have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced polymer)
and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
FE Analysis of Hollow Propeller Shaft using Steel and Composite Material then...ijsrd.com
Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE PROPELLER SHAFTEagle .
In this project we are comparing the conversational steel with CFRP (Carbon fibre reinforced plastic)& GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastic). Finally we providing that the composite driven shaft is more suitable than that of conventional driven shaft
FE Analysis of Hollow Propeller Shaft using Steel and Composite Material then...ijsrd.com
Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE PROPELLER SHAFTEagle .
In this project we are comparing the conversational steel with CFRP (Carbon fibre reinforced plastic)& GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastic). Finally we providing that the composite driven shaft is more suitable than that of conventional driven shaft
Design & Analysis of Composite Propeller ShaftIJSRD
A Propeller Shaft is the connection between the transmission and the rear axle of the vehicles. The function of propeller shaft is to transmit the power from engine to the rear wheel in case of front engine drive vehicle. High quality steel (Steel SM45) is most commonly used material. The steel drive shaft consists of three universal joints, a center supporting bearing and a bracket, which increase the total weight of a system. The Power transmission can be improved through reducing its weight. According to previous researches many have done the various experiments to reduce the weight by changing the ply thickness, fiber orientation angle, number of plies but until now no one has studied the effect on the properties of the composite formed by changing volume fraction of carbon fiber & epoxy resin. The focus of this work will be to investigate either replacing steel structure of propeller shaft by composite structure such as carbon fiber & epoxy resin to minimize the cost and weight, also to check the suitability of composite structures by experimental method and software testing.
It is a connection between the transmission and rear axle.
It is a long cylindrical structure of two piece steel drive shafts, consists of three universal joints, center supporting bearing and a brack.
Structural and Fatigue Analysis of Two Wheeler Lighter Weight Alloy WheelIOSR Journals
Importance of wheel in the automobile is obvious. The vehicle may be towed without the engine but
at the same time even that is also not possible without the wheels, the wheels along the tire has to carry the
vehicle load, provide cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. Generally wheel spokes are the
supports consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim. The most commonly used materials
for making Wheel spokes are with features of excellent lightness, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance,
characteristics of casting, low temperature, high damping property, machine processing and recycling, etc. This
metal main advantage is reduced weight, high accuracy and design choices of the wheel. This metal is useful for
energy conservation because it is possible to re-cycle. Spokes make vehicles look great but at the same time they
require attention in maintenance. To perform their functions best, the spokes must be kept under the right
amount of tension. The two main types of motorcycle rims are solid wheels, in which case the rim and spokes
are all cast as one unit and the other spoke wheels, where the motorcycle rims are laced with spokes. These
types of wheels require unusually high spoke tension, since the load is carried by fewer spokes. If a spoke does
break, the wheel generally becomes instantly unridable also the hub may break. Presently, for motor-cycles
Aluminium alloy wheels are used, currently now replacing by new magnesium alloy due its better properties
than Al-alloy. An important implication of this paper or the problem stated here is to “analyse the stress and the
displacement distribution comparing the results obtained”. In addition, this work extends Proper analysis of the
wheel plays an important role for the safety of the rider. This paper deals with the static &fatigue analysis of the
wheel. The present work attempts to analyse the safe load of the alloy wheel, which will indicate the safe drive is
possible. A typical alloy wheel configuration of Suzuki GS150R commercial vehicle is chosen for study. Finite
element analysis has been carried out to determine the safe stresses and pay loads
Experimental investigation on torsion bar suspension system using e glass fi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile. Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
Design & Analysis of Composite Propeller ShaftIJSRD
A Propeller Shaft is the connection between the transmission and the rear axle of the vehicles. The function of propeller shaft is to transmit the power from engine to the rear wheel in case of front engine drive vehicle. High quality steel (Steel SM45) is most commonly used material. The steel drive shaft consists of three universal joints, a center supporting bearing and a bracket, which increase the total weight of a system. The Power transmission can be improved through reducing its weight. According to previous researches many have done the various experiments to reduce the weight by changing the ply thickness, fiber orientation angle, number of plies but until now no one has studied the effect on the properties of the composite formed by changing volume fraction of carbon fiber & epoxy resin. The focus of this work will be to investigate either replacing steel structure of propeller shaft by composite structure such as carbon fiber & epoxy resin to minimize the cost and weight, also to check the suitability of composite structures by experimental method and software testing.
It is a connection between the transmission and rear axle.
It is a long cylindrical structure of two piece steel drive shafts, consists of three universal joints, center supporting bearing and a brack.
