The document discusses the history and constituents of soaps and detergents. It notes that soap making dates back to 1500 BC and involved combining plant/animal oils with alkaline salts. Modern synthetic detergents slowly replaced soaps and were first used for dishwashing and laundering fine fabrics. Soaps are made through saponification which involves heating oils/fats with lye, while detergents are made from petrochemicals. Both soaps and detergents work by forming micelles that emulsify oils and allow them to be rinsed away. While soaps are more eco-friendly, detergents work better in hard water. However, detergents pose health and environmental risks if certain regulations are

1. Eco friendly soaps
and
detergents

2. History
 Cleanliness - an important consideration - from time immemorial
 Soap making dates back to about 1500 BC, the earliest records
indicate that a combination of animal and vegetable oils with
alkaline salts was used to form a soap-like material
 In ancient India too, people used soap preparations made from plant
or animal fats
 Modern technology has provided synthetic detergents that have
slowly replaced soaps
 The first detergents were used chiefly for hand dishwashing and fine
fabric laundering
 This was followed by the development of all-purpose laundry
detergents introduced in the U.S. in 1946.

3. CONSTITUENTS OF SOAP
• Oil
• Alkali
• Perfumes
• wetting agents and emulsifiers, based on non-soap
synthetic surfactants
•Surface-active agents
•Builders and fillers
•Other additives like anti re-deposition agents, optical
fibre brighteners (whitening agents), bluing agents,
bleaching agents, foam regulators, organic sequestering
agents, enzymes, perfumers
•Substances that regulate the density and assure crispness
of the material they are used on

4. SOAPS
• Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of the long
chain carboxylic acid. A soap molecule consists of a
long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and
hydrogen) with a carboxylic acid on one end which is
ionic bonded to metal ion end usually a sodium and
potassium.
• A soap has a large non ionic hydrocarbon group and an
ionic group COO-Na+
Examples
Sodium stearate - (C17H33COO-Na+)
Sodium palmitate - C15H31COO-Na+
Sodium oleate – C17H33COO-Na+ 4

5. SAPONIFICATION
• The process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils
with alkalies
• Made by heating animal fats or vegetable oil with
concentrated sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
• Fat or oil + NaOH- SOAP + glycerol
5
3 sodium palmitate
= soap
Glyceryle tripalmitate Glycerol

6. Micelles
• When a soap or detergent is
added to water, a polar
solvent, the molecules form
clusters, known as micelles,
in which the polar ends of
the molecules are on the
outside of the cluster and the
non-polar ends are in the
middle.
6
soap micelle surrounded by
water molecules. The lines in the
center represent grease and oil.

7. Working of soaps
• The cleaning action of both
soaps and detergents results
from their ability to emulsify
or disperse water-insoluble
materials (dirt, oil, grease,
etc.) and hold them in
suspension in water.
• This ability comes from the
molecular structure of soaps
and detergents.
7

8. • When a soap or detergent is added
to water that contains oil or other
water-insoluble materials, the soap
or detergent molecules surround the
oil droplets.
• The oil or grease is “dissolved” in the
alkyl groups of the soap molecules
while the ionic end allows the
micelle to dissolve in water.
• As a result, the oil droplets are
dispersed throughout the water (this
is referred to as emulsification ) and
can be rinsed away.

9. Soaps are eco-friendly
and biodegradable
ADVANTAGES
•Soaps are not suitable in the hard
water.
•They are weak cleansing properties
than detergents.
DISADVANTAGES

10. DETERGENTS
• They are sodium salts
of long chain alkyl benzene
sulphonic acids or sodium salts
of long chain alkyl hydrogen
sulphate.
• Produced from petrochemicals.
10

11. 11
Sodium alkylbenzene sulfonate
Sodium alkyl sulfate
Glycerol (a non-ionic
detergent)

12. 12
ADVANTAGES
•The salts of strong acids they do not decompose
in acidic medium. Thus detergents can effectively
clean fabric even if the water is acidic
•Are more soluble in water than soaps
•Stronger cleansing action than soaps
•Derived from petroleum, so save natural
vegetable oils (imp. As essential cooking medium)

13. •Non biodegradable (so elimination is the
problem)
•Produce stale foams in rivers (effects of used
surfactants ), so dangerous to aquatic life.
•Inhibits oxidation of organic substances
present in waste water as form envelope
DISADVANTAGES

14. 14
SOAPS DETERGENTS
Soap are made from fat and
alkali by specification method
Detergents are carbonic compounds
which are not alkaline.
There are cheap. They are costly.
There are not suitable for
delicate clothes
They are suitable for delicate clothes
They are clean better in hot
water.
They clean both in hot and cold
water
They don't produce lather with
hard water and are not able to
clean the cloth.
They clean the cloth even in hard
water.
Lot of water is needed to remove
soap from the cloth.
They are removed very easily so less
quantity of water is needed.

15. HARMFUL IMPLICATIONS OF SOAPS AND
DETERGENTS
 Cause poisonings than any other household product.
 Part of the problem is that many consumers do not
understand the difference between ordinary soap and
synthetic chemical detergents.
 Ordinary soap is relatively harmless, and has been used
for thousands of years. The new detergents, however, are
all chemical products from the last thirty years.
 Soap is just soap, detergents are often soap along with
foam boosters, perfumes, enzymes, cleaning agents,
fillers, and optical brighteners.

