INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF EXERCISE - Dynamic exercise, static exercise
AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
METABOLISM IN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
SEVERITY OF EXERCISE- Mild exercise, moderate exercise, severe exercise
EFFECTS OF EXERCISE- On blood, on blood volume, on heart rate, on cardiac output, on venous return, on blood flow to skeletal muscles, on blood pressure
Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular SystemAdam Sturm
The benefits of regular exercise include more than just having a well-toned body. Besides serving as a mood intensifier, physical activity has both long term and short term effects on the cardiovascular system. Good blood circulation throughout your body may provide long standing positive effects to your health. Giving your body a temperate workout for 30 minutes at least 5 days a week may help mitigate the chance of developing many heart-related diseases.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Effects of Exercise on Cardiovascular SystemAdam Sturm
The benefits of regular exercise include more than just having a well-toned body. Besides serving as a mood intensifier, physical activity has both long term and short term effects on the cardiovascular system. Good blood circulation throughout your body may provide long standing positive effects to your health. Giving your body a temperate workout for 30 minutes at least 5 days a week may help mitigate the chance of developing many heart-related diseases.
HEART RATE
REGULATION OF HEART RATE
VASOMOTOR CENTER – CARDIAC CENTER
MOTOR (EFFERENT) NERVE FIBERS TO HEART
FACTORS AFFECTING VASOMOTOR CENTER
for all medical & health care students
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called cardiac output
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Normal value = 5 Liters /Minute
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
The factors which regulate stroke volume and Heart rate are basically regulating Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in single systole; Normal Value = 70 ml/beat
Stroke Volume = End diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume
So stroke volume is mainly controlled by
EDV
ESV
VENOUS RETURN: What ever blood volume returns to the heart, same is pumped forward through the Frank’s Starlings Law. According to this law 13- 15 liters of blood volume can be pumped out without cardiac stimulation.
DURATION OF DIASTOLE OR FILLING TIME: ventricular filling occurs during diastole, so there must be adequate ventricular filling time.
DISTENSIBILITY OF THE VENTRICLES: Normally ventricles are distensible to accommodate adequate blood volume. Infarction decreases the distensibility which decreases the EDV.
ATRIAL CONTRACTION: There must be adequate atrial contraction to have adequate EDV. If atrial function is not adequate then EDV will decrease.
E.S.V is basically CONTROLLED BY MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
FORCE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION: It depends upon the initial length of muscle fibers according to frank’s starlings law.
PRELOAD: The effect of EDV on initial length is called preload. So EDV also effects the ESV.
AFTER LOAD: Force of contraction is also dependant upon the resistance against which the ventricles have to pump
CONDITION OF THE MYOCARDIUM : It also effects the force of contraction.
AUTONOMIC NERVES : Sympathetic stimulation increases and parasympathetic stimulation decreases force of contraction
HORMONES: Catecholamines, thyroxine, glucagon, digitalis, calcium, increased temp, caffeine, theophyline increase the force.
Force decreases by hypoxia, acidosis, barniturates, procainamide and quinidine decrease the force of contraction.
Skeletal muscle is one of the three significant muscle tissues in the human body. Each skeletal muscle consists of thousands of muscle fibers wrapped together by connective tissue sheaths. The individual bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are known as fasciculi.
Effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system.
introduction.
type of exercise.
a) based on contraction of muscle.
b) based on the type of metabolism.
c) based on the severity of exercise.
effect of exercise on cardio vascular system:-
a) on blood.
b) on blood volume.
c) on heart rate.
d) on cardiac output.
e) on venous return.
f) on blood flow to skeletal muscles.
g) on blood pressure.
Blood pressure after exercise.
vivekanand quotes.
thank you.
Cardiac output (The Guyton and Hall Physiology)Maryam Fida
The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute is called cardiac output
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
Normal value = 5 Liters /Minute
Cardiac output = Stroke Volume X Heart Rate
The factors which regulate stroke volume and Heart rate are basically regulating Cardiac output
Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in single systole; Normal Value = 70 ml/beat
Stroke Volume = End diastolic Volume – End Systolic Volume
So stroke volume is mainly controlled by
EDV
ESV
VENOUS RETURN: What ever blood volume returns to the heart, same is pumped forward through the Frank’s Starlings Law. According to this law 13- 15 liters of blood volume can be pumped out without cardiac stimulation.
DURATION OF DIASTOLE OR FILLING TIME: ventricular filling occurs during diastole, so there must be adequate ventricular filling time.
DISTENSIBILITY OF THE VENTRICLES: Normally ventricles are distensible to accommodate adequate blood volume. Infarction decreases the distensibility which decreases the EDV.
