This document provides an overview of materials used in automotive industries. It discusses the chassis and frame, which is made of galvanized steel, aluminum, and other alloys. It also discusses the different types of frames like ladder, backbone, and monocoque frames. Other automotive components discussed include the engine, which uses materials like iron, steel, aluminum, and composites. Additional components and their materials mentioned include tires made of rubber, lights made of plastics, and an electrical system containing copper. The document concludes by acknowledging those who provided guidance for the project.
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
Frame and Body of Automobile
Introduction to chassis, Classification of chassis, Conventional chassis,
Semi forward chassis, Full forward chassis, Engine at the front, Engine at the rear, Engine in mid, Frame of the automobile, Function of Frame, types of frame, conventional frame, semi-integral frame, integral frame, defects in chassis, Body of the automobile, types of the body in automobile,
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
Automotive Manufacturing Process OverviewTal Vagman
Hexagon a leader in manufacturing intelligence solutions explains briefly the automotive production process and key engineering and data challenges facing global producers.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LEAF SPRING BY USING COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR LIGHT VEHI...IAEME Publication
Reducing weight while increasing or maintaining strength of products is getting to be highly important research issue in this modern world. Composite materials are one of the material families which are attracting researchers and being solutions of such issue. In this paper we describe design and analysis of composite leaf spring. For this purpose, a rear leaf spring for MAHINDRA “MODEL-COMMANDER 650 DI” is considered.
IN THIS BOOK DETAILS OF AUTOMOBILE CHASSIS BOOK
contents
1.0 Chassis, Frame and Body
1.1 Introduction of Chassis frame
1.2 Layout of the Chassis and its main components
1.3 Functions of the Chassis frame
1.4 Types of Chassis frames
1.5 Various loads acting on the frame
1.6 State the different bodies used in automobiles
1.7 Explain the requirements of bodies for various types of
vehicles viz. private, commercial etc.
2.0 Steering Sytem
2.1 Requirement of the Vehicle steering
2.2 Types of Steering ears, systems and power steering
2.3 Steering linkages mechanism under steering, over steering
2.4 Turning radius
2.5 Wheel alignment of Ackerman’s & Devis Steering gear,
Mechanism
2.6 Steering geometry – Caster, Camber, King pin inclination, toe
in and toe out
2.7 Steering defects – wheel woubble and shimmy
2.8 List our the type of steering system used in various vehicles
3.0 Braking system
3.1 Explain Functions of brakes
3.2 Requirements of automobile brakes
3.3 Explain stopping time and stopping distance
3.4 Type of Braking systems – Disc and Drum braking system
3.5 Construction and working of Mechanical, hydraulic, and air
brakes
3.6 List out the types of brakes used in various vehicles
4.0 Suspension System
4.1 Requirement of a automobile suspension system
4.2 Types of suspension system – conventional and Independent
4.3 Types of springs – Laminated spring, coil spring, helical spring
4.4 Need of Shock absorber – construction and working of
different types of shock absorbers
4.5 Stabilizer bar and torsion bar
4.6 List out the type of suspension system used in various vehicles
5.0 Seat, Door and Window mechanism
5.1 Construction and working of door lock mechanism
5.2 Construction and working of manual window regulating
mechanism
5.3 Construction and working of power window regulating
mechanism
5.4 Construction and working of seat adjusting mechanism
6.0 Air Conditioning of motor vehicles
6.1 Necessity of automobile air conditioning
6.2 Construction and working of passenger car air conditioning
7.0 Painting of automobiles
7.1 Body painting
7.2 Different types of painting – Spray painting – hand painting
procedures
8.0 Automobile Pollution
8.1 Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human
beings
8.2 Types of automobile emissions
8.3 Treatment of exhaust gases by using catalytic convectors
8.4 Measurement of percentage of pollutants from petrol &
Diesel vehicles with the help of exhaust gas analyzers
9.0 Legal aspects of motor vehicles
9.1 Traffic signs and signals
9.2 Registration requirements
9.3 Necessity of permits for commercial vehicles
9.4 Insurance coverage
9.5 Procedure for obtaining driving licenses
Chassis is the main support structure of the vehicle which is also known as ‘Carrying Unit’. It bears all the stresses on the vehicle in both static and dynamic conditions.”