Structural and Fatigue Analysis of Two Wheeler Lighter Weight Alloy WheelIOSR Journals
Importance of wheel in the automobile is obvious. The vehicle may be towed without the engine but
at the same time even that is also not possible without the wheels, the wheels along the tire has to carry the
vehicle load, provide cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. Generally wheel spokes are the
supports consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim. The most commonly used materials
for making Wheel spokes are with features of excellent lightness, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance,
characteristics of casting, low temperature, high damping property, machine processing and recycling, etc. This
metal main advantage is reduced weight, high accuracy and design choices of the wheel. This metal is useful for
energy conservation because it is possible to re-cycle. Spokes make vehicles look great but at the same time they
require attention in maintenance. To perform their functions best, the spokes must be kept under the right
amount of tension. The two main types of motorcycle rims are solid wheels, in which case the rim and spokes
are all cast as one unit and the other spoke wheels, where the motorcycle rims are laced with spokes. These
types of wheels require unusually high spoke tension, since the load is carried by fewer spokes. If a spoke does
break, the wheel generally becomes instantly unridable also the hub may break. Presently, for motor-cycles
Aluminium alloy wheels are used, currently now replacing by new magnesium alloy due its better properties
than Al-alloy. An important implication of this paper or the problem stated here is to “analyse the stress and the
displacement distribution comparing the results obtained”. In addition, this work extends Proper analysis of the
wheel plays an important role for the safety of the rider. This paper deals with the static &fatigue analysis of the
wheel. The present work attempts to analyse the safe load of the alloy wheel, which will indicate the safe drive is
possible. A typical alloy wheel configuration of Suzuki GS150R commercial vehicle is chosen for study. Finite
element analysis has been carried out to determine the safe stresses and pay loads
Experimental investigation on torsion bar suspension system using e glass fi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile ApplicationsIOSR Journals
This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile. Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
CADmantra Technologies Pvt. Ltd. is one of the best Cad training company in northern zone in India . which are provided many types of courses in cad field i.e AUTOCAD,SOLIDWORK,CATIA,CRE-O,Uniraphics-NX, CNC, REVIT, STAAD.Pro. And many courses
Contact: www.cadmantra.com
www.cadmantra.blogspot.com
www.cadmantra.wix.com
1.a literature review on composite material for drive shaftEditorJST
A drive shaft is a pivoting part that transmits control from the motor to the differential apparatus of a
back wheel drive vehicles. The steel driveshaft is utilized as a part of car, these days this steel drive shaft is
supplanted by composite material drive shaft. It has been demonstrated that composite drive shafts are
successful in over-coming the confinements, for example, weight, vibrational qualities and basic speed. Their
flexible properties can be tailored to increase the torque as well as the rotational speed at which they operate.
The drive shafts are used in automotive ,aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is
exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain there
reduction of the weight without decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. The drive shafts are utilized as a part
of car, air ship and aviation applications. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important
Indeed, the very way of the composite materials (fiber and resinous fastener) permits drive-shafts to be intended
to meet particular basic operational characteristics ,and accordingly custom fitted to coordinate the prerequisites
of individual applications. The consequence of this are utilized for demonstrating of carbon/epoxy composite
drive shaft and steel drive shaft utilizing CAD programming to perform static, clasping and modular
examination of both drive shaft utilizing ANSYS programming.
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
Design and Structural Analysis of Alloy Wheels for Light Weight Vehicles iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
structural and modal analysis of an engine block by varying materialsIjripublishers Ijri
The largest part of the engine is cylinder block. The upper section of the cylinder block consists of cylinders and pistons. Crankcase is supported by the crankshaft and it is placed in the lower section. Aluminum cylinder blocks are lighter than the cast-iron cylinder blocks of the same size. Cylinder block, pistons, cylinder head, crankshaft and connecting rods are the major elements of the engine. IC engine cooling uses either a liquid or gas to remove the unnecessary heat from an internal combustion engine. For special purpose and small engines, air cooling makes for a lightweight and relatively simple system, if we use the materials with better waste heat dissipation it will help in achieving better efficiencies and long life of the engine.
http://www.ijriset.com/pdf/mech/VOLUME%203/IJRI-ME-03-033/IJRI-ME-03-033%20STRUCTURAL%20AND%20MODAL%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20AN%20ENGINE%20BLOCK%20BY%20VARYING%20MATERIALS.html#
http://www.ijriset.com/pdf/mech/VOLUME%203/IJRI-ME-03-033/IJRI-ME-03-033%20STRUCTURAL%20AND%20MODAL%20ANALYSIS%20OF%20AN%20ENGINE%20BLOCK%20BY%20VARYING%20MATERIALS.pdf
life prediction analysis of tweel for the replacement of traditional wheelsIjripublishers Ijri
This thesis work is to provide advance level solution for the 4 wheeler wheels to provide unpuncherd and self-shock observed wheels.US defense recently lance honey comb tweels for the military vehicles, this project motto is to evaluate different types of tweels (shaped rims and tyres) to provide best shape and geometry for the tweels for two wheelers. Data collection will be done and literature survey will be done on wheels constriction, wheel materials to understand methodology for new research. Different tweel models will be prepared with the variation in tweel geometry then export into Ansys to conduct analysis work. Fatigue analysis will be done to evaluate total life for different tweels with variation of materials to suggest optimum shape for wheel.
simulation and analysis of 4 stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel e...Ijripublishers Ijri
A zero dimensional model has been used as a model to investigate the combustion performance of a single cylinder direct injection diesel engine fuelled by high speed diesel. The numerical simulation was performed at different speeds and compression ratios. The pressure, temperature diagrams vs crank angle are plotted. The simulation model includes sub models for various frictional pressure losses, fuel inflow rate with crank angle.