ATRIAL CONTRACTION: There must be adequate atrial contraction to have adequate EDV. If atrial function is not adequate then EDV will decrease.
E.S.V is basically CONTROLLED BY MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION
FORCE OF MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION: It depends upon the initial length of muscle fibers according to frank’s starlings law.
PRELOAD: The effect of EDV on initial length is called preload. So EDV also effects the ESV.
AFTER LOAD: Force of contraction is also dependant upon the resistance against which the ventricles have to pump
CONDITION OF THE MYOCARDIUM : It also effects the force of contraction.
AUTONOMIC NERVES : Sympathetic stimulation increases and parasympathetic stimulation decreases force of contraction
HORMONES: Catecholamines, thyroxine, glucagon, digitalis, calcium, increased temp, caffeine, theophyline increase the force.
Force decreases by hypoxia, acidosis, barniturates, procainamide and quinidine decrease the force of contraction.
Skeletal muscle is one of the three significant muscle tissues in the human body. Each skeletal muscle consists of thousands of muscle fibers wrapped together by connective tissue sheaths. The individual bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle are known as fasciculi.
Effect of exercise on Cardiovascular system.
introduction.
type of exercise.
a) based on contraction of muscle.
b) based on the type of metabolism.
c) based on the severity of exercise.
effect of exercise on cardio vascular system:-
a) on blood.
b) on blood volume.
c) on heart rate.
d) on cardiac output.
e) on venous return.
f) on blood flow to skeletal muscles.
g) on blood pressure.
Blood pressure after exercise.
vivekanand quotes.
thank you.
Dear all,
This ppt includes the acute and chronic effect of exercise on different body system which includes musculoskeletal systems, cardiovascular systems, respiratory system, endocrive system, psychological effects etc. I hope this is helpful for you.
Thank you
Cardiovascular response to exercise stress enables assessment of cardiovascular reserve.
Helps to identify patients with compensated disease with normal resting hemodynamics
CARDIOVASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS IN EXERCISE AND POSTURE.pptxWINCY THIRUMURUGAN
CARDIOVASCULAR HOMEOSTASIS
Cardiovascular homeostasis refers to the ability of the cardiovascular system to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.
The cardiovascular system helps maintain homeostasis by continually supplying the central nervous system--the brain and spinal cord--with oxygen and glucose.
Brain cells start dying after just one minute without oxygen. The brain is the control center for all of the body's homeostatic processes.
The regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis :
The regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis is a complex process that involves multiple mechanisms such as neural regulation, endocrine regulation, and autoregulation of perfusion .
The neural regulation of vascular homeostasis involves the cardiovascular centers in the brain, baroreceptor reflexes, and chemoreceptor reflexes .
The endocrine regulation of vascular homeostasis involves hormones such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism, erythropoietin, and atrial natriuretic hormone .
Autoregulation of perfusion is another mechanism that helps maintain vascular homeostasis by regulating blood flow to the tissues
Exercise
It is a body activity that enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health and wellness.
Purpose:
It is performed for various reasons, to aid growth and improve strength, develop muscles and the cardiovascular system, hone athletic skills, weight loss or maintenance, improve health, or simply for enjoyment
TYPES OF EXERCISE :
There are three basic types of exercise:
Aerobic Exercise: increases the r heart rate, works the muscles, and makes breathe faster and harder.
Flexibility Exercise: may include stretching, foam rolling, yoga, tai chi, and Pilates.
Strength/Resistance Exercise: may involve barbells and weight plates or dumb bells.
Active and passive exercises :
Active and passive exercises are muscle and joint movements carried out to assist circulation, maintain muscle tone and prevent the development of joint contracture.
These exercises can be performed by the patient (active) or by the nurse or carer helping the patient (passive).
The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting blood around the body and supplying oxygen and nutrients to tissues. It is constantly reacting and adapting to changes in the body’s position.
For example, standing up quickly can result in orthostatic hypotension, a form of low blood pressure that occurs when standing up from sitting or lying down. This is due to the effects of gravity on blood flow and the release of hormones like adrenaline.
Two main types of changes occur in the cardiovascular system during postural changes:
in the venous return and
in sympathetic activity.
Cardiovascular homeostasis in posture
Effects of standing from supine position to upright position
Venous return decreases, thus RV and LV stroke volume is decreased
Decreased cardiac output
Baroreceptor reflex.
