The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass (GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Autoclave is a closed vessel (Round or Cylindrical) in which processes occur under simultaneous application of high temperature and pressure. Autoclave molding technique is similar to vacuum bag and pressure bag molding method with some modifications. This method employs an autoclave to provide heat and pressure to the composite product during curing.
Autoclave is a closed vessel (Round or Cylindrical) in which processes occur under simultaneous application of high temperature and pressure. Autoclave molding technique is similar to vacuum bag and pressure bag molding method with some modifications. This method employs an autoclave to provide heat and pressure to the composite product during curing.
This presentation contains the basics of the composites, types of the composites and the processing of the composites or we can say that manufacturing of the composites. This presentation can also help who are working on the de-lamination of the laminates.
The natural fibers are renewable, non-abrasive, bio-degradable, possess a good calorific value, exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are inexpensive.
This good environmental friendly feature makes the materials very popular in engineering markets such as the automotive and construction industry.
The banana fibers are waste product of banana cultivation, therefore without any additional cost these fibers can be obtained for industrial purposes.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
Thesis presentation on Composite materials for 4.1
Topic name- DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING SELF DESINGED FLEXURAL TESTING MODULE FOR UTM
For the Module design you can contact me through linked in. Do drop some suggestions regarding the module and fabrication if you have any.
Thanks
The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN METALIAEME Publication
Composite materials have gained traction in the world today and are becoming of common use in industrial and specialized applications in general due to their flexible nature that involves mixing through layers or matrixes the components of various substances and therefore, a percentage of each substance’s physical properties. In recent years there has been an increasing concern for industries to use cost effective reinforcement for metal materials like aluminum which is abundant cheap, with various desirable properties like its lightness, but lacks the strength for various applications – ceramic materials such as SiC and aluminum oxide are used generally for reinforcing the aluminum MMC. There is a good probability, backed up by tests for certain materials, that reinforcing metals with composites can increase failure displacement, fatigue life, ultimate failure load and energy absorption capacity, amongst many others by substantial amounts.
Fabrication and evaluation of nano carbon reinforced polymer compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract In this study the suitability of using nano carbon as a new raw material for thermoset composites is investigated. The study evaluates the mechanical properties of nano carbon composites. The nano carbon from Biomass (waste material of Zea Mays) is used as a reinforcement material with the matrix resin for preparing the composites. The composites developed by hand molding technique are varied with weight percentage of nano carbon (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% up to 1.5%). The developed natural nano carbon reinforced polymer composites were characterized by mechanical properties. The composites reinforced with 0.5 & 0.6 wt% of nano carbon particles have shown better mechanical strength. The properties of sourghum based nano carbon/Epoxy composites are greater than that of epoxy resin matrix composites even for a little amount of carbon reinforcement.\ Keywords— Nano carbon, Polymers, Mechanical Properties
This presentation contains the basics of the composites, types of the composites and the processing of the composites or we can say that manufacturing of the composites. This presentation can also help who are working on the de-lamination of the laminates.
The natural fibers are renewable, non-abrasive, bio-degradable, possess a good calorific value, exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are inexpensive.
This good environmental friendly feature makes the materials very popular in engineering markets such as the automotive and construction industry.
The banana fibers are waste product of banana cultivation, therefore without any additional cost these fibers can be obtained for industrial purposes.
Composites are made by combination of two or more natural or artificial materials to maximize their useful properties and minimize their weaknesses.
Example: The oldest and best-known composites,
Natural: Wood combination of cellulose fibre provides strength and lignin is the "glue" that bonds and stabilizes. Bamboo is a very efficient wood composite structure.
o is a very efficient wood composite structure
Artificial: The glass-fibre reinforced plastic (GRP), combines glass fiber (which are strong but brittle) with plastic (which is flexible) to make a composite material that is tough but not brittle.
70 to 90% of load carried by fibers
Provide structural properties to the composite
Stiffness
Strength
Thermal stability
Provide electrical conductivity or insulation
Example: Glass, Carbon, Organic Boron, Ceramic, Metallic
Function of Fiber/Dispersion phase
Thesis presentation on Composite materials for 4.1
Topic name- DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS USING SELF DESINGED FLEXURAL TESTING MODULE FOR UTM
For the Module design you can contact me through linked in. Do drop some suggestions regarding the module and fabrication if you have any.
Thanks
The fabrication methodology of a composite part depends mainly on three factors:
(i) the characteristics of matrices and reinforcements,
(ii) the shapes, sizes and engineering details of products, and
(iii) end uses.
The composite products are too many and cover a very wide domain of applications ranging from an engine valve to an aircraft wing.
The fabrication technique varies from one product to the other.
MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN METALIAEME Publication
Composite materials have gained traction in the world today and are becoming of common use in industrial and specialized applications in general due to their flexible nature that involves mixing through layers or matrixes the components of various substances and therefore, a percentage of each substance’s physical properties. In recent years there has been an increasing concern for industries to use cost effective reinforcement for metal materials like aluminum which is abundant cheap, with various desirable properties like its lightness, but lacks the strength for various applications – ceramic materials such as SiC and aluminum oxide are used generally for reinforcing the aluminum MMC. There is a good probability, backed up by tests for certain materials, that reinforcing metals with composites can increase failure displacement, fatigue life, ultimate failure load and energy absorption capacity, amongst many others by substantial amounts.