A solution procedure is developed for solving the available equations using numerical methods. An appropriate C++ code is written for brake power, friction power, indicated power, brake thermal efficiency are simulated. Experiment was conducted on available four stroke diesel engine and the model is validated.
KEYWORDS: Simulation model, combustion performance, zero dimensional model, numerical simulation, indicated power, brake power, brake thermal efficiency, friction power.
investigation on thermal properties of epoxy composites filled with pine app...Ijripublishers Ijri
he present paper deals with the effect of volume fraction of fillers on the thermal Properties of polymer composites. This work sees an opportunity of enhancement on insulation capability of a typical fiber reinforced polymer composite. To validate this mathematical model, a set of epoxy based composites, with fiber content ranging 4.38 to 20.10% of volume fractions have been prepared by simple hand lay-up technique. For preparing the composite, natural fiber i.e. Pine apple leaf fibers are incorporated in Epoxy Resin. Thermal conductivities of these composite samples are measured as per ASTM standard E-1530 by using the Unitherm™ Model 2022 tester, which operates on the double guarded heat flow principle at the temperature ranging from 30˚C to 150˚C. And also the Specific Heat of the powdered samples are measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). By using the MATLAB the numerical analysis is carried out to find the value of Thermal Diffusivity with varying temperatures. It was observed that the thermal diffusivity varies with fiber concentration, but the variation of thermal diffusivity with varying temperature was not so significant.
KEYWORDS: Pine Apple Leaf fiber, Epoxy Composites, Volume Fraction, Thermal Properties.
Ijricit 01-008 confidentiality strategy deduction of user-uploaded pictures o...Ijripublishers Ijri
With the growing quantity of pictures users distribute from node to node social networks, retaining confidentiality has turn out to be a foremost predicament, as declared by a latest wave of made known occurrences wherever users unintentionally shared individual profile. In radiance of these occurrences made necessitate of tools to assist users organize access to their distributed data is evident. In the direction of speak to this requirement, we suggest an Adaptive Privacy Policy forecast (A3P) scheme to facilitate users compile confidentiality settings for their pictures. We observe the responsibility of communal context, picture content, and metadata as possible sign of users’ confidentiality preference. We recommend a two-level structure which according to the user’s obtainable times past on the site, establishs the most excellent obtainable confidentiality policy for the user’s pictures being uploaded. Our solution relies on an image classification framework for image categories which may be associated with similar policies, and on a policy prediction algorithm to automatically generate a policy for each newly uploaded image, also according to users’ social features. Over time, the generated policies will follow the evolution of users’ privacy attitude. We provide the results of our extensive evaluation over 5,000 policies, which demonstrate the effectiveness of our system, with prediction accuracies over 90 percent.
public truthfulness assessment for shared active cloud data storage with grou...Ijripublishers Ijri
The arrival of the cloud computing constructs cloud storage outsourcing turns out to be a mounting drift, which encourages the protected isolated data inspection an burning subject that materialize in the investigation writing. Newly a quantity of investigation regard as the trouble of protected and proficient public data truthfulness inspection for shared active data. Though, these methods are still not protected against the consent of cloud storage space server and invalidated group users through user invalidation in realistic cloud storage space method. Thus here in this paper, we Identify the conspiracy assault in the obtainable method and offer an well-organized public truthfulness inspection method with protected group user invalidation based on vector assurance and verifier-local invalidation group signature. We propose a tangible plan based on the our method explanation. Our method chains the public examination and well-organized user revocation and also some nice properties, such as confidently, efficiency, countability and traceability of secure group user invalidation. Finally, the security and experimental analysis show that,compared with its appropriate methods our scheme is also safe and well-organized.
Ijricit 01-006 a secluded approval on clould storage proceedingsIjripublishers Ijri
In available practically proven Data clustering practices for eradicating same copies of replicated data, Data de-replication is one of significant mechanisms, and has been extensively practiced in cloud storage to diminish the quantity of storage space and accumulate bandwidth. To guard the privacy of responsive data though sustaining de-replication, the convergent encryption technique has been anticipated to encrypt the data before redirecting. For an improvised shielding of data safety, this paper formulates the primary effort to formally speak to the problem of approved data de-replication. Diverse from conventional de-replication systems, the discrepancy privileges of users are auxiliary considered in replica verification besides the data itself. In this we introduce several novel de-replication structural methods in sustaining approved replica test in hybrid cloud architecture. Safety examination demonstrates that our system is protected in terms of the description particular in the anticipated security model. As an evidence of perception, we execute a model of our anticipated approved replica check method and perform test-bed research using our model. We demonstrate that our anticipated approved replica check method acquire minimal overhead evaluated to standard procedures.
