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- 2. • Perspiration is a phenomenon which the body has for regulation of body temperature and for protection of the skin from dryness. • Perspiration eliminates lactic acid formed during muscular exercise. • Perspiration takes place because of sweat glands. • Sweat from both eccrine and apocrine glands are odourless when discharged. Later sweat from apocrine glands which contains several fatty acid substances like lower fatty acids, steroids, lactones, etc. is decomposed by resident bacteria producing odorous substances. Eccrine sweat helps in growth of bacteria by providing required moisture. • The bad smell is more noticeable in the armpit (axilla) as apocrine glands are very numerous there and underarm hair helps disperse the malodour into the air. INTRODUCTION TO PERSPIRATION
- 3. • Reduction in apocrine sweating • Removal of secretions of both types of sweat glands as quickly as possible • Checking bacterial growth • Absorption of body odours WAYS TO CONTROL OR REDUCE ODOUR Second approach not practicable
- 4. Should not be irritant to the skin Should not deteriorate clothing Should be safe and non toxic Easy to use and adhere well on skin Mask body odour with perfume Absorb perspiration or inhibit the growth of bacteria which produce malodour PROPERTIES OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND DEODORANTS
- 5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND DEODORANTS Deodorants Antiperspirants Has a topical effect (cosmetic) Has a therapeutic effect (OTC) Does not reduce amount of sweat Reduces amount of sweat secretion Deodorant is not antiperspirant Antiperspirant is deodorant
- 6. • Perspiration is the body’s natural mechanism for cooling. Sweat, particularly in the armpit area, pools and allows bacteria to grow (warm, moist, undisturbed area). This accumulation of bacteria leads to the characteristic negative odor associated with the sweat. • Antiperspirants are over-the-counter drugs • Antiperspirants contain materials that actually stop the sweat from exuding from the pores by creating small, gel-like plugs. • These products also provide masking for any malodors that may develop from low levels of sweat that manage to exude. • The most common active ingredients found for the OTC products are aluminum zirconium tetrachlorohydrate (commonly used in sticks) and aluminum chlorohydrate (commonly used in sprays and roll-ons). WHAT ARE ANTIPERSPIRANTS?
- 7. • Aluminium chloride and aluminium sulphate have low pH 2 to 3 and are hence irritating to skin and can damage fabric. • Aluminium chlorohydrate: In solutions, it has a pH of 4.0-4.5 close to pH of skin. It can damage the fabric if not washed away as heat during ironing the fabric can hydrolyse it. Urea or borax is included in the formulation to reduce the risk of damage. • Aluminium Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrex Glycine less irritant than acidic aluminium salts ANTIPERSPIRANT INGREDIENTS
- 8. Aluminum Chloride Aluminum Chlorohydrate Aluminum Chlorohydrex Polyethylene Glycol Complex Aluminum Chlorohydrex Propylene Glycol Complex Aluminum Dichlorohydrate Aluminum Dichlorohydrex Polyethylene Glycol Complex Aluminum Dichlorohydrex Propylene Glycol Complex Aluminum Sesquichlorohydrate Aluminum Sesquichlorohydrex Polyethylene Glycol Complex Aluminum Sesquichlorohydrex Propylene Glycol Complex Aluminum Sulfate Buffered Aluminum Zirconium Octachlorohydrate Aluminum Zirconium Octachlorohydrex Glycine Complex Aluminum Zirconium Pentachlorohydrate Aluminum Zirconium Pentachlorohydrex Glycine Complex Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrate Aluminum Zirconium Tetrachlorohydrex Glycine Complex Aluminum Zirconium Trichlorhydrate Aluminum Zirconium Trichlorohydrex Glycine Complex Aluminum Sulfate Buffered with Sodium Aluminum Lactate ANTIPERSPIRANT INGREDIENTS
- 9. • Aerosols/liquid antiperspirants • Creams • Lotions (Not very popular) • Sticks • Powders FORMULATION OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS
- 10. Liquid antiperspirants: Generally applied as sprays Aqueous or hydro-alcoholic solutions of astringent salts with humectants Quaternary ammonium salts such as cetyl pyridinium chloride, cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide or chlorhexidine can be used as deodorants in antiperspirants. FORMULATION OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS Ingredient % Function Aluminium chlorhydrate (50 % solution) 25 % Reduce excessive sweating by directly blocking the sweat ducts. Aluminum salts plug eccrine sweat pores. Glycerin 5 Humectant Alcohol 45 Astringent and helps in evaporation Borax 2 Buffer to avoid damage to fabric Water to make 100 Vehicle Perfume q.s. Perfume
