Antiperspirants and deodorants are personal care products used to manage body odor and sweat. Antiperspirants reduce sweat production, while deodorants mask or neutralize odor. They come in various forms and are widely used for daily hygiene and comfort.

1. ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND
DEODORANTS
Ojaswini A. Hemane*, Pallavi V. Neware
Subject: Cosmetic Science, B.Pharm Final Year
Guide : Chandrashekhar M. Chakole
Bajiraoji Karanjekar College of Pharmacy, Sakoli,
Dist. Bhandara M.S. -441802
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University

2. INDEX
Introduction
Characteristics
Difference between deodorants and antiperspirants
Components of sweat/odour
Mechanism of perspiration control
Deodorant formulation and its evaluation
Antiperspirant ingredients, formulation and its evaluation

3. INTRODUCTION
•Antiperspirants are products designed to inhibit perspiration, and also provide masking
for any malodours that may develop from low levels of sweat that manage to exude.
Because of this, antiperspirants also work as deodorants.
•Deodorants are topical personal care products applied to the skin, usually under the
arms, to mitigate body odour stemming from the bacterial decomposition of perspiration.
•A subset of deodorants, known as antiperspirants, not only address odour but also
inhibit perspiration by modulating sweat glands.
ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND DEODORANTS
1) It shouldn’t irritate the skin.
2) It needs to be safe and non-toxic.
3) Easy to apply and sticks well to the skin.
4) Covers up body odour with a nice scent.
5) Shouldn’t ruin clothes.
6) Soaks up sweat or stops smelly bacteria from growing.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIPERSPIRANT & DEODORANTS

4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND DEODORANTS:
Deodorants Antiperspirant
-Has a topical effect (Cosmetic) -Has a therapeutic effect (OTC).
-Comprising fragrance , adsorbent
and germicide.
-Comprising fragrance, germicide,
adsorbent and astringent.
-Does not reduce sweat amount. -Reduce amount of sweat secretion.
-Deodorants are not Antiperspirant. -Antiperspirants are deodorants.

5. Ethnicity
 An aqueous solution resembling the hypotonic composition of blood plasma with an
acidic pH between 4th and 6th requirements, it is essential to note that the composition of
antiperspirants primarily comprises approximately 99% water along with mineral salts,
namely sodium bicarbonate, potassium and chloride.
 Additionally, the substances excreted by sweat glands include inorganic compounds such
as ammonia, lactic acid, and urea.
Sweat glands
Sebum glands
Odour
COMPONENTS OF SWEAT
Odour and perspiration:

6. Perspiration
Regulation of body temperature
Elimination of lactic acid
Sweat glands
2380000 (Body surface)
Endocrine glands
(All over the body)
Apocrine glands
(localized-post pubertal)
HYPER-HYDROLYSIS:
Intense activity of eccrine (25000 in each auxiliary vault)= 12 gm of sweat per hour (So
injurious)

7. Odour
Numerous odours substances are responsible:
•Decomposition of the proteins
•Physical and physiological conditions
• Lactones, lower fatty acids and steroids
(they don’t have a smell themselves, but
they help get rid of odours)
•Individual property (dog detection)
Ways to control or reduce odour:
1. Remove the secretions
2. Reduction in apocrine sweating
3. Checking bacterial growth
4. Absorption of body odours

8. •Gomes, Drucker, and Liley noted that infections from bacteria that don’t need oxygen
can create a strong smell because they produce certain chemicals like short-chain fatty
acids, sulphur compounds, ammonia, and polyamines.
•Chlorine works by killing these microorganisms and breaking down the dead tissue and
bacterial waste. This helps eliminate the foul odour caused by tissue decay.
Deodorants/ Ingredients:
1. Antibacterial agents
2. chlorhexidine acetate
3. Benzethonium chloride
4. Propylene glycol
Formulation forms:
o Creams
o Powders
o Sticks
o Roll-ons
o Aerosols
DEODORANT ACTION