Jiri ece-01-03 adaptive temporal averaging and frame prediction based surveil...Ijripublishers Ijri
Global interconnect planning becomes a challenge as semiconductor technology continuously scales. Because of the increasing wire resistance and higher capacitive coupling in smaller features, the delay of global interconnects becomes large compared with the delay of a logic gate, introducing a huge performance gap that needs to be resolved A novel equalized global link architecture and driver– receiver co design flow are proposed for high-speed and low-energy on-chip communication by utilizing a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). The proposed global link is analyzed using a linear system method, and the formula of CTLE eye opening is derived to provide high-level design guidelines and insights.
Compared with the separate driver–receiver design flow, over 50% energy reduction is observed.
Ijri ece-01-02 image enhancement aided denoising using dual tree complex wave...Ijripublishers Ijri
This paper presents a novel way to reduce noise introduced or exacerbated by image enhancement methods, in particular algorithms based on the random spray sampling technique, but not only. According to the nature of sprays, output images of spray-based methods tend to exhibit noise with unknown statistical distribution. To avoid inappropriate assumptions on the statistical characteristics of noise, a different one is made. In fact, the non-enhanced image is considered to be either free of noise or affected by non-perceivable levels of noise. Taking advantage of the higher sensitivity of the human visual system to changes in brightness, the analysis can be limited to the luma channel of both the non-enhanced and enhanced image. Also, given the importance of directional content in human vision, the analysis is performed through the dual-tree complex wavelet transform , lanczos interpolator and edge preserving smoothing filters. Unlike the discrete wavelet transform, the DTWCT allows for distinction of data directionality in the transform space. For each level of the transform, the standard deviation of the non-enhanced image coefficients is computed across the six orientations of the DTWCT, then it is normalized.
Keywords: dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DTWCT), lanczos interpolator, edge preserving smoothing filters.
Ijri ece-01-01 joint data hiding and compression based on saliency and smvqIjripublishers Ijri
Global interconnect planning becomes a challenge as semiconductor technology continuously scales. Because of the increasing wire resistance and higher capacitive coupling in smaller features, the delay of global interconnects becomes large compared with the delay of a logic gate, introducing a huge performance gap that needs to be resolved A novel equalized global link architecture and driver– receiver co design flow are proposed for high-speed and low-energy on-chip communication by utilizing a continuous-time linear equalizer (CTLE). The proposed global link is analyzed using a linear system method, and the formula of CTLE eye opening is derived to provide high-level design guidelines and insights.
Compared with the separate driver–receiver design flow, over 50% energy reduction is observed.
Ijri te-03-011 performance testing of vortex tubes with variable parametersIjripublishers Ijri
Conventional refrigeration system is a type of refrigeration systems which are costly; noisy, harmful gases released from a machine based on application of this type of system and it is required more maintenance. So, we need to go for unconventional refrigeration systems like vortex tube refrigeration system, which produce less vibrations and which require less maintenance and which are noiseless. It is required for our mechanical engineers to look for enhancing the performance of such vortex tubes. So as a part of my project work, I have chosen various sizes of vortex tubes and test their performances for finding out optimum performance. We will be testing the performance of vortex tubes with different ‘l/d’ ratios and different cold fractions, with different pressures and different nozzle sizes.
a prediction of thermal properties of epoxy composites filled with pine appl...Ijripublishers Ijri
The present paper deals with the effect of volume fraction of fillers on the thermal Properties of polymer composites. This work sees an opportunity of enhancement on insulation capability of a typical fiber reinforced polymer composite. To validate this mathematical model, a set of epoxy based composites, with fiber content ranging 4.38 to 20.10% of volume fractions have been prepared by simple hand lay-up technique. For preparing the composite, natural fiber i.e. Pine apple leaf fibers are incorporated in Epoxy Resin. Thermal conductivities of these composite samples are measured as per ASTM standard E-1530 by using the Unitherm™ Model 2022 tester, which operates on the double guarded heat flow principle at the temperature ranging from 30˚C to 150˚C. And also the Specific Heat of the powdered samples are measured by using Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). By using the MATLAB the numerical analysis is carried out to find the value of Thermal Diffusivity with varying temperatures. It was observed that the thermal diffusivity varies with fiber concentration, but the variation of thermal diffusivity with varying temperature was not so significant.
KEYWORDS: Pine Apple Leaf fiber, Epoxy Composites, Volume Fraction, Thermal Properties
Ijri te-03-013 modeling and thermal analysis of air-conditioner evaporatorIjripublishers Ijri
Air conditioning evaporator works by absorb heat from the area (medium) that need to be cooled. It does that by maintaining the evaporator coil at low temperature and pressure than the surrounding air. Since, the AC evaporator coil contains refrigerant that absorbs heat from the surrounding air, the refrigerant temperature must be lower than the air.
In our project we have modeling an air-cooled evaporator for a home 1.5ton air conditioner. Presently the material used for coils is copper and the material used for fins is copper or aluminum. A 3D model of the evaporator is done in parametric software Pro/Engineer.
