Because in case of front engine rear wheel drive vehicles size of drive shaft increases chasis
height and reduces floor space in passenger compartment. So here outer diameter of the shaft is taken as 90 mm
with little compromise between strength of drive shaft and decrease chasis height. Presently many SUVs and
light commercial vehicle using front engine rear wheel drive system. The constraints for selecting propeller
shaft dimensions are wheel base of vehicle, maximum torque transmission capacity and angular velocity of
propeller shaft. The drive shaft of transmission system is to be designed optimally for following specified design
2. Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
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requirements as shown in Table 3.1[2].
Table 3.1 Design requirements and specifications
In actual operating condition shaft is subjected to three types of loads, which are following torsional,
vibrations and buckling. We are going to analyze the drive shaft for the torsional, modal and buckling analysis
using steel and four different composite materials by varying the ply angle, no. of plies and ply thickness.
IV. Design Of Steel Drive Shaft
Steel (SM45C) used for automotive drive shaft applications. The material properties of the steel
(SM45C) are given in Table 3.2 [2]. The steel drive shaft should satisfy three design specifications such as
torque transmission capability, buckling torque capability and bending natural frequency.
Table 3.2 Mechanical properties of Steel (SM45C)
4.1 Mass of steel drive shaft
m= ƍAL= ƍ (do2- di
2
) ×L/4
Where do = outer diameter (m)
di = inner diameter (m)
m = 8.58 Kg
4.2 Torque transmission capacity of drive shaft: [2]
V. Design Of Composite Drive Shaft
Table no: 5.1 The materials and their properties that were used in this analysis [1]
VI. Modeling and ANSYS simulation:
6.1 Selection of element type:
SHELL181 may be used for layered applications of a structural shell model as shown in Figure
SHELL181 allows up to 250 layers. The element has six degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the
nodal x, y, and z directions and rotations about the nodal x, y, and z-axes. Shell 181 element type provides us to
give the different material properties in X, Y and Z directions.
SR.
NO.
NAME NOTATION UNIT VALUE
1 ULTIMATE TORQUE Tmax Nm 3500
2 MAX. SPEED OF SHAFT Nmax rpm 6500
3 LENGTH OF SHAFT L mm 1250
Mechanical properties Symbol Units Steel
Young's modulus E GPa 207
Shear modulus G GPa 80
Poisson's ratio v ------- 0.3
Density ƍ Kg/m3
7600
Yield strength Sy MPa 370
Shear strength Ss MPa --
Properties E Glass HM carbon E Glass polyester resin HS carbon
Young's modulus X direction 5.e+010 Pa 1.9e+011 3.4e+010 Pa 1.34e+011 pa
Young's modulus Y direction 1.2e+010 pa 7.7e+009 6.53e+009 pa 7e+009 Pa
Young's modulus Z direction 1.2e+010 Pa 7.7e+009 6.53e+009 Pa 7e+009 Pa
Major poisson's Ratio XY 0.3 0.3 0.217 0.3
Major poisson's Ratio YZ 0.3 0.3 0.366 0.3
Major poisson's Ratio XZ 0.3 0.3 0.217 0.3
Shear modulus XY 5.6e+009 Pa 4.2e+009 2.433e+009 Pa 5.8e+009 Pa
Shear modulus YZ 5.6e+009 Pa 4.2e+009 1.698e+009 Pa 5.8e+009 Pa
Shear modulus XZ 5.6e009 Pa 4.2e+009 2.433e+009 pa 5.8e+009 Pa
Density 2000 Kg/m3
1600 kg/m3
2100 kg/m3
1600 kg/m3
Allowable stress 400e+006 Pa 440e+006 420e+006 pa 600e+006
3. Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
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fig. 6.1.1
6.2 Selection of plies:
fig 6.2.1 fig 6.2.2
Stress in each ply is calculated and then by using first ply failure criterion, failure of laminate is determined i.e.
when first ply fails laminate is assumed to fail. Here maximum stress theory is used to find the torque
transmitting capacity. This is the GA algorithm showing the variation of the Young’s modulus of laminas. From
the above fig it is found that the Young’s modulus in the X direction is higher for smaller ply angle and
suddenly falls down above the 25 degrees. But in the case of Y direction constant at lower ply angle and
suddenly increase above 70degrees.The shear modulus in fig. shoes that it is having maximum value for the ply
in between the 30 to 70 degrees. The shaft is subjected under both the types of load normal and shear. To
optimize the above two conditions it need to select the equal no of ply angles for Young’s and shear modulus.
6.3 Meshing:
We have selected area mesh for the meshing with the element size of 10, which will provide us fine
meshing. We have selected quadrilateral mesh element for accurate and uniform meshing of component. The
meshing is the method in which the geometry is divided in small number of elements. This meshing of propeller
shaft is as shown in below fig.
6.4 Static analysis:
A static analysis can be either linear or non-linear. All types of non-linearity’s are allowed such as
large deformations, plasticity, creep, stress stiffening, contact elements etc. this chapter focuses on static
analysis. A static analysis calculates the effects of steady loading conditions on a structure, while ignoring
inertia and damping effects, such as those carried by time varying loads. A static analysis is used to determine
the displacements, stresses, strains and forces in structures or components caused by loads that do not induce
significant inertia and damping effects. A static analysis can however include steady inertia loads such as
gravity, spinning and time varying loads. If these values exceeds above the allowable values then component is
going to fail. Hence static analysis is necessary.
4. Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
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6.5 Torsional analysis:
The boundary condition for the torsional analysis of drive shaft are given as the one end is constrained
with zero displacement in the both linear and rotational. At the other end of shaft torque is applied. We selected
above Table properties for torsional analysis of drive shaft.
fig 6.5.1
6.6 Dynamic analysis:
Modal Analysis:
The modal analysis is one of the important analysis for drive shaft as we are eliminating two piece
drive shaft and using single piece. Single piece not allowing any axial adjustment movement of drive shaft. The
modal analysis is required as the 1st
mode frequency of vibration must be less than shaft operating frequency to
avoid failure of drive shaft.
The boundary condition applied is as shown is fig. given below.
fig 6.6.1
5. Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
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VII. Results:
Table7.1: Results of weight optimization.
Table no7.2: Effect of transverse shear and rotary inertia on the fundamental natural frequency
Table no7.3: Defection of drive shaft for various materials.
Optimized plies selections are as following:
fig 7.1
Above fig shows optimum stacking sequence for E Glass and polystyrene, HS Carbon/Epoxy, HM Carbon/
Epoxy respectively.
Parameters Steel E-Glass/Epoxy HS Carbon/Epoxy HM Carbon/Epoxy Polystyrene
do (mm) 90 90 90 90 90
L (mm) 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250
tk 3.318 0.4 0.12 0.12 0.12
Optimum no. of Layers 1 17 17 17 17
t (mm) 3.318 6.8 2.04 2.04 2.04
Optimum Stacking
sequence
- 46/-64/-15/-13/39/-
84/-28/20/27
-56/-51/74/-
82/67/70/13/44/-75
-65/25/68/-63/36/-40/-
39/74/-39
46/-64/-15/-13/39/-
84/-28/20/27
Weight (Kg) 8.58 4.4434 1.1273 1.1274 1.4868
Weight saving
(%)
- 48.22 86.86 86.86 82.67
Material Steel E-Glass/Epoxy HS Carbon /Epoxy HM
Carbon/Epoxy
Polystyrene
Optimum Stacking
Sequence
- 46/-64/-15/-
13/39/-84/-
28/20/27
-56/-51/74/-
82/67/70/13/44/-75
-65/25/68/-
63/36/-40/-
39/74/-39
46/-64/-15/-13/39/-
84/-28/20/27
N1st mode (rpm) 49787 11402 101520 19987 25690
Material Steel E-Glass/Epoxy HS Carbon/Epoxy HM Carbon/
Epoxy
Polystyrene
Deflection (m) 0.00911 0.04113 0.002946 .04080 0.1974
6. Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
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Displacement results of analysis:
fig 7.2
Above fig showing the deformation of drive shaft for the E Glass, HS Carbon/Epoxy, HM Carbon/ Epoxy,
polystyrene respectively.
Von Mises stress distribution:
fig 7.3
7. Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
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Above fig showing the Von Mises stress distribution of drive shaft for the E Glass, HS Carbon/Epoxy, HM
Carbon/ Epoxy, polystyrene respectively.
1st
mode of drive shaft:
fig 7.4
Above fig showing the 1st
mode of vibration of drive shaft for the E Glass, HS Carbon/Epoxy, HM Carbon/
Epoxy, polystyrene respectively.
VIII. Conclusion
The stress distribution and the maximum deformation in the shaft are the functions of the stacking of
material. The optimum stacking of material layers can be used as the effective tool to reduce weight and stress
acting on the drive shaft.
The design of drive shaft is critical as it is subjected to combined loads. The designer has two options
for designing the drive shaft whether to select solid or hollow shaft. The solid shaft gives a maximum value of
torque transmission but at same time due to increase in weight of shaft the 1st
mode frequency decreases. Also
shaft outer surface facing most of the stress coming on to it and the inner material layer experienced less stress,
hence the inner layers increasing the weight of shaft and not utilized for stress distribution properly, that’s why
the hollow drive shaft is best option.
The use of composite material reduces the weight of shaft significantly as the composite having lower
density. The initial torque required to give rotation to the transmission system is large, as the weight reduces this
surplus torque is utilized to propel the vehicle, at the same time inertial effect of rotating part decreases. Also the
reduction in the weight of shaft increases the 1st
modal frequency of bending, hence this shaft can be utilized for
higher frequencies than the steel. The reduction in weight gives further advantage in the increase in the fuel
economy of vehicle.
8. Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material
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References
[1] Mr. V. l. Narayana, Mr. D. Mojeswararao and Mr. M.N.V.R.L.Kumar “Optimization of composite drive shaft assembly and
comparison with conventional steel drive shaft, Vol. 1 Issue 6, August – 2012.
[2] Gummadi Sanjay Akula Jagadeesh Kumar “Optimum Design and Analysis of a Composite Drive Shaft for an Automobile”, ISRN:
BTH-AMT-EX--2007/D-09SE.
[3] Bhushan K. Suryawanshi, Prajitsen G.Damle “Review of Design of Hybrid Aluminum/Composite Drive Shaft for Automobile”,
Volume-2, Issue-4, March 2013.
[4] A.M.Ummuhaani and Dr.P.Sadagopan “Design, Fabrication and Stress Analysis of a Composite Propeller Shaft, 2011-28-0013.
[5] Anup A. Bijagare, P.G. Mehar and V.N. Mujbaile “Design Optimization & Analysis of Drive Shaft”, Vol. 2 (6), 2012, 210-215.