Fabrication and evaluation of nano carbon reinforced polymer compositeseSAT Journals
Abstract In this study the suitability of using nano carbon as a new raw material for thermoset composites is investigated. The study evaluates the mechanical properties of nano carbon composites. The nano carbon from Biomass (waste material of Zea Mays) is used as a reinforcement material with the matrix resin for preparing the composites. The composites developed by hand molding technique are varied with weight percentage of nano carbon (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% up to 1.5%). The developed natural nano carbon reinforced polymer composites were characterized by mechanical properties. The composites reinforced with 0.5 & 0.6 wt% of nano carbon particles have shown better mechanical strength. The properties of sourghum based nano carbon/Epoxy composites are greater than that of epoxy resin matrix composites even for a little amount of carbon reinforcement.\ Keywords— Nano carbon, Polymers, Mechanical Properties
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
DFA MODEL THROUGH ASSEMBLY CONTACT DATA AND GEOMETRICAL FEASIBILITY TESTINGIAEME Publication
The concept of Design for Assembly (DFA) assure cost effective assembly process by minimizing the assembly efforts. Part count reduction is one of the primary objective of DFA, which reduces the number of assembly levels and assembly tooling. However reducing part count with modified part geometries do not allow to follow the same assembly sequence that of used earlier. In this contest a framework for DFA coupled with assembly sequence planning to minimize the number of parts using the assembly coherence data and material compatibility testing without disturbing the functionality of the product is presented.
ENHANCEMENT IN MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF VIBRATORY WELDED JOINTS: AN OVERVIEW IAEME Publication
This paper consolidated the improvements in mechanical properties from the past literature available using Vibratory welding technique. Vibratory welding is a promising method in eliminating the disadvantages experienced by the traditional welding like residual stress due to the electrical energy input which induces vibrations by varying the input parameters voltage, current, amplitude and frequency. It is also a better alternative to the heat treatments available to increase the strength, with no special tools and less cost during time of welding itself. The very advantages of vibratory welding are that it gives effective penetration of the molten metal to each corner of the joint that is chosen.
Experimental study on mechanical properties of m30 concrete with partial repl...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present investigation revealed the effect of using silica fume and copper slag as a partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate, respectively on the mechanical properties of the concrete. Due to the depletion of natural sand resource worldwide with the increment of industrial waste, simultaneously, partial replacements of fine aggregate with copper slag have been attempted. Therefore, the primary objective of this research work was to conduct the study on M30 concrete whose compressive, tensile and flexural strength was observed. For this study, the fixed amount of silica fume (10%) and the different proportion of copper slag (10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%) were replaced with cement and fine aggregate, respectively. Keywords: Copper slag, silica fume, by-produc
CHARACTERIZATION OF BANANA FIBER/PISTACIA VERA SHELL CELLULOSE REINFORCED COM...IAEME Publication
The main objective of the work is to add value to the agricultural residue by fabricating a partially biodegradable composite that shows the best combination of properties. To achieve this, Pistacia Vera shells are opted and cellulose is extracted from it, of both nano and micro sized. Such cellulose is added as filler, to the long banana fibers reinforced polyester composite. Also, this novel material is characterized by testing tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and thermal conductivity. Peak Tensile strength for Pistacia Vera shell banana fiber/nanocellulose reinforced composite is found to be 19% higher than banana fiber based composite. Similarly, Flexural, Impact strength and Thermal conductivity results also exhibited good synergism.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
Abstract: The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry. The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment friendly and also increase the fuel economy
Characteristics of Murta Bast Fiber Reinforced Epoxy CompositesIJAEMSJORNAL
In daily applications, the composites may also be found. The most prevalent kind of life is concrete. Concrete is a gravel, sand and cement composite material. The main aim of the study is Characteristics of Murta Bast Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites. Epoxy resin and HV953U Hardensin from a nearby supplier were purchased and used in accordance with the provision. Bisphénol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) of the araldite AW106 has an epoxy of the same weight as the eq-1 (203–222 g). Increasing assembly of innovation alone is not enough, especially for composites, to overcome the cost barrier. For composites to be cut through with metals, it is crucial that an integrated application be made in plan, material, measure, tooling, quality verification, production and even programming
Mechanical Characterization of Biodegradable Linen Fiber CompositesIJMER
The conventional materials like iron, mild steel, cast iron etc are having good mechanical properties. Hence they are widely used in structural engineering applications. These conventional materials have some defects like formation of rust, low weight to strength ratio, high production cost. To
overcome these defects, engineers started fabricating composite materials. Composites exhibit peculiar
properties like different strengths in different directions, rust resistant, high strength to weight ratio, but
they pollute the environment. Now the natural fibre composites are widely used in automobile industry.
The natural fibres and resins are used to fabricate an eco friendly composite material. Lack of resources
and increasing environmental pollution has evoked great interest in the research of materials that are
friendly to our health and environment. Bio polymer composites fabricated from natural fibres is currently
the most promising area in polymer sciences. This is designed to assess the possibility of fibre as
reinforcing material in composites. Epoxy resin was made a stiffened panel to conduct tensile test. In this
paper it is aimed to explain all possible ways to use natural composites in automobile components. The
main advantages of using natural fibers are their degradability and light weight. They are environment
friendly and also increase the fuel economy
STUDY ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIBER ORIENTATION ON PALF REINFORCED BISPHENOL COMP...IAEME Publication
The main advantage of a composite material over conventional material like a monolithic metal is the
combination of different properties which are seldom found in the conventional material. In recent years natural fibers
appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and
nonrenewable synthetic fiber. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement
in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to investigate the effect of fiber orientation on the mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite and explores the potential of using PALF as reinforcing
material.
Effects of Fiber Length and Loading on the Qualities of Fiber Reinforced Epox...AI Publications
Composite isn't a new word, it's a long time around. Due to its usage in several applications, it has risen in prominence over the last four to five decades. The main aim of the study is Effects of Fiber Length and Loading on the Qualities of Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composites from Schumannianthus Dichotomus (Murta). The polymer matrix is made of Araldite AW106 epoxy resin and HV953U hardener. Bisphenol A Diglycidyl Ether with the same epoxy weight as 214 – 221 g eq-1 is included in Araldite AW106. The HV953U hardener includes 1,3-propylenediamine N-(3-dimethaminopropyl)-. Composite materials have a very adaptable component lay out above normal materials due to their clear strength, strength, and exhaustive characteristics.