- 11. Cream antiperspirants Vanishing cream type FORMULATION OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS Ingredient % Function Aluminium chlorhydrate (50 % solution) 30 Reduce excessive sweating by directly blocking the sweat ducts. Aluminum salts plug eccrine sweat pores. Glyceryl monostearate acid stabilized 15 Emulsifier Glycerin 5 Humectant Mineral oil 3 Oily phase Cetyl alcohol 2 Emollient and thickening agent Titanium dioxide 0.5 Opacifier Water to make 100 Vehicle Perfume and preservatives q.s. Perfume and preservatives
- 12. Lotion antiperspirants FORMULATION OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS Ingredient % Function Aluminium chlorohydrate (50 % solution) 40 Reduce excessive sweating by directly blocking the sweat ducts. Aluminum salts plug eccrine sweat pores. Glyceryl monostearate acid stable 15 Emulsifier Glycerin 6 Humectant Mineral oil 5 Oily phase Petroleum jelly 2.5 Emollient Spermaceti 5 Thickening agent Water to make 100 Vehicle Perfume and preservatives q.s. Perfume and preservatives
- 13. Antiperspirant sticks Usually consist of wax like matrix which acts as a carrier for aluminium chlorohydrate and volatile silicone. Sodium aluminium chlorhydroxy lactate and sodium aluminium lactate have been found to be useful in antiperspirant sticks. FORMULATION OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS Ingredient % Function Aluminium chlorohydrate powder 18 Reduce excessive sweating by directly blocking the sweat ducts. Aluminum salts plug eccrine sweat pores. Volatile silicone 45 Helps to enhance spreadability of formulation Stearyl alcohol 25 Emollient and thickener Polyethylene glycol distearate (6000) 5 Waxy base Carbowax PEG 1540 4 Waxy base
- 14. Antiperspirant powders: Least effective Prepared by mixing antiperspirant salts with talcum powder FORMULATION OF ANTIPERSPIRANTS Ingredient % Function Buffered aluminium sulphate 8 Reduce excessive sweating by directly blocking the sweat ducts. Aluminum salts plug eccrine sweat pores. Sodium aluminium lactate 18 Buffer Talcum powder to make 100 Absorbent Perfume q.s. Perfume
- 15. • Purely a cosmetic product • Deodorants are applied to allow the body to sweat but mask the unpleasant odor. Some deodorants contain materials to actually kill the bacteria while masking the malodour. • Sodium bicarbonate has also been used as a deodorant. It is an acid salt and can act either as mild acid or alkali. Axillary odours are largely caused by acid compounds. These compounds are absorbed by sodium bicarbonate and stable odourless salts are formed. WHAT ARE DEODORANTS?
- 16. • Zinc compounds such as zinc oxide, zinc peroxide • Organic acids such as benzoic acid, salicylic acid • Quaternary ammonium compounds such as cetrimide, benzethonium chloride • Cationic compounds such as chlorhexidine acetate • Bisphenols such as hexachlorophene • Phenols such as parachlorometaxylenol and dichloro metaxylenol ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS USED IN TOILETRIES
- 17. • Liquids • Cream • Powders • Sticks FORMULATION OF DEODORANTS
- 18. • Liquid deodorants are prepared by dissolving quaternary ammonium compounds in water or 50 % denatured spirit. • Generally available as sprays • Humectant and perfume may be added if required LIQUID DEODORANTS Ingredient % Function Chlorhexidine diacetate 0.5 Antibacterial Propylene glycol 2 Humectant Denatured spirit 50 % to make 100 Vehicle Perfume q.s. Perfume
- 19. • Not very popular CREAM DEODORANTS Ingredient % Function Glyceryl monostearate 10 Emulsifier Stearic acid 5 Forms emulsifier Cetyl alcohol 3 Emollient plus thickener Isopropyl myristate 2 Emollient Potassium hydroxide 0.8 Forms emulsifier Propylene glycol 10 Humectant Triclosan 0.2 Antibacterial Water to make 100 Vehicle Perfume and preservatives q.s. Perfume and preservatives
- 20. • Dispersion of deodorant powder is of utmost importance • Achieved by mixing and grinding • Dry ingredients should be mixed in suitable blender • Active ingredient should be distributed through powder mix. • Perfume may be blended with talc first and then may be incorporated into powder POWDER DEODORANTS Ingredient % Function Talc 67 Astringent and absorbent Light precipitated chalk 12 Odour fighting Boric acid 5 Antibacterial Zinc oxide 5 Antibacterial Zinc phenol sulphonate 1 Antibacterial Perfume q.s. Perfume
- 21. • Can be prepared with sodium stearate, humectant, alcohol and perfume • Chlorhexidine diacetate may be used. If sodium stearate used is less than 8 %, then cetyl alcohol used to impart rigidity to stick. STICK DEODORANTS Ingredient % Function Sodium stearate 8 Imparts rigidity to stick Sorbitol solution 5 Humectant Isopropyl myristate 3 Emollient Triclosan 0.2 Antibacterial Alcohol to make 100 Antibacterial, vehicle Perfume q.s. Perfume
- 22. STICK DEODORANTS Ingredient % Function Sodium stearate 7 Imparts rigidity to stick Cetyl alcohol 1.5 Emollient Propylene glycol 6 Humectant Chlorhexidine diacetate 0.5 Antibacterial Alcohol 82 Astringent and antibacterial Water to make 100 Vehicle Perfume q.s. Perfume