To validate the temperatures and other thermal quantities like flux and gradient, thermal analysis is done on the evaporator coil by applying properties copper and suitable material like aluminum. And also we are varying inside cooling fluid Hydrocarbon (HC) and Hydro chloroflouro carbon (HCFC).The best material for the evaporator of our design can be checked by comparing the results.
Thermal analysis is done in ANSYS.
Ijri te-03-012 design and optimization of water cool condenser for central ai...Ijripublishers Ijri
Water-cooled chiller systems have typically been designed around entering condenser water temperatures of 85°F with a Optimization of Water - Cooled Chiller – Cooling Tower Combinations The warm water leaving the chilled water coils is pumped to the evaporator of the chiller, where the unwanted heat from the building is transferred by the latent heat of vaporization of the refrigerant. The compressor of the chiller then compresses the refrigerant to a higher pressure, adding the heat of compression in the process. The high pressure refrigerant then moves to the economical condenser water flow of 3.0 USGPM/ton and a 10°F denser, where the unwanted heat is rerange. In recent years, there has been considerable debate on the merits of designing around lower condenser water flow rates with a higher range in order to improve system lifecycle costs. However, two other parameters must also be considered in any analysis - approach and design wet bulb. The question to be answered is: What nominal condenser water flow rate and approach is best from a first cost standpoint as well as from a full load energy standpoint at any given wet bulb.
Ijri me-02-031 predictive analysis of gate and runner system for plastic inje...Ijripublishers Ijri
The aim of the project work is to specify optimum design of runner and gate systems to enhance the production rate for plastic part manufacturing. Literature survey will be done on runner and gate system to understand simulation or analysis approach. Data collection will be done to brief about runner and gate system importance, design method and variations. Plastic flow analysis will be done on digital prototype of a specimen by various runner and gate profiles and also done by changing materials. The optimum profiles for the runner and gate system will be suggested by comparing flow results with specific materials and profiles.
The dispersed mobile-health concern in cloud computing significantly make easy protected and well-organized patient
treatment for medical discussion by distributional individual health data amongst the health concern contributors. This
scheme should fetch about the confront of maintening both the data privacy and patient’s individuality confidentiality
concurrently. Many conventional access control and unidentified verification methods cannot be directly exploited. To
resolve the trouble proposed a district approved accessible confidential model (AACM) is recognized. Patients can give
permission to physicians by setting an permission tree sustaining bendable threshold predicates. Then related to that,
by formulating a novel procedure of attribute based nominated authenticator signature, a patient self-driven multi-stage
confidentiality safeguard supportive verification scheme (PSCSV) understanding three levels of protection and confidentiality
necessity in distributed mobile-health concern cloud computing system is anticipated. The directly approved
physicians, the obliquely approved physicians and the illegitimate persons in medical consultation can correspondingly
decode the personal health data and/or authenticate patient individualities by gratifying the admittance tree with their
own attribute sets.
Ijricit 01-004 progressive and translucent user individualityIjripublishers Ijri
password, unambiguous logouts and procedures of user session expiration using typical timeouts. upcoming biometric
mechanism permit alternates user-id and password with biometric information throughout session administration,
however that mechanism still a single authentication is considered adequate, and the individuality of a end-user is
deemed unchallengeable throughout the whole session. In Addition, the duration of the session time-out may effect on
the utilizability of the service and consequential consumer approval. In this paper we deals with guaranteed substitutes
obtainable by considering biometrics in the administration of sessions.
Thus we propose protected protocol is emphasized for continuous verification through perpetual user authentication.
This protocol emphasizes about adaptive timeouts in terms of the excellency, occurrence and type of biometric data
transparently obtained from the end-user. Illustration of operational behavior of the protocol is done through Matlab
simulations by base paper author, whereas model-based quantitative investigation is been carried out to review the
capability of the protocol to distinct security attack practiced by diverse kinds of attackers. In conclusion, the contemporary
prototype for PCs and Android smartphones is discussed.
Ijricit 01-002 enhanced replica detection in short time for large data setsIjripublishers Ijri
Similarity check of real world entities is a necessary factor in these days which is named as Data Replica Detection.
Time is an critical factor today in tracking Data Replica Detection for large data sets, without having impact over quality
of Dataset. In this we primarily introduce two Data Replica Detection algorithms , where in these contribute enhanced
procedural standards in finding Data Replication at limited execution periods.This contribute better improvised state
of time than conventional techniques . We propose two Data Replica Detection algorithms namely progressive sorted
neighborhood method (PSNM), which performs best on small and almost clean datasets, and progressive blocking (PB),
which performs best on large and very grimy datasets. Both enhance the efficiency of duplicate detection even on very
large datasets.