Fabrication of composite materials by using short pineapple leaf fiber PALF :...ijiert bestjournal
Composite materials (also called composition materials or shorte ned to composites) are materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physi cal or chemical properties,that when combined,produce a material with characteristics different from the i ndividual components. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure. The new material may be preferred for many reasons:common examples include materials which are stronger,lighter or less expensive when compared to traditional materials. In the last decades,the use of natural fibers as r einforcement in polymeric composites for technical application has been a research subject of scientist. Interest in natural fibers has increased worldwide due to their low cost,low density,hardness,higher fatigue endurance,good thermal and mechanical resistivity and to their environmental friendliness. The Asian markets have been using natural fibers for many years e.g.,jute is a common reinforcement in India. Natural fibers are increasingly used in automotive and packaging materials. India is an agricultural country and it is the main stay of Indian economy. Thousa nds of tons of different crops are produced but most of their wastes do not have any useful utilization. Agric ultural wastes include wheat husk,rice husk,and their straw,hemp fiber and shells of various dry fruits. These ag ricultural wastes can be used to prepare fiber reinforced polymer composites for commercial use.
This paper present the state-of-the-art literature review and explore the research guidelines
on natural fibres polymeric composites. Due to the environmental issues, cost reduction and high
performance of engineering applications, the demand of natural fibre is increasing day by day.
Reinforcement with natural fiber in composites has recently gained attention due to low cost, easy
availability, low density, acceptable specific properties, ease of separation, enhanced energy
recovery, bio-degradability and recyclable in nature. To safeguard the environment, efforts are being
made for recycling different wastes and utilise them in value added applications.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HYBRID COMPOSITE SPRINGS IAEME Publication
The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. This work deals with the replacement of steel spring with hybrid composite springs. Five different types of spring were manufactured using Epoxy, Glass fibre, and Silk with constant cross section varying volume fraction. (40 Epoxy:45 E-Glass:15 Silk, 40 Epoxy:30 E-Glass:30 Silk, 40 Epoxy:15 E-Glass:45 Silk,50 Epoxy:50E-Glass, 50 Epoxy:50 Silk fibre ). Mechanical tests are carried out to assess the credibility of the designed leaf blades.
EFFECT OF FIBER LENGTH ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PALF REINFORCED BISPHE...IAEME Publication
In recent years natural fibers appear to be the outstanding materials which come as the viable and abundant substitute for the expensive and non-renewable synthetic fiber. Natural fibers like sisal, banana, jute, oil palm, kenaf and coir has been used as reinforcement in thermoset composite for applications in consumer goods, furniture, low cost housing and civil structures. Pineapple leaf fiber (PALF) is one of them that have also good potential as reinforcement in thermoset composite. The objective of the present work is to explore the potential of using PALF as reinforcement and investigate the effect of fiber length on mechanical properties of PALF reinforced Bisphenol composite.
Experimental Investigation On Mechanical Properties Of Hybrid Jute Fiber Rein...dbpublications
The composite manufacturing has been a wide area of research and it is the preferred choice due to its superior properties like low density, stiffness, light weight and possesses better mechanical properties. This has found its wide applications in aerospace, automotive, marine and sporting industries. There has been continuous lookout for synthesizing composites without compromising on the mechanical and physical properties. In this project, fiber reinforced composites is preparing with jute fibers & glass fiber of fiber length 5-6 mm. The resins used in this study are epoxy. The prepared composites were tested to study the mechanical properties of the composite such as tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength and hardness.
Similar to Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Polymer Composite Plates (20)
Exploratory study on the use of crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacem...IJRES Journal
The increasing demand for natural river sand supply for the use in construction industry along
with the issue of environmental problem posed by the dumping of cockle shell, a by-product from cockle
business have initiated research towards producing a more environmental friendly concrete. This research
explores the potential use of cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Cockle shell used
in this experimental work were crushed to smaller size almost similar to sand before mixed in concrete. A total
of six concrete mixtures were prepared with varying the percentages of cockle shell viz. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%,
20% and 25%. All the specimens were subjected to continuous water curing. The compressive strength test was
conducted at 28 days in accordance to BS EN 12390. Finding shows that integration of suitable content of
crushed cockle shell of 10% as partial sand replacement able to enhance the compressive strength of concrete.
Adopting crushed cockle shell as partial sand replacement in concrete would reduce natural river sand
consumption as well as reducing the amount of cockle shell disposed as waste.
Congenital Malaria: Correlation of Umbilical Cord Plasmodium falciparum Paras...IJRES Journal
The vertical (trans-placental) transmission of the parasite Plasmodium falciparum from
pregnant mother to fetus during gestational period was investigated in a clinical research involving 43 full term
pregnant women in selected Hospitals in Jimeta Yola, Adamawa State Nigeria. During the observational study,
parasitemia was determined by light microscopic examination of umbilical and maternal peripheral blood film
for the presence of the trophozoites of Plasmodium falciparum. Correlational analysis was then carried on the
result obtained at p<0.05.><0.05) was established between maternal peripheral blood and umbilical cord
blood parasitemia with Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.762. Thus, in a malaria endemic area like Yola,
Adamawa State, Nigeria, with a stable transmission of parasite, there is a high probability of vertical
transmission of Plasmodium falciparum parasite from mother to fetus during gestation that can be followed by
the presentation of the symptoms of malaria by the newborn and other malaria related complications. Families
are advised to consistently sleep under appropriately treated insecticide mosquito net to avoid mosquito bite and
subsequent infestation.
