Demography and family planning lecture of Commmunity Medicine and or Preventive Medicine lecture by Dr. Farhana Yasmin,MBBS;MPH;Phd Fellow of Rajshahi University .
Although there is very less material in web ,I try to make the topic lucid . I also stuck in sampling part but i feel it helpful for readers .
Commends are welcome
Demographic characteristics of a country provide an overview of its population size, composition, territorial distribution, changes therein and the components of changes such as natality, mortality and social mobility
Although there is very less material in web ,I try to make the topic lucid . I also stuck in sampling part but i feel it helpful for readers .
Commends are welcome
Demographic characteristics of a country provide an overview of its population size, composition, territorial distribution, changes therein and the components of changes such as natality, mortality and social mobility
Demography addresses human populations as population per se, that is, their sizes and structures.
It is the scientific study of human population.
Demographic processes :
1. fertility 4. migration &
2. mortality 5. social mobility
3. marriage
TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA SOURCES
Demography : study of statistical description and analysis of human population.
Population : summation of all the organism of the same group in a particular geographical area.
Population census : a complete population count at a point in time within a particular area.
Vital registration : registration on live Births, Deaths, Fetal deaths, Marriages, and Divorces.
Sample Survey: representative portion of the population .
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Demographic data is the study of the population its static and dynamic aspects.
Static aspect (age, sex, race etc.)
Dynamic aspect (fertility, morality, migration)
Demography addresses human populations as population per se, that is, their sizes and structures.
It is the scientific study of human population.
Demographic processes :
1. fertility 4. migration &
2. mortality 5. social mobility
3. marriage
TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA SOURCES
Demography : study of statistical description and analysis of human population.
Population : summation of all the organism of the same group in a particular geographical area.
Population census : a complete population count at a point in time within a particular area.
Vital registration : registration on live Births, Deaths, Fetal deaths, Marriages, and Divorces.
Sample Survey: representative portion of the population .
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Demographic data is the study of the population its static and dynamic aspects.
Static aspect (age, sex, race etc.)
Dynamic aspect (fertility, morality, migration)
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS. It contains: increase in the world's population, over and under population, anti and pro-natalist policies, China's one child policy, France population strategies, Bristol case study.
Anyone needs any kind of help then you can contact me on Facebook.
Id: Ashikur Rahman Shanto
Student of Bangladesh University Professionals
Department of Environmental Science
These comprehensive slides on demography provide a deep understanding of the science of population dynamics. Covering essential concepts, methodologies, and key demographic indicators, these notes offer insights into the study of population growth, distribution, and composition. Explore topics such as fertility, mortality, migration, and population projections, as well as their implications for society and policy. With this resource, you'll gain a strong foundation in demography, making it an invaluable reference for students, researchers, and anyone interested in the dynamics of human populations.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Demography, as understood today, is the scientific study
of human population. It focuses its attention on three readily
observable human phenomena : (a) changes in population
size (growth or decline)
(b) the composition of the
population and
(c) the distribution of population in space.
It deals with five "demographic processes", namely
fertility,
mortality, marriage, migration and social mobility.
These five processes are continuously at work within a
population determining size, composition and distribution.
3.
4.
5. The history of world population since 1650 suggests that
there is a demographic cycle of 5 stages through which a nation
passes:
(1) FIRST STAGE (High stationary):
This stage is characterized by a high birth rate and a high
death rate which cancel each other and the population
remains stationary. India was in this stage till 1920.
(2) SECOND STAGE (Early expanding):
The death rate begins to decline, while the birth rate remains
unchanged. Many countries in South Asia, and Africa are in this
phase. Birth rates have increased in some of these countries
possibly as a result of improved health conditions, and
shortening periods of breast-feeding
6. (3) THIRD STAGE (Late expanding):
The death rate declines still further, and the birth rate tends
to fall. The population continues to grow because births
exceed deaths. India has entered this phase. In a number of
developing countries (e.g., China, Singapore) birth rates have
declined rapidly.
(4) FOURTH STAGE (Low stationary) :
This stage is characterized by a low birth and low death rate
with the result that the population becomes stationary.
Zero population growth has already been recorded in
Austria during 1980-85. Growth rates as little as 0.1 were
recorded in UK, Denmark, Sweden and Belgium during
1980-85. In short, most industrialized countries have
undergone a demographic transition shifting from a high
7. birth and high death rates to low birth and low
death rates.
(5) FIFTH STAGE: (Declining)
The population begins to decline because birth rate
is lower than the death rate. Some East European
countries, notably Germany and Hungary are
experiencing this stage.