The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
Automotive Manufacturing Process OverviewTal Vagman
Hexagon a leader in manufacturing intelligence solutions explains briefly the automotive production process and key engineering and data challenges facing global producers.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF LEAF SPRING BY USING COMPOSITE MATERIAL FOR LIGHT VEHI...IAEME Publication
Reducing weight while increasing or maintaining strength of products is getting to be highly important research issue in this modern world. Composite materials are one of the material families which are attracting researchers and being solutions of such issue. In this paper we describe design and analysis of composite leaf spring. For this purpose, a rear leaf spring for MAHINDRA “MODEL-COMMANDER 650 DI” is considered.
IN THIS BOOK DETAILS OF AUTOMOBILE CHASSIS BOOK
contents
1.0 Chassis, Frame and Body
1.1 Introduction of Chassis frame
1.2 Layout of the Chassis and its main components
1.3 Functions of the Chassis frame
1.4 Types of Chassis frames
1.5 Various loads acting on the frame
1.6 State the different bodies used in automobiles
1.7 Explain the requirements of bodies for various types of
vehicles viz. private, commercial etc.
2.0 Steering Sytem
2.1 Requirement of the Vehicle steering
2.2 Types of Steering ears, systems and power steering
2.3 Steering linkages mechanism under steering, over steering
2.4 Turning radius
2.5 Wheel alignment of Ackerman’s & Devis Steering gear,
Mechanism
2.6 Steering geometry – Caster, Camber, King pin inclination, toe
in and toe out
2.7 Steering defects – wheel woubble and shimmy
2.8 List our the type of steering system used in various vehicles
3.0 Braking system
3.1 Explain Functions of brakes
3.2 Requirements of automobile brakes
3.3 Explain stopping time and stopping distance
3.4 Type of Braking systems – Disc and Drum braking system
3.5 Construction and working of Mechanical, hydraulic, and air
brakes
3.6 List out the types of brakes used in various vehicles
4.0 Suspension System
4.1 Requirement of a automobile suspension system
4.2 Types of suspension system – conventional and Independent
4.3 Types of springs – Laminated spring, coil spring, helical spring
4.4 Need of Shock absorber – construction and working of
different types of shock absorbers
4.5 Stabilizer bar and torsion bar
4.6 List out the type of suspension system used in various vehicles
5.0 Seat, Door and Window mechanism
5.1 Construction and working of door lock mechanism
5.2 Construction and working of manual window regulating
mechanism
5.3 Construction and working of power window regulating
mechanism
5.4 Construction and working of seat adjusting mechanism
6.0 Air Conditioning of motor vehicles
6.1 Necessity of automobile air conditioning
6.2 Construction and working of passenger car air conditioning
7.0 Painting of automobiles
7.1 Body painting
7.2 Different types of painting – Spray painting – hand painting
procedures
8.0 Automobile Pollution
8.1 Effects of automobile pollution on environment and human
beings
8.2 Types of automobile emissions
8.3 Treatment of exhaust gases by using catalytic convectors
8.4 Measurement of percentage of pollutants from petrol &
Diesel vehicles with the help of exhaust gas analyzers
9.0 Legal aspects of motor vehicles
9.1 Traffic signs and signals
9.2 Registration requirements
9.3 Necessity of permits for commercial vehicles
9.4 Insurance coverage
9.5 Procedure for obtaining driving licenses
Introduction : Basic Feature of an Automobile
Car Body Details
Types of Vehicle
Body Engineering Terminology
Morphology of Vehicle Body ( Structural ) Design
Design Considerations
ALL ABOUT AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS MATERIAL .IT IS VERY USEFUL FOR TO KNOW ABOUT MATERIALS USED FOR AUTOMOBILE COMPONENTS. AND ALSO THE PROCEDURE OF MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF AUTOMOTIVE COMPONENTS.
Using the scholar data and researcher point of view on composite materials. We illustrate the application of composite material in aerospace industry. Composites are highly efficient to make the parts and structure of aircrafts. We found the characteristics of the composite material make it very suitable material for aerospace industry. Composites like carbon fiber, carbon epoxy, and glass epoxy are very light and high strength which is mostly used in aircraft industries. In addition, our study takes the first step to highlight the uses of composite material to manufacture the different parts of aircraft's.