Review: Nonlinear Techniques for Analysis of Heart Rate VariabilityIJRES Journal
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a measure of the balance between sympathetic mediators of heart
rate that is the effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine released from sympathetic nerve fibres acting on the
sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes which increase the rate of cardiac contraction and facilitate conduction at
the atrio-ventricular node and parasympathetic mediators of heart rate that is the influence of acetylcholine
released by the parasympathetic nerve fibres acting on the sino-atrial and atrio-ventricular nodes leading to a
decrease in the heart rate and a slowing of conduction at the atrio-ventricular node. Sympathetic mediators
appear to exert their influence over longer time periods and are reflected in the low frequency power(LFP) of
the HRV spectrum (between 0.04Hz and 0.15 Hz).Vagal mediators exert their influence more quickly on the
heart and principally affect the high frequency power (HFP) of the HRV spectrum (between 0.15Hz and 0.4
Hz). Thus at any point in time the LFP:HFP ratio is a proxy for the sympatho- vagal balance. Thus HRV is a
valuable tool to investigate the sympathetic and parasympathetic function of the autonomic nervous system.
Study of HRV enhance our understanding of physiological phenomenon, the actions of medications and disease
mechanisms but large scale prospective studies are needed to determine the sensitivity, specificity and predictive
values of heart rate variability regarding death or morbidity in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. This paper
presents the linear and nonlinear to analysis the HRV.
Dynamic Modeling for Gas Phase Propylene Copolymerization in a Fluidized Bed ...IJRES Journal
A two-phase model is proposed for describing the dynamics of a fluidized bed reactor used for
polypropylene production. In the proposed model, the fluidized bed is divided into an emulsion and bubble
phase where the flow of gas is considered to be plug flow through the bubbles and perfectly mixed through the
emulsion phase. Similar previous models, consider the reaction in the emulsion phase only. In this work the
contribution of reaction in the bubble phase is considered and its effect on the overall polypropylene production
is investigated the kinetic model is combined with hydrodynamic model in order to develop a comprehensive
model for gas-phase propylene copolymerization reactor. Simulation profiles of the proposed model were
compared with those of well mixed model for the emulsion phase temperature. The simulated temperature
profile showed a lower rate of change compared to the previously reported models due to lower polymerization
rate. Model simulation showed that about 13% of the produced polymer comes from the bubble phase and this
considerable amount of polymerization in the bubbles should not be neglected in any modeling attempt.
Study and evaluation for different types of Sudanese crude oil propertiesIJRES Journal
Sudanese crude oil is regarded as one of the sweet types of crude in the world, Sulphur containing
compounds are un desirable in petroleum because they de activate the catalyst during the refining processes and
are the main source of acid rains and environmental pollution.(Mark Cullen 2001),Since it contains considerable
amount of salts and acids, it negatively impact the production facilities and transportation lines with corrosive
materials. However it suffers other problems in flow properties represented by the high viscosity and high
percentage of wax. Samples were collected after the initial and final treatment at CPF, and tested for
physical and chemical properties.wax content is in the range 23-31 weight % while asphalting content is about
0.1 weight% . Resin content is 13-7 weight % and deposits are 0.01 weight%. The carbon number distribution in
the crude is in the range 7-35 carbon atoms. The pour point vary between 39°C-42°C and the boiling point is in
the range 70 °C - 533 °C.
A Short Report on Different Wavelets and Their StructuresIJRES Journal
This article consists of basics of wavelet analysis required for understanding of and use of wavelet
theory. In this article we briefly discuss about HAAR wavelet transform their space and structures.
A Case Study on Academic Services Application Using Agile Methodology for Mob...IJRES Journal
Recently, Mobile Cloud Computing reveals many modern development areas in the Information
Technology industry. Several software engineering frameworks and methodologies have been developed to
provide solutions for deploying cloud computing resources on mobile application development. Agile
methodology is one of the most commonly used methodologies in the field. This paper presents the MCCAS a
Web and Mobile application that provide feature for the Palestinian higher education/academic institutions. An
Agile methodology was used in the development of the MCCAS but in parallel with emphasis on Cloud
computing resources deployment. Also many related issues is discussed such as how software engineering
modern methodologies (advances) influenced the development process.
Wear Analysis on Cylindrical Cam with Flexible RodIJRES Journal
Firstly, the kinetic equation of spatial cylindrical cam with flexible rod has been established. Then, an
accurate cylindrical cam mechanism model has been established based on the spatial modeling software
Solidworks. The dynamic effect of flexible rod on mechanical system was studied in detail based on the
mechanical system dynamics analytical software Adams, and Archard wear model is used to predict the wear of
the cam. We used Ansys to create finite element model of the cam link, extracted the first five order mode to
export into Adams. The simulation results show that the dynamic characteristics of spatial cylindrical cam
mechanical system with flexible rod is closed to ideal mechanism. During the cam rotate one cycle, the collision
in the linkage with a clearance occurs in some special location, others still keep a continuous contact, and the
prediction of wear loss is smaller than rigid body.
DDOS Attacks-A Stealthy Way of Implementation and DetectionIJRES Journal
Cloud Computing is a new paradigm provides various host service [paas, saas, Iaas over the internet.
According to a self-service,on-demand and pay as you use business model,the customers will obtain the cloud
resources and services.It is a virtual shared service.Cloud Computing has three basic abstraction layers System
layer(Virtual Machine abstraction of a server),Platform layer(A virtualized operating system, database and
webserver of a server and Application layer(It includes Web Applications).Denial of Service attack is an attempt
to make a machine or network resource unavailable to the intended user. In DOS a user or organization is
deprived of the services of a resource they would normally expect to have.A Successful DOS attack is a highly
noticeable event impacting the entire online user base.DOS attack is found by First Mathematical Metrical
Method (Rate Controlling,Timing Window,Worst Case and Pattern Matching)DOS attack not only affect the
Quality of the service and also affect the performance of the server. DDOS attacks are launched from Botnet-A
large Cluster of Connected device(cellphone,pc or router) infected with malware that allow remote control by an
attacker. Intruder using SIPDAS in DDOS to perform attack.SIPDAS attack strategies are detected using Heap
Space Monitoring Algorithm.