9. Simple Formulation:
Deodorant
Ingredients Quantity
Sodium stearate 8.0 ml
Sorbitol, 70% 5.0 ml
Triclosan o.1 gm
Fragrance q.s.
Ethanol 75 ml
D. water 11.9 ml
Ingredients Quantity
Bees wax 2.0 gm
Aluminium chlorhydrate 12.0 ml
Tween 80 5.0 ml
Liquid paraffin 1.0 ml
Cetrimide 1.0 gm
Stearic acid 14.0 ml
Water 100 ml
Deodorant stick

10. EVALUATION OF DEODORANTS:
•Both in vivo and in vitro methodologies are accessible for assessing deodorant effectiveness.
However In vitro, techniques lack reliability in determining clinical efficacy.
•The primary approaches for in vivo evaluation of deodorant efficacy include:
1) Assessing the impact of treatment on skin micro flora.
2) Conducting olfactory evaluations to gauge the effects on skin odours.
Various techniques which are used to quantify microbial flora are as follows:
 Tape stripping Method
 Velvet Replicate Pads Techniques
 Pressurised Spray Method
 Scrubbing Techniques

11. ANTIPERSPIRANT ACTION
Active ingredients i.e., generally aluminium salts of the antiperspirant will permeate
into the sweat and apocrine glands, leading to the formation of insoluble hydroxide
gel within sweat pores. This process physically obstructs the release of sweat
producing from the skin surfaces.
Fig. Mechanism of Action of Antiperspirant

12. Antiperspirant sticks formulation
Antiperspirant sticks includes:
• Ingredients that prevent sweat.
•Things that make the stick hold together and
•Stuff that makes it smell or look nice.
Active Ingredients:
The FDA releases an Over-the-Counter drug monograph delineating approved ingredients
for use in antiperspirants.
These permitted ingredients are restricted to:
Aluminium zirconium complexes, Aluminium chlorohydrate, and Aluminium salts.
Alcohol:
This ingredient is found in certain aerosols, Roll-On and gels.. The ingredients present in
deodorants and antiperspirants is mixed with alcohol because it dries fast on your skin and
makes you feel cool right away.
Thickening agent:
The majority of the composition consists of waxy or fatty materials that undergo gelation to
create a solid stick. The waxy substances are mixed with lubricating oils and emollients.
Additionally, talc, starches, and other powders may be incorporated to adjust the consistency
of the stick and provide a dry tactile sensation to the product.

13. Additional ingredients:
Fragrances like limonene, linalool, geraniol and colourants may be incorporated into the
formulation to enhance both the scent and visual appeal of the product. Furthermore, additives
like calcium pantothenate may be included, as it is purported to alleviate skin irritation and
facilitate wound healing, particularly common occurrences with underarm shaving.
Carrying vehicle: Ethanol, propylene glycol
Evaluation of Antiperspirant:
Antiperspirants are designed to reduce sweating in the armpits for a short period. The most
common way to test how well they work is by collecting sweat from armpits in an environment
and weighing it.
Quality control:
It refers to testing safety and effectiveness of a product this includes:
Checking of irritation Evaluation of irritation
Evaluation of sensitivity to skin contact and
Assessing how harmful it might be.
Choosing Deodorant over Antiperspirant:
Deodorants help to stop body odour by neutralizing sweat smell and fighting bacteria. they are
preferred because they don’t stop sweating, which is a natural way for the body to cool down.
Antiperspirants, on the other hand, reduce sweating, which helps lessen body odour too.
However, since deodorants only tackle body odour and not sweat, they are labelled as
deodorants.

14. REFERENCES:
1. Singh S, Nigam V, A Textbook of Cosmetic Sciences. Thakur Publication,
Edition, 2021;5. 59-70.
2. Pathak Kamla, Vaidya Ankur, A Textbook of Cosmetic Science Concepts and
Principles, Nirali Publication Advancement of Knowledge, Edition, 2018:6. 14-
18.
3. Paweenuch T, Erini V, Shuo B, Qiong C, International Journal Of Cosmetic
Science, Deodorants and Antiperspirants: New trends in their active agents and
testing methods, 2023:vol.45, 426-443.https://doi.org/10.1111/ics.12852

15. THANK YOU