1) The document provides an introduction and outline on the topic of demography. It defines demography as the statistical study of human populations in terms of size, structure, distributions, and changes over time due to births, deaths, and migration.
2) The origin of demography is discussed, with John Graunt cited as the father of demography for his pioneering work studying mortality statistics in 17th century England.
3) The main sources of demographic data are described as vital registration systems, surveys, and censuses. Each source has advantages and limitations for providing data on populations.
TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA SOURCES
Demography : study of statistical description and analysis of human population.
Population : summation of all the organism of the same group in a particular geographical area.
Population census : a complete population count at a point in time within a particular area.
Vital registration : registration on live Births, Deaths, Fetal deaths, Marriages, and Divorces.
Sample Survey: representative portion of the population .
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Demographic data is the study of the population its static and dynamic aspects.
Static aspect (age, sex, race etc.)
Dynamic aspect (fertility, morality, migration)
A Brief Discussion on demographic transition theory.Rizwan Khan
Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
IT IS GIVEN BY: FrankW. Notestein. Frank Wallace Notestein (August 16, 1902 – February 19, 1983)
The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
1. Scene.
2. Demographic Transition Theory.
3. Demographic Transition in India.
4. Understanding India’s Demographic Transition.
5. Demographic Dividend.
6. Opportunities for India caused by the Demographic Dividend.
7. Challenges faced by India.
8. State-wise trends in the Demographic Transition.
9. Results in terms of Statistics.
10. India’s Demographic Conclusion.
11. Bibliography
TERMS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA SOURCES
Demography : study of statistical description and analysis of human population.
Population : summation of all the organism of the same group in a particular geographical area.
Population census : a complete population count at a point in time within a particular area.
Vital registration : registration on live Births, Deaths, Fetal deaths, Marriages, and Divorces.
Sample Survey: representative portion of the population .
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA
Demographic data is the study of the population its static and dynamic aspects.
Static aspect (age, sex, race etc.)
Dynamic aspect (fertility, morality, migration)
A Brief Discussion on demographic transition theory.Rizwan Khan
Demographic transition (DT) refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
IT IS GIVEN BY: FrankW. Notestein. Frank Wallace Notestein (August 16, 1902 – February 19, 1983)
The demographic transition theory is a generalized description of the changing pattern of mortality, fertility and growth rates as societies move from one demographic regime to another.
1. Scene.
2. Demographic Transition Theory.
3. Demographic Transition in India.
4. Understanding India’s Demographic Transition.
5. Demographic Dividend.
6. Opportunities for India caused by the Demographic Dividend.
7. Challenges faced by India.
8. State-wise trends in the Demographic Transition.
9. Results in terms of Statistics.
10. India’s Demographic Conclusion.
11. Bibliography
Vital statistics, the most important branch of statistics, deals with the mankind in aggregate.
It provides a description of the vital events occurring in given communities.
By vital events, we mean birth, death, sickness, marriage, divorce, fertility, etc.
It deals with people rather than with things.
Vital statistics are of much importance for the people and nation.
Demography as the statistical study of human population with regard to their size & structure, their composition by sex, age, marital status and ethnic origin, and the changes to these population, like changes in their birth rates, death rates and immigration.
Demography is the branch of social size, structure, which deals with the study of size, structure and distribution of populations, along with the spatial and temporal changes in them in response to birth, migration, ageing and death.
In demography the following three elements of population are given special attention:
Change in the size of population (increase or decrease)
Structure of population (on the basis of sex or age groups)
Geographical distribution of population (on the basis of state or territory).
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Session 1 introduction of demography (as of 3-1-2017)
1. Introduction to Demography
Dr. Min Ko Ko
M.B.,B.S, M.Med.Sc. (Public Health)
Ph.D. in Demography (Mahidol University)
Associate Professor
Health Behaviour & Communication Department
University of Public Health
3. Outline of Presentation
I. Meaning and Scope of Demography?
II. Origin of Demography
III. Sources of Demographic measures
IV. Uses of Demography
V. Basic Measurement of Demography
4. What is Demography?
• Demography is the statistical study of (human)
populations.
• It includes the study of:
Size,
Structure,
Distributions and
Changes over time.
By 3 Components:
Birth (Fertility)
Death (Mortality)
People move in & out (Migration)
Analytical Demography
(or) Formal Demography
I. Meaning and Scope of demography?
5. Scopes of Demographic Analysis
•Size :
–number of units (persons) in the population.
•Structure :
–the distribution of the population among its Age & Sex
groupings. (Population Pyramid)
•Distribution :
–the arrangement of the population in space/geographical
area at a given time.
•Change :
–the growth or decline of the total population or of one of its
structural units.
6. Components of Change
• There are only 3 components of change in the population:
1) Births (B) (Fertility) increasing of pop.