An improved fading Kalman filter in the application of BDS dynamic positioningIJRES Journal
Aiming at the poor dynamic performance and low navigation precision of traditional fading
Kalman filter in BDS dynamic positioning, an improved fading Kalman filter based on fading factor vector is
proposed. The fading factor is extended to a fading factor vector, and each element of the vector corresponds to
each state component. Based on the difference between the actual observed quantity and the predicted one, the
value of the vector is changed automatically. The memory length of different channel is changed in real time
according to the dynamic property of the corresponding state component. The actual observation data of BDS is
used to test the algorithm. The experimental results show that compared with the traditional fading Kalman filter
and the method of the third references, the positioning precision of the algorithm is improved by 46.3% and
23.6% respectively.
Positioning Error Analysis and Compensation of Differential Precision WorkbenchIJRES Journal
Positioning error is a widely problem exists in mechanism, the important factors affecting machining
precision. In order to reduce the error caused by positioning problem processing, based on the differential
workbench as the research object, using the method of theoretical analysis and experimental verification, the
analysis of positioning error mechanism and source of complete differential precision workbench error
compensation, improve the accuracy of the device, provides a method for the application of modern machine
tools. table.
Status of Heavy metal pollution in Mithi river: Then and NowIJRES Journal
The Mithi River runs through the heart of suburban Mumbai. Its path of flow has been severely
damaged due to industrialization and urbanization. The quality of water has been deteriorating ever since. The
Municipal and industrial effluents are discharged in unchecked amounts. The municipal discharge comprises
untreated domestic and sewage wastes whereas the industries are majorly discharge chemicals and other toxic
effluents which are responsible in increasing the metal load of the river. In the current study, the water is
analysed for heavy metals- Copper, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead and Nickel. It also includes a brief
understanding on the fluctuations that have occurred in the heavy metal pollution, through the compilation of
studies carried out in the area previously.
The Low-Temperature Radiant Floor Heating System Design and Experimental Stud...IJRES Journal
In order to analyze the temperature distribution of the low-temperature radiant floor heating system
that uses the condensing wall-hung boiler as the heat source, the heating system is designed according to a typical
house facing south in Shanghai. The experiments are carried out to study the effects of the supply water
temperature on the thermal comfort of the system. Eventually, the supply water temperature that makes people in
the room feel more comfortable is obtained. The result shows that in the condition of that the outside temperature
is 8~15℃ and the relative humidity is 30~70%RH, the temperature distribution in the room is from high to low
when the height is from bottom to top. The floor surface temperature is highest, but its uniformity is very poor.
When the heating system reaches the steady state, the air temperature of the room is uniform. When the supply
water temperature is 63℃ The room is relatively comfortable at the above experimental condition.
Experimental study on critical closing pressure of mudstone fractured reservoirsIJRES Journal
In the process of oil and gas exploitation of mudstone-fractured reservoir in Daqing oilfield, the
permeability of fracture is easily affected by the influence of stress change, which is shown by the sensitivity of
the permeability to the stress. With the extension of time mining in the fractured mudstone reservoir, fracture
stress sensitivity is obvious in vast decline of production and great influence on reduced yields. In order to
reasonably determine the way of developing method, working system and the exploitation rate of the reservoir,
correspondingly protecting reservoir productivity, improve ultimate recovery. On the basis of the previous
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Structural aspect on carbon dioxide capture in nanotubesIJRES Journal
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SiCNT’s whereas the physisorption is predominant in CNT. To investigate the structural aspect, the tubes with
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Thesummaryabout fuzzy control parameters selected based on brake driver inten...IJRES Journal
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Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Polymer Composite Plates
1. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
www.ijres.org Volume 2 Issue 3 ǁ March. 2014 ǁ PP.46-57
www.ijres.org 46 | Page
Experimental Investigation and Analysis A Mechanical Properties of Hybrid
Polymer Composite Plates
R.SAKTHIVELa*,
D.RAJENDRANb
* Corresponding author
a
P.G Scholar, Jayaram college of engineering college of technology ,Trichy - 621014
b
Supervisor and Faculty Member, Jayaram college of engineering college of technology ,Trichy - 621014
Abstract : The hybrids composite has emerged and have the potential reinforcement material for composites
and thus gain attraction by many researchers. This is mainly due to their applicable benefits have they offer low
density, low cost, renewable, biodegradability and environmentally harmless and also comparable mechanical
properties with synthetic fiber composites. In the project natural fiber and glass hybrid composites were
fabricated by using epoxy resin combination of hand lay-up method and cold press method. Specimen was cut
from the fabricated laminate according to the ASTM standard for different experiments for tensile test, flexural
text, and impact test. A significant improvement in tensile strength was indicated by the woven fiber glass
hybrid composites. In this hybrid composite laminates banana-glass-banana (BGB) and glass-banana-glass
(GBG) exhibit higher mechanical properties due to chemical treatment to natural fibers. So, the hybrid
composite material shows the highest mechanical properties. This High performance hybrid composite material
has extensive engineering applications such as transport industry, aeronautics, naval, automotive industries.
Keywords: Hybrid composites, mechanical properties, epoxy, hand layup.
I. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, polymeric based composites materials are being used in many application such as
automotive, sporting goods, marine, electrical, industrial, construction, household appliances, etc. Polymeric
composites have high strength and stiffness, light weight, and high corrosion resistance. Natural fibres are
available in abundance in nature and can be used to reinforce polymers to obtain light and strong materials. The
information on the usage of banana fibre in reinforcing polymers is limited in the literature. In dynamic
mechanical analysis, have investigated banana fibre reinforced polyester composites and found that the optimum
content of banana fibre is 40%. The analysis of tensile, flexural, and impact properties of these composites
revealed that composites with good strength could be successfully developed using banana fibre as the
reinforcing agent. The source of banana fibre is the waste banana trunk or stems which are abundant in many
places in the world.
Nature continues to provide mankind generously with all kinds of rich resources in plentiful
abundance, such as natural fibres from a vast number of plants.