CrSi2 materialisoutstandingbecauseofitsthermoelectricpropertiesandalsobecauseofitsmany
optimizationroutes.Indeed,itsthermalconductivityatroomtemperatureisabout9Wm1 K1 with
a ZT of 0.25.Inthispaperweproposetodecreasethethermalconductivitybynanostructurationand
compensatetheelectronscatteringbyincreasingthechargecarrierconcentrationwithTi.Theprocess
which permittedtogetnanocrystalliteofabout14nmispresented.Aftercoldpressingandsintering
the averagecrystallitesizereaches50nmwithaporosityof70%.Nanostructuringandporositytoa
lesser extentleadtoastrongdecreaseofthethermalconductivityupto0.970.15Wm1 K1 for pure
CrSi2. Asignificantenhancementofthepowerfactorfrom1:25 mWcm1 K2 for purenano-CrSi2 to
2:5 mWcm1 K2 for nano-Cr0.90Ti0.10Si2 was obtained.Thestabilityofthedifferentphasesisalso
evaluatedbycomparingexperimentswithabinitiocalculations.
DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF HYBRID COMPOSITE SPRINGS IAEME Publication
The automobile industry has shown increased interest in the replacement of steel spring with composite leaf spring due to high strength to weight ratio. This work deals with the replacement of steel spring with hybrid composite springs. Five different types of spring were manufactured using Epoxy, Glass fibre, and Silk with constant cross section varying volume fraction. (40 Epoxy:45 E-Glass:15 Silk, 40 Epoxy:30 E-Glass:30 Silk, 40 Epoxy:15 E-Glass:45 Silk,50 Epoxy:50E-Glass, 50 Epoxy:50 Silk fibre ). Mechanical tests are carried out to assess the credibility of the designed leaf blades.
Forming applications in Automotive industry presentationMahmoud Khairy
This presentation discussing
1- introduction of automotive industry and its importance
2-Manafacturing of car parts inside engine , outside engine and chisel of cars
3- introduction of Engine working
4- Piston working , stresses applied on it , material which made from , forging operation and Die
5-Crankshaft working , stresses applied on it , material which made from , forging operation and Die
6- Connecting rod working , stresses applied on it , material which made from , forging operation and Die
7- Outside Engine as body
8- Body Function and its Safety
9- chassis function , stresses applied on it , materials which can be made from , manufacturing operation
10-Doors requriments , material which made from
11-Suspension system function , parts , their function , stresses applied on it and material which from and manufacturing operations of these parts
Types of automobiles, vehicle construction and different layouts, chassis, frame and body, resistances to vehicle aerodynamics (various resistances and moments involved), IC engines-components functions and materials, variable valve timing (VVT).
Design and Structural Analysis of Alloy Wheels for Light Weight Vehicles iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
UNIT-1-VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES.pptShanmathyAR2
VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES
Types of automobiles, vehicle construction and different layouts, chassis, frame and body, resistances to vehicle aerodynamics (various resistances and moments involved), IC engines-components functions and materials, variable valve timing (VVT).
UNIT-1-VEHICLE STRUCTURE AND ENGINES.pptprakash0712
Types of automobiles – vehicle construction and different layouts – chassis, frame and body – resistances to vehicle aerodynamics (various resistances and moments involved) – IC engines - components, functions and materials – Variable Valve Timing (VVT).
The High-end Application of Aluminum Alloyssuser32f835
Aluminum alloy sheet is widely used in tank truck, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing and body in white. The typical ones are 5059, 5182, 5083, 2024,etc. These are high-end applications of aluminum sheets, which has high requirements on the quality. Learn more.
GEOMETRICAL OPTIMIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ALLOY WHEEL FOUR WHEELERIjripublishers Ijri
Alloy wheels are automobile wheels which are made from an alloy of aluminum or magnesium metals or sometimes a
mixture of both. Alloy wheels differ from normal steel wheels because of their lighter weight, which improves the steering
and the speed of the car. Alloy wheels will reduce the unstrung weight of a vehicle compared to one fitted with standard
steel wheels. The benefit of reduced unstrung weight is more precise steering as well as a nominal reduction in fuel
consumption.
The goal of the project is to suggest optimum geometric shape and material for alloy wheel of a four wheeler.