2) Deaths (D) (Mortality) decreasing of pop.
3) Migration
•In-migration (IM) increasing of pop.
•Out-migration (OM) decreasing of pop.
P2 = P1 + (B – D) + (IM – OM) ‘Balancing Equation
7. What is Demography? (cont:)
• Determinants Factors
• It also includes the analysis of the relationships between
economic,
social,
cultural, and
biological process
--------
--------
---------
Substantive Demography
Demography?
Analytical Demography + Substantive Demography
influencing a population changes
(Fertility, Mortality, Migration)
8. II. Origin of Demography
• John Graunt (1620-1674)
• -He is called father of demography because his book Natural
and Political Observations Made upon the Bills of Mortality,
published in1662
Bills of Mortality means ‘lists of the
dead’ by plague disease.
-Weekly statistics on burials of plague
-Main idea is to monitor the
geographical incidence of deaths from
plague.
9. Origin of Demography (cont:)
• John Graunt’s Observation
• Vital Events
• Gender Differences:
More male were born between 1628 and 1662.
More Males were died earlier than females by Plague
• Life Table:
• Public Health:
• Epidemiology- Plague: germs were carried by fleas
that lived as parasites on rats
The scientific study of demography began with the study of
mortality.
10. III. Sources of demographic measures
1) Vital Registration
2) Survey
3) Census
11. Vital Registration Survey Census
Data collected in
continuous basic
Limitation:
oQuality of Data
oData Accuracy
oAge misreporting
oUnder reporting
Birth
Death
Child Death
Adult Death
Maternal D
Data collected in
fixed point in time
Cheaper
Representative
Population
Short duration
More information
from prepared Q:
Limitation:
Nationally
Representative
Sampling error
Data collected in
fixed point in time
Nationally
Representative, cover
whole population
Limitation:
Very Expensive
Longer duration
Limited
information
because of
Questionnaires
12. VR in Myanmar
• -first introduced to some parts of lower Myanmar in 1907;
and then gradually extended to other parts of the country.
• Incomplete during British colonial periods.
• Interrupted during World War II and Japanese invading to
Myanmar, and didn’t resume until 1947.
• Postwar VRS are also limited to data accuracy.
• The present VRS were introduced in Myanmar in 1962 in the
urban areas. The data is collected by Department of Health,
Ministry of Health & Sports and compiled and published by
Central Statistics Organization (CSO).
• Since 2007, VRS covers the entire population of the Myanmar
13. Surveys
• Eg:
Demographic Health Survey (DHS)
World Fertility Surveys
Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS)
Fertility and Reproductive Health Surveys
14. Surveys in Myanmar
• Fertility Surveys
Population Changes and Fertility Survey” (PCFS)-
1991
Fertility and Reproductive Health Surveys’ (FRHS
surveys)- 1997, 2001 & 2007
• Mortality Surveys
Overall and cause specific under five mortality survey 2002-2003
Research Study on The Determinants of Infant and Child Morbidity
and Mortality in Myanmar 2005
• Migration Surveys
• Elderly Surveys
Elderly surveys 2005 and 2012
15. Census
• Census is the main sources of demographic data.
• A census is defined as the total process of collecting, compiling
and publishing demographic, socioeconomic data pertaining, at
a specific time or times, to all persons in a country or delimited
territory.
• Two types of census.
1) Dejure census - counts the persons according to their usual
place of residence
2) Defacto census - counts the persons where they are found
on census day.
• Both methods have some advantages and disadvantages.
1) In Dejure census, there is problem of definition of “usual
residence” because some have more residence place and
some have no residence.
2) In Defacto, there is problem of counting person who
travelling on census day or who works at night.
16. Census in Myanmar
• History of census was initiated by the era of ‘King Thadodipa
Mahadamayaza of the Tagaung Dynasty’ to know the actual population of
his country.
• The first Myanmar population census was taken in 1872 under the
British administration covering the lower part of Myanmar; as one part
of the Indian census.
• The second one was in 1881.
• Thereafter, censuses were taken every ten years since 1881till 1941; but
they did not cover the entire country.
• After independence in 1948, the first nationwide population census was
taken in 1973 and followed by 1983.
• The last census was performed in 2014 March/April and enumerated a
total population of 51.8 millions.
• Ministry of Immigration and Population is a focal Ministry to conduct
nation-wide censuses.
17. • Other Data Sources in Myanmar
• Department of Health Planning- makes available health statistics
through its publication
Health Management Information System (HMIS)
Multiple Indicators Cluster Surveys (MICS)
District Health Information System (DHIS)
• Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development
Central Statistical Organization- Publishes “Statistical
Yearbooks”
18. IV. Uses of Demography
• Definitions
• Populations:
Size -
Structure (Age structure, Sex structure) -
Distributions (Geographical distribution)-
Changes over time (Growth/Decline)
By 3 Components:
Birth (Fertility)
Death (Mortality)
People move in & out (Migration)
19. • Demography is widely used for various purposes and can
encompass small, targeted populations or mass populations.