However, since the last decade, a great deal of emphasis has been focused on the development and
application of natural fibre reinforced composite material in many industries. Needless to say, due to relatively
high cost of synthetic fibres such as, glass, plastic, carbon and Kevlar used in fibre reinforced composite, and
the health hazards of asbestos fibres, it becomes necessary to explore natural fibre, like banana fibres.
The natural fiber present important advantages such as low density, appropriate stiffness, mechanical
properties with high disposability and renewability. In this project are used the natural fibre of banana.
Moreover, these banana fiber are recycle and biodegradable.. Banana fiber, a lingo-cellulosic fiber, obtained
from the pseudo-stem of banana plant (Musa sepientum), is a bast fiber with relatively good mechanical
properties. In tropical countries like India, fibrous plants are available in abundance and some of them like
banana are agricultural crops. Banana fiber at present is a waste product of banana cultivation. Hence, without
any additional cost input, banana fiber can be obtained for industrial purposes. Banana fiber is found to be good
reinforcement in polypropylene resin. The properties of the composites are strongly influenced by the fiber
length.
2. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
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Table 1
Comparison between natural and glass fibres
Natural fibres Glass fibres
Density Low Twice that of natural fibres
Cost Low Low, but higher than NF
Renewability Yes No
Recyclability Yes No
Energy consumption Low High
Distribution Wide wide
CO2 neutral Yes No
Abrasion to machines No Yes
Health risk when inhaled No Yes
Disposal Biodegradable Not biodegradable
1.2 OBJECTIVES
Keeping in view the above mentioned knowledge gaps, the following objectives were chosen for the
present research project work.
a) Fabrication of a new class of epoxy based hybrid composites reinforced with oriented glass fibers and
banana fibers.
b) Evaluation of mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength and micro hardness for
these composites.
c) To study the influence of fiber parameters such as fiber and fiber loading on the mechanical behaviour
of the composites.
TYPES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Broadly, composite materials can be classified into three groups on the basis of matrix material.
They are
i. Metal Matrix Composites (MMC)
ii. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMC)
iii. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)
i. Metal matrix composites
Higher specific modulus, higher specific strength, better properties at elevated temperatures and lower
coefficient of thermal expansion are the advantages of metal Matrix Composites over monolithic metals.
Because of these attributes metal matrix composites are under consideration for wide range of applications viz.
combustion chamber nozzle (in rocket, space shuttle), housings, tubing, cables, heat exchangers, structural
members etc.
ii. Ceramic matrix Composites
One of the main objectives in producing ceramic matrix composites is to increase the toughness.
Naturally it is hoped and indeed often found that there is a concomitant improvement in strength and stiffness of
ceramic matrix composites.
iii. Polymer Matrix Composites
Polymeric matrix composites are the most commonly used matrix materials. The reasons for this are
two-fold. In general the mechanical properties of polymers are inadequate for many structural purposes. In
particular their strength and stiffness are low compared to metals and ceramics. By reinforcing other materials
with polymers these difficulties can be overcome. Secondly high pressure and high temperature are not required
in the processing of polymer matrix composites. For this reason polymer composites developed rapidly and
became popular for structural applications with no time. Polymer composites are used because overall properties
of the composites are superior to those of the individual polymers.
3. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
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www.ijres.org 48 | Page
II. EXPERIMENTAL
2.1 MATERIALS AND METHODS
THE MATRIX
The materials used for matrix are epoxy, unsaturated polyester and vinyl ester. Epoxy resins are the
most common matrices for high performance advanced polymer composites, but they are also inherently brittle
because of their high degree of cross linking. The densely cross linked structures are the basis of superior
mechanical properties such as high modulus, high fracture strength, and solvent resistance. However, these
materials are irreversively damaged by high stresses due to the formation and propagation of cracks. These lead
to dangerous loss in the load-carrying capacity of polymeric structural engineering materials. Currently the
unsaturated polyesters are the most widely used polymer in construction [6].
HARDENER
A substance of mixture added to a plastic composition to take part in and promote or control the curing
action, also a substance added to control the degree of hardness of the cured film. See also curing agents,
catalyst and cross-linking [6].
All working times (pot life) are based upon an optimum working temperature of about 80 degrees F.
temperatures variations will greatly affect curing times, and when below 65F can sometimes double curing
times. Other factors that affect epoxy curing can be moisture and humidity, as well as the thickness of
lamination.
GLASS FIBERS
The most common reinforcement for the polymer matrix composites is a glass fiber. Most of the fibers
are based on silica (sio2), with addition of oxides of ca, b, na, fe, and al. the glass fibers are divided into three
classes -- e-glass, s-glass and c-glass. the e-glass is designated for electrical use and the s-glass for high strength.
Fig 1 Glass fiber
The Researchers now a days developed equipment to make the glass fiber dust in to powder or particle
cullet either by calcinations and pulverization or by pyrolysis. This enabled the company to re-use the fiber dust
as glassmaking material.
This chapter details the materials used and methodologies adopted during the fabrication, sample preparation,
mechanical testing and characterization of the hybrid composites. The raw materials used in the study are:
i) Epoxy resin
ii) Banana Fiber
iii) Glass Fiber (S-Glass)
iv) Hardener
Epoxy resin
Epoxy resins are available in liquid and solid forms and are cured into the finished plastics by a
catalyst. They are cured at room temperatures as well as elevated temperatures of about 2750
C. The erosion
resin of grade LY-556 was used of density 1.1-1.2gm/cc at 298K. It having the following outstanding properties
has been used as the matrix material.
4. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
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a) Excellent adhesion to different materials.
b) High resistance to chemical and atmospheric attack. High dimensional stability.
c) Free from internal stresses.
d) Excellent mechanical and electrical properties. Odourless, tasteless and completely nontoxic.
Negligible shrinkage.