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INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEA
1. 100
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING
MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEA
Venkateswara Rao Kora1
, K. Deepthi2
,
1 Research Scholar, Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Vikas college of Engineering and Technology,Vijayawada rural,India
2 Assistant professor , Department Of Mechanical Engineering, Vikas college of Engineering and Technology,Vijayawada rural,India
*Corresponding Author:
Venkateswara Rao Kora ,
Research Scholar, Department Of Mechanical Engineering,
Vikas college of Engineering and Technology,
Vijayawada rural,India
Published: January 22, 2015
Review Type: peer reviewed
Volume: II, Issue : I
Citation:VenkateswaraRaoKora,ResearchScholar (2015)
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT US-
ING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEA
Problem description
Fuel consumption is one of the most important
things while designing automobiles. Construction
of automobiles parts with metal becomes heavier in
weight.
Now a days vehicle body parts are made of compos-
ite materials to reduce weight which in terms in-
creases the mileage.
But manufacturing of machine elements in vehi-
cle is not done due to non-investigation and low
strength.
Rectification:-
Composites are gradually low strength to use them
for machine elements.
In this investigation layers (material matrix) is used
to use epoxy/composite materials.
Which improves object strength with good variation.
Layers method is generally used for aerospace ob-
ject.
This is an attempt to introduce latest technology in
automotive machine element.
INTRODUCTION
A driveshaft is the connection between the transmis-
sion and the rear axle of the car. As shown in Figure
,power generated by the engine is transferred to the
transmission via a clutch assembly. The transmis-
sion is linked to the driveshaft by a yoke and univer-
sal joint, or u-joint, assembly. The driveshaft trans-
mits the power to the rear end through another yoke
and u-joint assembly. The power is then transferred
by the rig and pinion or rear differential to the rear
wheels.
The entire driveline of the car is composed of several
components, each with rotating mass. The rule of
thumb is that 17-22% of the power generated by
the engine is lost to rotating mass of the drive train.
The power is lost because it takes more energy to
spin heavier parts. This energy loss can be reduced
by decreasing the amount of rotating mass. Light
weight flywheels and transmission gears, aluminum
and carbon-fiber drive shafts, riffle-drilled axels,
and aluminum hubs are all examples of replace-
ment or modified parts used to reduce the amount
of rotating mass.
Abstract
Composite materials are made from two or more constituent metals/nonmetals with significantly different physical or
chemical properties, that when combined, produce a material with characteristics different from the individual compo-
nents. The individual components remain separate and distinct within the finished structure.
The Composite materials based on the metals are said to be the Metal Matrix Composites. Metal composite materials
have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced poly-
mer) and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
1401-1402
2. 101
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Power transmission can be improved through the
reduction of inertial mass and light weight. Substi-
tuting composite structures for conventional me-
tallic structures has many advantages because of
higher specific stiffness and higher specific strength
of composite materials. Composite materials can be
tailored to efficiently meet the design requirements
of strength, stiffness and composite drive shafts
weight less than steel or aluminum.
Composite materials are used in large volume in
various engineering structures including space-
crafts, airplanes, automobiles, boats, sports' equip-
ments, bridges and buildings. Widespread use of
composite materials in industry is due to the good
characteristics of its strength to density and hard-
ness to density. The possibility of increase in these
characteristics using the latest technology and vari-
ous manufacturing methods has raised application
range of these materials. Application of composite
materials was generally begun only at aerospace in-
dustry in 1970s, but nowadays after only three dec-
ades, it is developed in most industries. Meanwhile,
the automotive industry considered as a mother one
in each country, has benefited from abilities and
characteristics of these advanced materials. Along
with progress in technology, metallic automotive
parts are replaced by composite ones. One of them
is drive shaft (propeller shaft), which numerous re-
searches have been done on it in recent decades.
Drive shafts are usually made of solid or hollow
tube of steel or aluminum. Over than 70% of single
or two-piece differentials are made of several-piece
propeller shaft that result in a rather heavy drive
shaft [1]. Figure 1 shows a photographic view of
two-piece steel and a sample composite drive shaft.
Composite drive shafts were begun to be used in bulk
in automotives since 1988. The graphite/carbon/
fiberglass/aluminum driveshaft tube was developed
as a direct response to industry demand for greater
performance and efficiency in light trucks, vans and
high performance automobiles. The main reason for
this was significant saving in weight of drive shaft;
the results showed that the final composite drive
shaft has a mass of about 2.7 Kg, while this amount
for steel drive shaft is about 10 kg. The use of com-
posite drive shafts in race cars has gained great at-
tention in recent decades. When a steel drive shaft
breaks, its components, are thrown in all directions
such as balls, it is also possible that the drive shaft
makes a hole in the ground and throw the car into
the air. But when a composite drive shaft breaks,
it is divided into fine fibers that do not have any
danger for the driver. Numerous studies have been
carried out to investigate the optimal design and
analysis of composite drive shafts with different ma-
terials and layers orientation. Pollard studied differ-
ent applications of composite drive shafts for auto-
motive applications. He compared the advantages
and disadvantages of them at various conditions.