16. HEALTH ISSUES
• Some kinds of skin irritation
• Chemical residues on the clothes enter our bodies either
through the skin or through the lungs
• Cause many common health problems including allergies, skin
infections and in rare cases, cancer
• Fragrances used in laundry detergents can prove allergic and
be highly irritating to lungs, causing serious health effects to
people with asthma or chronic heart problems
• Continuous and excessive exposure of the skin to detergents
results in drying, fissuring and dotting of the keratin layer
leading to increased permeability that causes sensitization,
which may develop into dermatitis.
• A person who rubs just a few grains of synthetic detergent into
the eye can receive corneal burns and severe eye damage.
• Elderly people are more susceptible to infections that may lead
to developing eczema

17. Health of environment
• Most laundry detergents are based on phosphate so act as a major
source of water pollution
• Impacts on rivers: formation of foam
• Promote eurtrophication of aquatic environments
• Results in algael boom
• leads to consumption of the oxygen dissolved in water, creating
hypoxic, and at times, near anoxic situation
• kills the fish, cause odour and increase pathogenic animals

18. LEGISLATION
 India's Environment Protection law (1989) recognizes and
categorizes phosphine, phosphorus and its compounds as toxic
chemicals.
 there are no regulations that are applicable to household
detergent.
 The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has separately laid down
the standards for eco-labeling of detergents in India.
 states that they should not contain any phosphate.
 stress that the surfactants issued in the manufacture of
household laundry detergent powders should be readily
biodegradable and the products be packed in packages made of
recyclable or biodegradable materials

19. • A recent test done by Consumer Voice on detergents
show that of the 14 brands selected, only one
complied with the BIS standards for detergent labeling
• Each packet of detergent powders should be marked
with a set of information on name/grade of material,
indication of the source of manufacture, and caution
statement which reads: "Detergent solutions can be
skin irritants. Avoid prolonged contact. Rinse
garments and hands thoroughly."
• The label should also carry information about critical
ingredients used in the formulations

20. Eco-friendly soap
 All-natural contains nutritive ingredients from different kinds of oils and is
completely biodegradable. It is not recommended for washing machines or
synthetic fibers, but soap can do wonders for natural fibers when mixed with a
little vinegar.
 Soak and hand wash fabrics in soapy water and add a little vinegar. When the
clothes or sheets dry, the smell of vinegar will disappear with the moisture.
 Soap nuts are truly sustainable and particularly useful for delicate items made
of silk and wool. They are the dried fruit of the Soapberry tree and contain
naturally occurring saponin.
 Throw a few in a cotton sack (usually supplied by the soap nut retailer) and
toss into the washing machine for a thorough, hypoallergenic wash. Each time
you wash, throw in three or four soap nuts.
 A soap nut’s lifecycle is somewhere between four and six loads. You’ll know
that all the soap is used up when the soap nuts are darker and softer in texture.
Once the saponin in the nuts is diluted, simply toss the nuts into the compost
pile.

21. BETTER OPTIONS - ECO-FRIENDLY HOUSEHOLD CLEANING
POWDERS
• An environmentally superior detergent is the one that
makes use of lesser chemical ingredients.
• toxicity of detergents decreases by non-addition of
additives like perfumes, colour and brightening agents.
• synthetic surfactants may be replaced by non-
petrochemical surfactants or vegetable oil soaps.
• builders like phosphates can be replaced by sodium
citrate and sodium bicarbonate.
• Dyes and fragrances can be eliminated or minimized.

22. • Consumer needs to be informed that the smaller
detergent products can also be the least polluting ones.
• Consumers must press for implementation of labeling
standards and regulation so that they may avail of
environmentally friendly choices.
• Using 'green detergents' that do not contain non-
essential additives like perfumes, colour and brightening
agents in minimal packaging will go a long way in
ensuring a cleaner and healthier environment.

23. Steps to be followed :
• First, try to use ordinary soap or an organic cleaner
instead of the chemical detergents.
• Don't overuse detergent—most people, according to
a Consumer's Union survey, use at least twice as
much detergent as is required.
• Don't mistake detergent for soap—never wash the
skin with detergents and keep away from the mouth.
• To help with soiled clothes, prewash them with
washing soda and then use common soap.

24. NATURAL HOUSEHOLD CLEANERS
• Natural household cleaners are bio-friendly products which do not
contain unnecessary chemicals. They are non-toxic or a lot less toxic
for us and the environment.
• The chemical composition of natural household cleaners is usually
simple and many of them have been in use for generations. They
don’t harm the environment and the users.
• By using non-toxic cleaners we can live in a less toxic home
environment. This helps us to be healthier. Most of them break down
harmlessly in the water and soil, causing no damage to wildlife and
plant life or even humans.
• There are loads of simple, cheap and effective products which can be
used for cleaning your home. You can do practically every normal
household task using bio-friendly, non-toxic cleaners.

25. Some of the best natural household cleaners
• Vinegar, and washing soda, baking soda (or sodium
bicarbonate), borax and washball or laundry ball for washing
clothes. Salt and soapnuts are also useful.
• Many of these cleaning agents can still be bought in ordinary
shops and supermarkets. Others, such as borax can be found
in some chemists and pharmacies.
• Most of these products will not have been tested on animals
(or, to be more correct, they are not currently being tested)
because they have been in use for generations already.
• Lemons are useful natural cleansers. Citric acid and limonene
are used in many proprietary brands of eco-friendly cleaners

26. TH
THANK YOU