In the first step previous journals will be studied to understand actual problem, selection of materials, selection of
shape’s and rectification method.
In the next step parametric models will be prepared for further analysis purpose
Evaluation will be done on the model using Ansys work bench for reading results.
Design & Analysis of a Disc Brake using Feaijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
simple chassis design considerations used for the purpose of presentations in colleges as well as in any industries. i also gives the classification of chassis.
In this research work, suitable lightweight material is found for chassis frame by analyzing chassis with different
materials like structural steel, aluminum alloy and Epoxy E-Glass UD composite materials. The selected material should have the
sufficient strength to carry the load coming on to the chassis when it is supporting the vehicle. With reduction in the weight of the
chassis, reduces the overall weight of the vehicle, which leads to the reduction in fuel. Thus, the usage of lightweight materials in
manufacturing of chassis frame has the advantages. The materials used should help in reducing the weight of the vehicle while
maintaining the necessary strength for supporting the expected load acting on the frame under various operating conditions.
ANSYS finite element software is used to analyze the performance of the chassis with different materials. The 3D model of the
chassis frame is developed by SOLIDWORKS software and numerical analysis is carried out by ANSYS. The model of the ladder
frame is developed using generic specifications. The FEM analysis was done on chassis frame for its deformation and stresses by
applying maximum load. The von-misses stresses, strain and deformations of the chassis with structural steel, aluminum alloy and
composite materials are compared. Composite materials are observed to be better with less weight with similar performance. It is
found that composite (E-glass) is more preferable material for chassis frame.
Similar to Project powerpoint presentation on Materials used in automotive industries (20)
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Core technology of Hyundai Motor Group's EV platform 'E-GMP'Hyundai Motor Group
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Maximized driving performance and quick charging time through high-density battery pack and fast charging technology and applicable to various vehicle types!
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Fleet management these days is next to impossible without connected vehicle solutions. Why? Well, fleet trackers and accompanying connected vehicle management solutions tend to offer quite a few hard-to-ignore benefits to fleet managers and businesses alike. Let’s check them out!
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Upgrading the brakes of your car? Keep these things in mind before doing so. Additionally, start using an OBD 2 GPS tracker so that you never miss a vehicle maintenance appointment. On top of this, a car GPS tracker will also let you master good driving habits that will let you increase the operational life of your car’s brakes.
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Project powerpoint presentation on Materials used in automotive industries
1. A presentation on Materials used in Automotive Industries
By-
Vidyasagar Ghantoji Aditya. Guded
Prithvi Patil Sharankumar G.S
Vinay Kalmoodkar Varun Kumar
Vikas Mathapathi Mahesh Avantagi
2. Chassis & Frame:
Automotive Chassis is a skeletal frame on which various
mechanical parts like engine, tyres, axle, assemblies, breaks &
steering etc. are bolted. The chassis is considered to be the
most significant component of an automobile.
Main components of Chassis are as follows:
Frame
Engine or Power plant
Clutch
Gear Box
U Joint
Propeller Shaft
Differential
3. Types of Chassis are:
Ladder Chassis :
Main material used in this type is Galvanized steel, Galvanized Iron,
High grade Aluminum.
Backbone Chassis :
Glass fibre is used in preparing the Backbone chassis
Since Glass fibre is high in its tensile strength.
Monocoque Chassis :
This is manufactured by welding floor pan and other pieces together.
In some chassis like race cars Two of the layers are made using a
plastic resin reinforced with carbon fiber with the interior layer of
aluminium honeycomb sandwiched between the inner and outer
layer.
4. CHASSIS FRAME:
The frame is the main part of the chassis on which remaining parts of chassis
are mounted. The frame should be extremely rigid and strong so that it can
withstand shocks, twists, stresses and vibrations to which it is subjected
while vehicle is moving on road. It is also called under body. The following are
the types of Frames.
Conventional Frame:
The body is made of flexible material like wood and isolated frame by
inserting rubber mountings in between. The frame is made of channel
section or tubular section of box section.
Semi-integral Frame:
In this case the rubber mountings used in conventional frame between frame
and suspension are replaced by more stiff mountings.
Integral Frame or Frame-less Construction:
In this type of construction, there is no frame. It is also called unitized
frame-body construction. The under body is made of floor plates and channel
and box sections welded into single unit.