• Nation’s SE development-Eg: Life Expectancy at birth
• SE & Living Conditions
• For Governments:
Political observation
• Decision Making- It provide to determine the adequate policies
and plans related to population, economic, social and
environment issue both at the country level and locality level.
• Policy & Planning to provide public utilities and services to the
needs of people in each area
IV. Uses of Demography (cont:)
20. • For Scientists: use demography for research purposes,
• For Public and Private-
Business Decision
• Population Projection
• Fertility-
• Mortality--
• Migration Migration & Health
• Other Fields -
IV. Uses of Demography (cont:)
21. • Why Study Demography?
An understanding of population dynamics:
◦Helps explain social phenomena
◦Helps identify social needs
◦Helps plan for future needs
What dynamics are important?
◦Age structure
◦Mortality & illness
◦Fertility & birth patterns
◦Marriage and family formation
◦Migration and population movement
◦Population growth, competition for resources
Demography is the bridge from the micro to macro level
25. Basic Measurements: Ratio
• The ratio of X to Y
X
Y
•Examples of ratios:
Sex ratio: number of males per 100 females
Q: Sex ratio of today class?
Ratio is a single number that expresses the relative size of two
numbers.
The result of dividing a number of X by another number Y is the
ratio of X to Y.
Numerator is not included in the denominator.
26. Exercises
• In Myanmar, As of 2014 Census,
• Male = 24225304
• Female= 25987763
• Sex Ratio= ??
SR of Myanmar= 93 Males for every 100 females
27. Basic Measurements : Proportion and Percentage
• Proportion:
X
(X+Y)
• e.g. The proportion of
the population under
age 18 is .65
•Percentage:
X
(X+Y)
e.g. The percentage of the
population under age 18 is 65%
x 100
Q: Male Proportion of today class?
Q: Male percentage of today class?
28. Basic Measurements : Rate
Rate = Number of events
Population at risk
Rate = Number of events
Person-years lived
Rate = Number of events
Mid-year population
x 1000
x 1000
x 1000
A rate is the occurrence of events over a given interval in time. Rate
is used to study the dynamics of change.
Rate of incidence= #of events that occur within a given time
interval/# of members of pop: who were exposed to the risk of the
event during the same time interval.
29. Examples of Rates
•Crude birth rate (CBR):
Number of births in a year
Mid-year population
• Crude death rate (CDR):
Number of death in a year
Mid-year population
x 1000
x 1000
30. Population at Risk Person-Years Lived Mid-Year Population
PAR is real
denominator for
rate.
But, it is difficult to
get the PAR.
For the reasons,
PYL are used
instead of PAR in
denominator
The concept of PYL is ideal way
to specify the PAR of an event.
It is simply the product of the
number of persons multiplied
by the number of years, that
each person lived in a given
place.
PYL = no. of person x no. of year
But, the calculation of actual
PYL of any Larger Size would be
difficult, it is not impossible.
For the reasons, MYP are used
instead of PYL in denominator
If we assume that births,
deaths, and movements in
and out of the population
are evenly distributed
throughout the year, the
number of people alive at
the middle of the year
(July 1) would equal the
number of PYL.
This population alive at
the middle of the year is
called MYP.
So, MYP is usually a good
approximation of PYL.
Note: (if B,D,M are not
evenly distributed, we
cannot apply as MYP =
31. Calculating Mid-Year Population
•Mid-year population
= (P1 + P2) / 2
= [P1 + (P1 – D)] / 2
= P1 - ½ D
= P1 – ½ (P2 – P1)
• where:
• P1 = population on 1st January
• P2 = population on 1st January next year
• D = Deaths in a year
Q: Which formula is easy to memorize?
32. Basic Measurements : Probability
Number of events
Population at the beginning
•Ranges between 0 and 1
•Measured during a fixed period
• e.g. Probability of dying at age 25:
Number of deaths at age 25
Number of people who reach age 2
Probability is similar to a rate, with one important difference.
The denominator is composed of all those persons in the given pop:
at the beginning of the period of observation
34. More Readings
• PALMORE, J. A. & ROBERT W. GARDNER. 1983. Measuring
Mortality, Fertility, and Natural Increase: A Self- Teaching
Guide to Elementary Measures. Honolulu: The East-West
Center. Chapter I (p.1-7)
• ROWLAND, D.. 2003. Demographic Methods and Concepts.
Oxford : Oxford University Press. Chapter I (p.13-44)