8. Growth rates :
When the crude death rate is substracted from the
crude birth rate, the net residual is the current
annual growth rate,exclusive of migration.
9.
10.
11. Demographic indicators have been divided into two
parts –1.Population statistics and
2. vital statistics
Population statistics include indicators that measure the
population size, sex ratio, density and dependency ratio.
Vital statistics include indicators such as birth rate, death
rate, natural growth rate, life expectancy at birth,
mortality and fertility rates.
These indicators help in identifying areas that need
policy and programmed interventions, setting near and
far-term goals and deciding priorities, besides
understanding them in an integrated structure.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. By fertility is meant the actual bearing of
children.
Some demographers prefer to use the word
natality in place of fertility.
A woman's reproductive period is roughly
from 15 to 45 years - a period of 30 years. A
woman married at 15 and living till 45 with her
husband is exposed to the risk of pregnancy for
30 years, and may give birth to 15 children, but
this maximum is rarely achieved.
34. Fertility depends upon several factors.
These are described below-
1. Age at marriage:
The age at which a female marries and enters the
reproductive period of life has a great impact on her fertility.
The Registrar General of India collected data on fertility on a
national scale and found that females who marry before the
age of 18 gave birth to a larger number of children than
those who married after . In India some demographers
have estimated that if marriages were postponed from the
age of 16 to 20-21, the number of births would decrease by
20-30 per cent .
35. 2. Duration of married life:
Studies indicate that 10-25 per cent of all births
occur within 1-5 years of married life; 50-55 per
cent of all births within 5-15 years of married
life. Births after 25 years of married life are
very few . This suggests that family planning
efforts should be concentrated in the first few
years of married life in order to achieve
tangible results.
36. 3. Spacing of children :
Studies have shown that when all births are postponed
by one year, in each age group, there was a decline in
total fertility. It follows that spacing of children may
have a significant impact on the general reduction in
the fertility rates.
4. Education :
There is an inverse association between fertility and
educational status. Education provides knowledge;
increased exposure to information and media; builds
skill for gainful employment; increases female
participation in family decision making; and raises the
opportunity costs of
women's time.
37. 5. Economic status :
Operational Research studies support the hypothesis that
economic status bears an inverse relationship with fertility.
The total number of children born declines with an increase
in per capita expenditure of the household. The World
Population Conference at Bucharest in fact stressed that
economic development is the best contraceptive. It will take
care of population growth and bring about reductions in
fertility.
6. Caste and religion :
Muslims have a higher fertility than Hindus. The
National
38. Family Health Survey-3 reported a total fertility rate
of 3.09 among Muslims as compared to 2.65 among
Hindus. Among Hindus, the lower castes seem to
have a higher fertility rate than the higher castes.
7. Nutrition :
There appears to be some relationship between
nutritional status and fertility levels. Virtually, all
well-fed societies have low fertility, and poorly-fed
societies high fertility. The effect of nutrition on
fertility is largely indirect.
39. 8. Family planning :
Family planning is another important factor in
fertility reduction. In a number of developing
countries, family planning has been a key factor in
declining fertility.
Family planning programmes can be initiated
rapidly and require only limited resources, as
compared to other factors.
40. 9. Other factors :
Fertility is affected by a number of physical,
biological,social and cultural factors such as
place of women in society, value of children in
society, widow remarriage, breastfeeding,
customs and beliefs, industrialization and
urbanization, better health conditions, housing,
opportunities for women and local community
involvement. Attention to these factors requires
long-term government programmes and vast
sums of money.
41.
42. Fertility may be measured by a number of indicators,
as given below. Stillbirths, foetal deaths and
abortions,however, are not included in the
measurement of fertility in a population.-
1. Birth Rate
2. General Fertility Rate (GFR)
3. General Marital Fertility Rate (GMFR)
4. Age-specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)
5. Age-specific Marital Fertility Rate (ASMFR)
43. 6. Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
7. Total Marital Fertility Rate (TMFR)
8. Gross Reproduction Rate (GRR)
9. Net Reproduction Rate (NRR)
10. Child-woman Ratio
11. Pregnancy Rate
12. Abortion Rate
13. Abortion Ratio
14. Marriage Rate
44. Birth rate is the simplest indicator of fertility and is
defined as "the number of live births per 1000
estimated
mid-year population, in a given year". It is given by the
formula:
The birth rate is an unsatisfactory measure of fertility
because the total population is not exposed to child
bearing.
Therefore it does not give a true idea of the fertility of a
Population.
45.
46. It is the "number of live births per 1000 women in
there productive age-group (15-44 or 49 years) in a
given year".