Rangaswamy optimized and analyzed a one-piece
composite drive shaft using genetic algorithm and
ansys. They found that the use of composite materi-
als lead to the significant reduction in weight com-
pared to steel drive shaft. They also reported that
the fiber orientation of a composite shaft strongly
affects the buckling torque. Rastogi implemented
a fea approach to design and analyze a composite
drive shaft in different conditions. A one-piece com-
posite drive shaft for rear wheel drive automotive
application is designed and analyzed using ansys
software. Since performance of conventional drive
shafts can be severely limited by the critical speed
and large mass inertia moment of metal shaft fig-
ure. Photographic view of a two-piece steel and one-
piece composite drive shaft [2]
Design considerations:
The primary load carried by the drive shaft is tor-
sion. The shaft must be designed to have enough
tensional strength to carry the torque without fail-
ure. In addition, the possibility of tensional buckling
must be considered for a thin-walled tube. The third
major design requirement is that the drive shaft has
a bending natural frequency which is sufficiently
high. An optimum design of the drive shaft is de-
sirable, which is cheapest and lightest but meets
all of the above load requirements. Based on some
reliable collected data the above three load-carrying
requirements are summarized in Table.
3. 102
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
LOAD REQUIREMENTS FOR DRIVE SHAFT
DESIGN
REGULAR VALUES SAFETY FACTOR
Maximum torque 2020 3
Minimum buck-
ling torque
>2020N-m
Minimum
flexural
frequency
93.3
Assumptions
The following are the assumption that can be used
for designing the drive shaft. It rotates at a con-
stant speed about its longitudinal axis. The shaft
has a uniform, circular cross section. The shaft is
perfectly balanced, i.e., at every cross section, the
mass center coincides with the geometric center. All
damping and nonlinear effects are excluded. The
stress-strain relationship for composite material is
linear & elastic; hence, Hook’s law is applicable for
composite materials. Since lamina is thin, so it is
considered as under the plane stress.
In order to design the drive shaft, three conditions
can be considered; Torque conditions, Connection
considerations and, Manufacturer’s options. Since
the primary load carried by the drive shaft is torsion.
The shaft must be designed to have enough torsion-
al strength to carry the torque without failure. Thus
in this project work, the three test piece (specimen)
should be able to withstand at least 2020Nm torque
with a factor of safety 1.5. The torque can be ob-
tained from engine and vehicle. Regarding second
consideration, the torque test machine is specially
used to test drive shaft; so it requires a flanged con-
nection to fix the test specimen. Besides these the
composite material manufacturer option provides a
drive shaft having inner diameter of 25mm.
INTRODUCTION TO CATIA
Computer Aided Design (CAD) is a technique in
which man and machine are blended in to problem
solving team, intimately coupling the best character-
istics of each. The result of this combination works
better than either man or machine would work
alone , and by using a multi discipline approach,
it offers the advantages of integrated team work.
There are different modules in CATIA using which
different tasks can be performed. The main window
and modules of CATIA shown in figure:
Catia-v5 Interface
Model of shaft with 75 diameter:
Drawing of shaft:
INTRODUCTION TO FEA
Finite element analysis (fea) was first developed in
1943 by r. Courant, who utilized the ritz method
of numerical analysis and minimization of variation
calculus to obtain approximate solutions to vibra-
tion systems. Shortly thereafter, a paper published
in 1956 by m. J. Turner, r. W. Clough, h. C. Mar-
tin, and l. J. Topp established a broader definition
of numerical analysis. The paper centered on the
"stiffness and deflection of complex structures".
By the early 70's, fea was limited to expensive main-
frame computers generally owned by the aeronaut-
ics, automotive, defense, and nuclear industries.
Since the rapid decline in the cost of computers and
the phenomenal increase in computing power, fea
4. 103
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
has been developed to an incredible precision. Pre-
sent day supercomputers are now able to produce
accurate results for all kinds of parameters.
Fea consists of a computer model of a material or
design that is stressed and analyzed for specific re-
sults. It is used in new product design, and existing
product refinement. A company is able to verify a
proposed design will be able to perform to the cli-
ent's specifications prior to manufacturing or con-
struction. Modifying an existing product or struc-
ture is utilized to qualify the product or structure
for a new service condition. In case of structural
failure, FEA may be used to help determine the de-
sign modifications to meet the new condition.
Static analysis of composite shaft with steel
75dia
Imported model:
The above image is the imported model of compos-
ite shaft. Modeling was done in Catia and imported
with the help of IGES (Initial Graphical Exchanging
Specification).
Meshed model:
The above image showing the meshed modal. De-
fault solid Brick element was used to mesh the com-
ponents. The shown mesh method was called Tetra
Hydra Mesh.
Meshing is used to deconstruct complex problem
into number of small problems based on finite ele-
ment method.
Loads applied:
The above image is showing the loads applied on a
shaft
Displacement:
The above image is showing displacement values
due to loads acting on shaft.
Von-misses stress:
The above image is showing von misses stress value
with the help of color bar. Color bar is used to deter-
mine the value ranges on object. Von misses stress
considers all directional and principal stresses.
5. 104
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
Von-misses strain:
The above image is showing von misses strain value
with the help of color bar. Color bar is used to deter-
mine the value ranges on object. Von misses strain
considers all directional and principal strain.