5. Based on the design , the chassis frames are classified as follows:
Ladder Frame
Backbone Frame
X- Frame
Perimeter Frame
Platform Frame
Superleggera
6. Ladder Frame:
Galvanized steel and High grade Aluminum are used to manufacture these frames.
Backbone Frame :
High grade Iron strong and tubular in structure is used to manufacture these
frames.
7. X-Frame :
This frame is usually made up of Iron
Perimeter-Frame:
This frame is usually made up of Iron and Aluminum
8. Platform Frame :
This frame is usually made up of Aluminum
Superleggera :
This frame is usually made up of Aluminum
9. Unibody :
This frame is usually made up of Copper and Aluminum
Sub Frame :
This frame is usually made up of Copper
10. Automotive fasteners are a
collection of products that are used
in automotive and vehicle assembly.
They are usually designed for
specific makes/models of vehicles.
Copper, Iron, Nickel and stainless
Steels are used.
Automobile Gaskets and Seals:
Automotive gaskets refers to a
mechanical seal which is used for
filling the gap between the two
components in order to ensure that
there is no leakage between them
during compression stage. These are
manufactured using variety of
materials like gasket paper, plastic
polymer, rubber, fiberglass, silicone,
metal, cork, and felt
11. AUTOMOBILE ENGINES
Automobile engine refers to a fuel-consuming machine or device that is used for
propelling automobiles, airplanes, tractors, buses, two wheelers, cars etc. Engine
forms an integral component of a vehicle that transforms chemical energy in fuel into
mechanical energy for power. Usually, automobile engines make use of four strokes to
turn chemical energy into mechanical energy with the help of combustion of gases or
hydrocarbon fuel.
12. Components of Automobile Engine:
The following are main components of an Engine:
CAMSHAFT:
Materials used here are:
Chilled iron castings
Billet Steel
CRANKSHAFT:
Carbon Steel, Nickel
Chrome or other Alloy
Steel.
13. Connecting Rods :
These rods are actually
made with plain carbon
steel ,aluminum alloys,
Which is characterized by
low weight . Nickel alloy
steel is also used for
heavy duty engines.
Steel, aluminum,
titanium, iron and other
types of metals.
Crank case:
Magnesium, Cast Iron,
Aluminum and alloys. Are
the main metals used in
the manufacture of Crank
case .
14. CYLINDER HEADS:
Cylinder head is made up of
aluminum or cast iron and are
respectively called as aluminum
cylinder head and cast iron
cylinder head.
ENGINE BELTS:
These belts are made of a
flexible polymer over fabric
reinforcement
Synthetic rubber and
polyurethane
nylon, Kevlar or other aramid
fibers and carbon fibers .
15. ENGINE VALVE:
Materials used here are
given below Structural
Ceramics, Steels, Super
alloys and Titanium alloys.
Engine Blocks:
Engine blocks are made from
different materials including
Aluminium alloys, gray cast
iron, ferrous alloys, white
iron, gray iron, ductile
iron, malleable iron, etc.
16. ENGINE PULLEY:
Molded plastics, iron and
steel are commonly used
metals in this pulley.
Engine Brackets:
Ductile Iron Cast,
Aluminium, Polypropylene,
Fiberglass and alloys. Are the
common metals used here in
Engine Brackets.
17. ENGINE MOULTING
BOLTS:
Alloys, silicon bronze, bronze,
ceramic, carbon, aluminum,
nylon, phosphor bronze, nickel
silver, plastic, titanium,
zirconium and stainless steel are
utilized to produce these bolts.
PISTON:
Materials for the piston are cast
aluminium, forged aluminium
and forged steel etc. Aluminium
alloys are the ideal materials due
to their very high thermal
conductivity.
18. PISTON RINGS:
It is generally made up of cast iron and
chrome steel.
PUSH RODS:
Titanium, Aluminum, Chrome Moly and
Tempered Chrome Moly.
19. VALVE TRAIN:
Materials used in Valve Train are cast iron and galvanized steel.
The primary components of valve train are:
a) Tappet
b) Rocker Arms
c) Valve Timing System
20. Car Body Panels
Metals such as steel, aluminium and magnesium are mainly used for elements of the
body structure and panels. Plastics are applied for exterior attachments to the body.
Cars consist mainly of steel and iron.