2.2 Banana fiber and Alkali treatment
Banana fiber is a natural fiber with relatively good mechanic properties. The diminutive second-
generation Mercedes-Benz A-Class designed the spare tire recess covered with a composite material,
polypropylene thermoplastic with embedded banana fibers, abaca, with high tensile strength and rot-resistant. It
can withstand stone strikes and exposure to the environment, such as ultraviolet from the sun, water, some
chemicals. Using abaca fiber is saving energy because conventional glass fibers production requires 60% more
energy than this natural fiber[5].
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) treatment removes impurities from the fiber surface, Banana fiber sample
were treated with three different conc. of NaOH to soften the fiber and make it suitable for spinning. The
concentrations used were 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% weight/volume. Treatment was done with sample: liquor ratio of
1:30.Standard procedure used in the institute is as follows[5]. In the present study 200 grams of banana fibres
were used per concentration. Since the NaOH used was 1:30 total solution used in each case was 6 litres. For
preparation of NaOH solution, 1% NaOH solution was used [5].
Fibre-cell-OH + NaOH Fibre cell-O-Na+
+ H2O + impurities
Fig 2 Chemical reaction
Alkaline treatment of banana fibers protocol
Weigh out required quantity of banana fibers
Check out specific gravity of required conc. Of NaOH
Take NaOH in a glass beaker (1:30 ratio) 4 gm fibre: 120 ml NaOH
Add 1-2 drops of wetting agent i.e. auxypon
Mix the solution properly with the help of a glass rod
Add fibers in a beaker such that fibers are immersed in the solution completely
Keep it for ½ hr. Swirl the solution intermediately
5. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
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Wash out the fibers with warm water 4-5 times
Wash the fibers with distilled water
Dry the fibers at room temperature on a blotting paper.
Fig 3 Treatment of banana fiber
Table 2
Properties of Banana fiber
PROPERTIES BANANA FIBER
Cellulose % 63–64
Moisture content % 10-11
Density (kg/m3
) 1350
Flexural modulus (GPa) 2-5
Lumen size (mm) 5
Tensile strength (MPa) 54
Young‟s modulus (GPa) 3.4878
Glass fibers are among the most versatile industrial materials known today. They are readily produced
from raw materials, which are available in virtually unlimited supply. All glass fibers described in this article are
de-rived from compositions containing silica. They exhibit useful bulk properties such as hardness,
transparency, resistance to chemical attack, stability, and inertness, as well as desirable fiber properties such as
strength, flexibility, and stiffness. Glass fibers are used in the Manufacture of structural composites, printed
circuit boards and a wide range of special-purpose products[2][3].
Fig 4 Methodology
6. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Print): 2320-9356
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Table 3
S-glass fibers properties
Value in metric unit
Density 1.8×103
Kg/m3
Tensile modulus 5.5 Gpa
Compressive modulus 6.9 Gpa
Tensile strength 48 Mpa
Compressive strength 103 Mpa
(a) Description of hand layup technique
Matrixes/Resins are impregnated by hand into fibers which are in the form of chopped strand mat
woven, knitted, stitched or bonded fabrics. This is usually accomplished by rollers or brushes, with an
increasing use of nip-roller type impregnators for forcing resin into the fabrics by means of rotating rollers and a
bath of resin. Laminates are left to cure under standard atmospheric conditions [2].
Fig 5 Hand layup technique
(b) Materials Options
Resins: Epoxy, polyester, vinyl ester, phenolic and any other resin.
Fibers: Glass, Carbon, Aramid and any other reinforcement, although heavy aramid fabrics can be difficult to
wet-out by hand.
Cores: Any core materials can be used provided that should be compatible with resin system, i.e. polystyrene
core cannot be used with polyester or vinylester resin system.
(c) Advantages
i) Low capital Investment.
ii) Simple principles to fabricate the part.
iii) Low cost tooling, if room-temperature cure resins are used.
iv) Wide choice of suppliers and material types.
The banana fiber and glass which is taken as reinforcement in this study is collected from local sources.
The epoxy resin and the hardener are supplied. Wooden moulds having were first manufactured for composite
fabrication. The banana fiber and S- Glass fibers are mixed with epoxy resin by simple mechanical stirring and
the mixture was poured into various moulds, keeping in view the requirements of various testing conditions and
characterization standards. The composite samples of nine different compositions (S-1 to S-4) are prepared. The
composite samples S-1 to S-4 are prepared in three different percentages of Glass and banana fibers (15 wt %
and 30 wt %).
7. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
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Table 4
Classifications of glass fibers
Types Of Glass Area Of Specification
Application
S –glass Tensile strength High strength
E –glass Electrical High electrical resistivity
C –glass Chemical High corrosion resistance
This is done while keeping the epoxy content at a fixed percentage (i.e. 50 and60 wt %).Same lengths
of banana fiber are used, while keeping the length of the glass fiber constant. The detailed composition and
designation of composites are shown in Table 5.
A releasing agent is used on the mould release sheets to facilitate easy removal of the composite from
the mould after curing. The entrapped air bubbles (if any) are removed carefully with a sliding roller and the
mould is closed for curing at a temperature of 30°C for 24 h at a constant load of 50 kg. After curing, the
specimens of suitable dimension are cut using a diamond cutter for mechanical tests as per the ASTM standards.
The composition and designation of the composites prepared for this study are listed in the following table. The
samples have been prepared by varying the fiber length and fiber loading for the two fibers[2][3]][4].
Fig 6 Fiber and Resin layer
On addition to hardener the resin will begin to become more viscous until it‟s not at all liquid and has
lost its ability to flow. This is „Gel Point’ the resin will continue to hardened after it has gelled, until, at some
time later. It has obtained maximum hardness and all its properties. This reaction itself is accompanied by the
generation of exothermic heat, which, in turn speed up the reaction. This whole process is known as „Curing’ of
the resins.
Curing at high temperature has the added advantage that it actually increases the end mechanical
properties of the material. And many resin systems will not reach their ultimate mechanical properties unless the
resin is given this „Postcure’. This posture process involves increasing the laminate temperature after the initial
room temperature cure, which increase the amount of cross linking of the molecules that can take place. To
some degree this posture will occur naturally at warm room temperatures, but higher properties and shorter
posture times will be obtained if elevated temperatures are used.