Model analysis of composite shaft with steel
75dia
The above image is showing mode shape value1due
to natural frequency.
The above image is showing mode shape value2 due
to natural frequency.
The above images are showing the graphs of dis-
placement due to loads, natural frequency and ex-
ternal frequencies acting on composite shaft.
Static analysis of composite shaft with CRFP
5-layers 90 – 45 – 0 –45 –90
The above image is showing layers used for rein-
forcement.
6. 105
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
The above image is showing displacement values
due to loads acting on shaft.
Von-misses stress:
The above image is showing von misses stress value
with the help of color bar. Color bar is used to deter-
mine the value ranges on object. Von misses stress
considers all directional and principal stresses.
Von-misses strain:
The above image is showing von misses strain value
with the help of color bar. Color bar is used to deter-
mine the value ranges on object. Von misses strain
considers all directional and principal strain.
Model analysis of composite shaft with CRFP
5-layers 90 - 45 - 0 - 45 - 90
The above image is showing mode shape value1due
to natural frequency.
The above image is showing mode shape value2 due
to natural frequency.
The above image is showing mode shape value3 due
to natural frequency.
7. 106
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
The above images are showing the graphs of dis-
placement due to loads, natural frequency and ex-
ternal frequencies acting on composite shaft.
Static analysis of composite shaft with CRFP
5-layers 90 - 0 - 90 - 0 - 90
The above images are showing the graphs of dis-
placement due to loads, natural frequency and ex-
ternal frequencies acting on composite shaft.
Static analysis
of
composite shaft
STEEL FRP CRFP
75Ø 70Ø 75Ø 70Ø 75Ø 70Ø
DISPLACMENT 0.4E-
05
0.4E-05 0.7E-05 0.6E-05 0.6E-05
0.62E-
05
STRESS 0.014 0.013 0.014 0.013 0.0141 0.013
STRAIN 0.11E-
06
0.1E-06
0.19E-
06
0.18E-
06
0.16E-
06
0.17E-
06
MODE-1 7.28 6.78 9.88 9.092 11.25 9.60
MODE-2 7.28 6.78 9.88 9.09 11.2 9.61
MODE-3 18.1 17.1 24.74 23.02 28.14 24.14
MODE-4 18.15 17.16 24.77 23.05 28.18 24.21
MODE-5 20.87 20.74 28.58 28.13 32.19 29.53
FRP 3LAYERS
CRFP
3LAYERS
CRFP
5LAYERS
90 – 45 – 0 –
45 – 90
CRFP 5LAYERS
90 - 0 - 90 - 0
– 90
DISPLAC-
MENT
90 – 45 – 0 -
-45 - -90
CRFP 5LAY-
ERS
0.5E-05 0.4E-05
STRESS 90 - 0 - 90 -
0 – 90
0.013 0.013 0.011
STRAIN 0.18E-06 0.15E-06 0.15E-06 0.12E-06
MODE-1 8.96 10.21 10.21 10.21
MODE-2 8.97 10.22 10.22 10.22
MODE-3 22.56 25.66 25.66 25.66
MODE-4 23.62 25.74 25.73 25.73
MODE-5 27.88 31.40 31.40 31.40
Discussion
In this project we observe different materials which
are suitable for composite shaft.
The 75 diameter shaft is suitable for shaft due to its
structural stability and the composites having very
less stress due to its construction of material struc-
ture and the material matrix.
The multiple layers with the variation of angles
splitting the load.
Conclusion
In this project work analysis on composite drive
shaft is done to increase the efficiency as well as to
decrease the cost and weight.
In the first step data analization is done to under-
stand the problem and rectification methodology.
In the next step a 3d surface model was generated
for analysis purpose.
In the next step analysis is done on 75dia and 70dia
by varying materials steel, frp and crfp and also
analysis work is done by applying layered matrix.
In the next step analysis is done on reduced thick-
ness using layers method with reinforcement an-
gles.
As per the above results 70 dia with 12 mm wall
thickness shaft with crfp with 90-0-90-0-90 angles
is suitable for drive shaft due to low stress, less
weight and less manufacturing cost. Even if we ob-
serve previous they have used combination of crfp
and frp but the combination type shaft manufactur-
ing having errors while joining both to gather.
Instead of using combination material better to use
perpendicular angles for the reinforcement.
Using this type of shaft we can increase the me-
chanical efficiency by reducing the weight and this
type of shafts are easy to manufacture and cost ef-
fective.
8. 107
International Journal of Research and Innovation (IJRI)
BIBOLOGRAPHY
[1]DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DRIVE SHAFT WITH
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C.R.R.COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (Affiliated to
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Authour
Venkateswara Rao Kora
Research Scholar, Department of Mechanical
Engineering,Vikas
college of Engineering and Technology,Nunna,
Vijayawada rural,
Krishna (DIST),Andhrapradesh,India.
K. Deepthi
Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering,Vikas
college of Engineering and Technology,Nunna,
Vijayawada rural,
Krishna (DIST),Andhrapradesh,India.