General fertility rate is a better measure of fertility
than
the crude birth rate because the denominator is
restricted to the number of women in the child-bearing
age, rather than the whole population. The major
weakness of this rate is that not all women in the
denominator are exposed to the risk of childbirth.
47.
48. It is the "number of live births per 1000 married
women in the reproductive age group (15-44 or
49) in a given year".
49.
50. A more precise measure of fertility is age-
specific fertility rate, defined as the "number of
live births in a year to 1000 women in any
specified age-group".
The age-specific fertility rates throw light on
the fertility pattern.
They are also sensitive indicators of family
planning achievement.
51.
52. It is the number of live births in a year to 1000
married women in any specified age group.
53.
54. Total fertility rate represents the average
number of children a woman would have if she
were to pass through her reproductive years
bearing children at the same rates as the
women now in each age group .
. It is computed by summing the age-specific
fertility rates for all ages; if 5-year age groups are
used, the sum of the rates is multiplied by 5.
This measure gives the approximate
magnitude of
"completed family size".
55.
56. Average number of children that would be
born to a married woman if she experiences the
current fertility pattern throughout her
reproductive span.
57.
58. Average number of girls that would be born to
a woman if she experiences the current fertility
pattern throughout her reproductive span (15-
44 or 49 years), assuming no mortality.
59.
60. Net Reproduction Rate (NRR) is defined as the
number of daughters a newborn girl will bear
during her lifetime assuming fixed age-specific
fertility and mortality rates .
NRR is a demographic indicator. NRR of 1 is
equivalent to attaining approximately the 2-
child norm. If the NRR is less than 1, then the
reproductive performance of the population is
said to be below replacement level.
61.
62. It is the number of children 0-4 years of age per
1000 women of child-bearing age, usually
defined as 15-44 or 49 years of age. This ratio is
used where birth registration statistics either
do not exist or are inadequate. It is estimated
through data derived from censuses.
63.
64.
65.
66. There are several definitions of family
planning. An Expert Committee (1971) of the
WHO defined family planning as "a way of
thinking and living that is adopted voluntarily,
upon the basis of knowledge, attitudes and
responsible decisions by individuals and
couples, in order to promote the health and
welfare of the family group and thus contribute
effectively to the social development of a country“.
67.
68. "Family planning refers to practices that help
individuals or couples to attain certain
objectives : ·
(a) to avoid unwanted births
(b) to bring about wanted births
{c) to regulate the intervals between pregnancies
{d) to control the time at which births occur in
relation to
the ages of the parent; and
{e) to determine the number of children in the
family.
69. An "eligible couple" refers to a currently
married couple wherein the wife is in the
reproductive age, which is generally assumed
to lie between the ages of 15 and 45.
70. the term target couple was applied to couples
who have had 2-3 living children, and family
planning was largely directed to such couples.
71. Couple protection rate (CPR) is an indicator of the
prevalence of contraceptive practice in the community.
It is
defined as the per cent of eligible couples effectively
protected against childbirth by one or the other approved
methods of family planning, viz. sterilization, IUD,
condom
or oral pills.
Sterilization accounts for over 60 per cent of effectively
protected couples .
.Demographers are of the view that the demographic goal
of NRR= 1 can be achieved only if the CPR exceeds 60 per
cent.
99. There are two basic types of IUD : non-medicated and
medicated. Both are usually made of polyethylene or
other polymers; in addition, the medicated or bioactive
IUDs release either metal ions (copper) or hormones
(progestogens).
The non-medicated or inert IUDs are often referred to as first
generation IUDs. The copper IUDs comprise the second and the
hormone-releasing IUDs the third generation IUDs. The medicated
IUDs were developed to reduce the incidence of side-effects and to
increase the contraceptive effectiveness. However, they are more
expensive and must be changed after a certain time to maintain their
effectiveness .India, under the National Family Welfare Programme,
Cu-T-200 B is being used. From the year 2002, Cu-T -380 A has been
introduced in the programme .
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131. Hormonal contraceptives currently in use and/or under
study may be classified as follows :
A. Oral pills
1. Combined pill
2. Progestogen only pill (POP)
3. Post-coital pill
4. Once-a-month (long-acting) pill
5. Male pill
B. Depot (slow release} formulations
1. Injectables
2. Subcutaneous implants
3. Vaginal rings
Classification
208. Definition :
A census is defined by the United
Nations as "the total process of
collecting, compiling and publishing
demographic, economic and social
data pertaining at a specified time or
times, to all persons in a country or
delimited territory"