Steel:
Most commonly used materials for vehicles are still different types of steel. They offer
a wide variety of material characteristics such as thermal, chemical or mechanical
resistance, ease of manufacture and durability.
Aluminium:
Aluminium has already established itself in the car industry for many years. Its low
density and high specific energy absorption performance and good specific strength
are its most important properties.
Plastic:
Plastics are important material for the automotive industry. It has a low density, are
mostly economic to produce and their characteristics can be fitted to specific
demands. Unreinforced plastics can be used to make bumper coverings or exterior
attachments to the body structures.
21. Magnesium:
Magnesium is another light metal that is becoming increasingly common in automotive
engineering. It is even lighter than aluminium and is used in the manufacture of
transmission housings or parts of doors and bonnets for lightweight constructed cars.
Carbon-Fibre Epoxy Composites:
The most of the racing car companies much more rely on composites form whether it
would be plastic composites, Kevlar and most importantly carbon-fibre epoxy
composition. Mainly; carbon (graphite), Kevlar and glass fibres, pre-impregnated
with high temperature epoxy resins are used.
Plastic & Plastic Composites:
Autos are fully loaded with plastic car seats, dashboards, side paneling and/or
bumpers. Representing more than 7.6% of an auto’s prime bulk material used, the
typical automobile today contains about 260 pounds of plastic and this also helps in
reducing the weight and increasing the fuel efficiency.
Plastic composites are also one of the popular materials among composite family in
car chassis. Plastics composites are so light that the average car is lighter than the
minimum weight permitted.
22. Glass-Fibre Composites:
Glass fibre is being used mostly for the sports car which includes Formula 1 cars. It is
lighter than steel and aluminium, easy to be shaped and rust-proof.
Cooling system
Cooling System Fluids are the liquids or gases which are passed through an internal
combustion engine with the key function of regulating temperature, stopping
overheating and maintaining the temperature of the automobile.
23. Water Cooling Systems:
An automobile engine cooling
system basically need water and
other anti-freeze mixtures to
lower down the shooting
temperature of the engine. The
material used here is plastics,
iron, steel.
A/C Parts:
The air conditioning system of a
vehicle makes use of refrigerant
for cooling the air and taking
away the heat from the
passenger compartment.
24. Aluminium Housing:
Aluminium Housing as its name
suggest, aluminium housing are
the protective coverings or fully
enclosed cases made of
aluminium metal for containing or
supporting mechanical
components of a vehicle.
Cooling System Gaskets:
Cooling System Gaskets are seals
or packing especially designed for
joining or sealing the matched
components or pipe joints in an
automobile cooling system with
the main purpose of stopping the
escape of a gas or liquid. And
usually these are made out of
rubber.
25. Shock Absorbers:
Shock absorbers are mechanical
devices having springs located in the
balance wheel bearings which are
used for preventing the vehicle from
getting bumps. Made up of Steel and
iron rods.
Suspension Springs:
Automotive or automobile suspension
and steering system make use of
many kinds of suspension springs that
help the vehicle to move comfortably
and adapt to the uneven road
conditions. These are made up of
tensile steel , irons in few cases.
26. Tires:
Tires are generally made up of rubber and polyisoprene.
The picture here shows the c/s of a tire.
And there are other materials used they are:
• Styrene-butadiene co-polymer
• Polybutadiene
• Halo butyl rubber
• Bromobutyl
• Chlorobutyl
• rubber compound.
27. Lights:
Polycarbonate (PC)
Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA)
Are the two plastic materials
used in lighting system.
Electrical system:
The armature is made out of Iron
The charging system inside the
auto is made out of plastic and lot
much of copper which is in the
form of coils
28. Acknowledgments
Now I hereby conclude this session by expressing my gratitude to my beloved teachers
and guide :
• Prof. R.M.Latthe sir
• Prof. V.B.Hippargi sir
Both of have been a very big inspiration under whose guidance I have been able to
start this, I also express my gratitude to :
• Shri.Baslingappa Beedi
(DTO, NEKRTC)
• Shri. M.Puranik
(Chassis inspector,NEKRTC)
• Shri.Santhosh Gogeri
(DME,NEKRTC)
I also thank each one of my group mates who have been all along with me and helped
me in completing this project successfully thank u one and all for giving me a chance
to present this in front of you.