Table 5
Designation of Composites
SAMPLE MATRIX
REINFORCEMENT
SYNTHETIC
S-GLASS FIBER
NATURAL
BANANA
FIBER
S1 YELLOW 50 % 20% 30 %
S2 BLUE 60 % 20 % 20 %
S3 GREEN 50 % 25 % 25 %
S4 RED 60 % 25 % 15 %
8. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
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Fig 7 Fabricated specimens
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 TENSILE TEST (ASTM D-638)
The ability to resist breaking under tensile stress is one of the most important and widely measured
properties of materials used in structural applications.
The force per unit area (MPa or psi) required to break a material in such a manner is the ultimate tensile
strength or tensile strength at break.Tensile properties indicate how the material will react to forces being
applied in tension. A tensile test is a fundamental mechanical test where a carefully prepared specimen is loaded
in a very controlled manner while measuring the applied load and the elongation of the specimen over some
distance. Tensile tests are used to determine the modulus of elasticity, elastic limit, elongation, proportional
limit, and reduction in area, tensile strength, yield point, yield strength and other tensile properties.
Fig 8 Tensile Strength
Table 6
TENSILE STRENGTH
S.NO
LENGTH
mm
WIDTH
mm
THICKNESS
mm
TENSILE
STRENGTH
MPa
1 50 12.50 4.00 54.15
2 50 12.60 3.40 27.27
3 50 12.90 3.80 51.80
4 50 12.60 3.90 33.30
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3.2 FLEXURAL STRENGTH (ASTM D-790)
Flexural strength, also known as modulus of rupture, bend strength, or fracture strength a mechanical
parameter for brittle material, is defined as a material's ability to resist deformation under load. The transverse
bending test is most frequently employed, in which a rod specimen having either a circular or rectangular cross-
section is bent until fracture using a three point flexural test technique.
The flexural strength represents the highest stress experienced within the material at its moment of
rupture. It is measured in terms of stress, here given the symbol .When an object formed of a single material,
like a wooden beam or a steel rod, is bending, it experiences a range of stresses across its depth. At the edge of
the object on the inside of the bend (concave face) the stress will be at its maximum compressive stress value.
At the outside of the bend (convex face) the stress will be at its maximum tensile value. These inner and outer
edges of the beam or rod are known as the 'extreme fibers'. Most materials fail under tensile stress before they
fail under compressive stress, so the maximum tensile stress value that can be sustained before the beam or rod
fails is its flexural strength.
Fig 9 Tensile Strength
Table 7
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
S.NO
SPAN
LENGTH
mm
BREADTH
mm
THICKNESS
mm
FLEXURAL
STRENGTH
Mpa
1 100 27 4 163.1
2 100 26.80 3.20 133.16
3 100 27.60 3.80 116.67
4 100 26.80 3.80 120.15
3.3. CHARPY IMPACT (ASTM D-256)
The Charpy impact test, also known as the Charpy v-notch test, is a standardized high strain-rate test
which determines the amount of energy absorbed by a material during fracture. This absorbed energy is a
measure of a given material's toughness and acts as a tool to study temperature-dependent ductile-brittle
transition. It is widely applied in industry, since it is easy to prepare and conduct and results can be obtained
quickly and cheaply. A major disadvantage is that all results are only comparative. The apparatus consists of
a pendulum axe swinging at a notched sample of material.
The energy transferred to the material can be inferred by comparing the difference in the height of the
hammer before and after a big fracture. The notch in the sample affects the results of the impact test, thus it is
necessary for the notch to be of regular dimensions and geometry. The size of the sample can also affect results,
since the dimensions determine whether or not the material is in plane strain.
Impact strength = E/t×1000
„E‟- Energy used to break (J)
„t‟ – Thickness in mm
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Table 8
CHARPY IMPACT STRENGTH
S.N
BREADTH
mm
THICKNESS
mm
ENERGY
USED TO
BREAK
(J)
IMPACT
STRENGTH
(J/mm)
1 10 4.00 2 10
2 10 3.40 2 11.76
3 10 3.80 2 10.52
4 10 3.90 2 10.25
Fig 10 Results of Tensile Test
Fig 11 Results of Charpy Test
11. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Science (IJRES)
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163.1
133.16
116.67 120.15
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
SPECIMEN-1 SPECIMEN-2 SPECIMEN-3 SPECIMEN 4
FLEXURALSTRENGTH
Mpa
TEST SPECIMEN
Fig 12 Results of Flexural Test
IV. CONCLUSIONS
A new type of fiber reinforcement composite was experimentally investigated.
Chemical treatment like NaOH will increases the flexural strength of the fiber up to 20-30% and removes the
moisture content of the fiber.
The mechanical properties of banana and glass fiber and reinforced epoxy hybrid composites have been
investigated. The tensile strength and flexural strength increases with increasing fibre volume fraction. Among
all the hybrid fibre composites tested, banana reinforced epoxy hybrid composites registered the highest
mechanical properties whereas glass and banana fiber composites showed the highest.
The mechanical properties of the natural fibre and synthetic fiber platescom-posites tested were found to
compare favourably with the corresponding tensile and flexural properties increasing volume fraction of fiber
percent. Glass fiber dust is so voluminous that it cannot be re-used as glass making material without treatment.
It has been disposed of by land filling as industrial waste. However, regarding the glass fiber dust as an
important resource for glassmaking the company decided to recycle it.
The future scope of the project is extended by doing the experimental analysis on different proportion of
coupling agents and the fiber content in the samples and performs the mechanical and thermal properties test on
the specimen. And also implementation of eco-friendly fibers in the automotive parts like car panels, bumper
etc. Through implementing this fiber we can achieve light weight and structural component in automotive parts,
which in turn fuel efficiency is increased.
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