PDHPE Trial HSC Preparation
Core 1 Health Priorities in Australia
Core 2 Factors Affecting Performance
Option 3 Sports Medicine
Option 4 Improving Performance
Sarah Redfern High School (Ratusau)
Similar to Cvs changes during exercise BY PANDIAN M # MBBS#BDS#BPTH#ALLIED SCIENCES (20)
Degeneration & regeneration of nerve fiber.ppt by Dr. PANDIAN M.Pandian M
INTRODUCTION
CLASSIFICATION OF NERVE INJURIES
INJURY OF THE NERVE CELL BODY
INJURY OF THE NERVE CELL PROCESS
CHANGES IN THE DISTAL SEGMENT OF THE AXON
CHANGES IN THE PROXIMAL SEGMENT OF THE AXON
CHANGES IN THE NERVE CELL BODY
RECOVERY OF THE NEURONS FOLLOWING INJURY
REGENERATION OF AXONS IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVES
REGENERATION OF AXONS IN THE CNS
COMPOSITION
BLOOD CELLS
PLASMA
SERUM
FUNCTIONS
NUTRITIVE FUNCTION
RESPIRATORY FUNCTION
EXCRETORY FUNCTION
TRANSPORT OF HORMONES AND ENZYMES
REGULATION OF WATER BALANCE
REGULATION OF ACID-BASE BALANCE
REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE
STORAGE FUNCTION
DEFENSIVE FUNCTION
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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2. OBJECTIVES
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF EXERCISE - Dynamic exercise, static exercise
• AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
• METABOLISM IN AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC
EXERCISES
• SEVERITY OF EXERCISE- Mild exercise,„moderate
exercise, severe exercise
• EFFECTS OF EXERCISE- On blood, on blood volume, on
heart rate, on cardiac output, on venous return, on blood
flow to skeletal muscles, on blood pressure
3. INTRODUCTION
•A key requirements of CVF during exercise is to deliver
required metabolic needs of body tissues, particularly to
the exercising muscles.
Various adjustments in the body during exercise are
aimed at:
1. Supply of various metabolic requisites like
nutrients and oxygen to muscles and other tissues
involved in exercise
2. Prevention of increase in body temperature.
4. CARDIOVASCULAR RESPONSES TO
EXERCISE
1.Increase in the skeletal muscle blood
flow,
2.Redistribution of blood flow in the body,
3.Increase in the cardiac output,
4.Blood pressure changes and
5.Changes in the blood volume.
5. TYPES OF EXERCISE
Exercise is generally classified into two types
depending upon the type of muscular contraction:
1. Dynamic exercise - involves isotonic muscle
contractions. External work is involved in this type
of exercise.
2. Static exercise - involves isometric muscle
contractions.
Cardiovascular changes are slightly different in
these two types of exercise.
6. ANOTHER TYPES OF EXERCISE IS
Classification of exercise:-
•Mild – fast walking
•Moderate – slow and steady running
•Severe – 100 meter race
Isometric – heavy weight lifting etc.
Isotonic – walking, running, playing etc.
•Whole body exercise – jogging, running etc.
•Single limb exercise – lifting of a bucket with one arm etc.
7. CV CHANGES IN ISOTONIC EXERCISE
•HR ↑s proportionately with the severity of
exercise.
•CO ↑s due to ↑s in HR and SV
•Systolic pressure ↑s
•Diastolic pressure ↑s in mild exercise, does not
change or ↓s slightly in moderate exercise and
always ↓s in severe exercise.
•Blood flow to exercising muscle ↑s
8. CV CHANGES IN ISOMETRIC EXERCISE
•HR ↑s at beginning of exercises due to ↓s the Vagal
Tone. ↑d discharge of Cardiac sympathetic fibers may
also contribute.
• SV changes relatively little.
•SP and DP rise sharply.
•Blood flow to the exercising muscle ↓s (tonically the
muscles are contracted during isometric exercise )
•PR ↑s which ↑s DP significantly in isometric exercise.
9. AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC EXERCISES
a. AEROBIC - exercises where one ‘huffs and puffs’ to
supply O2 to exercising muscles (its beneficial for CVS &
RS)
E.g. Jogging, cycling, spot running, swimming, skipping
rope, etc.
These exercises do not require excessive speed or
strength.
b. ANAEROBIC - exercises where O2 is not used for that
particular duration but high rate of work done in short period.
E.g - sprinting (These exercise do not long last)
12. •The blood flow in calf muscle for a period of 6
minutes during moderately strong intermittent
contractions.
•Note not only the flow increase about 13-fold—
but also the flow decrease during each muscle
contraction
13.
14. Two points can be made from this study:
1. The actual contractile process itself temporarily
↓s muscle blood flow.
•The contracting skeletal muscle compresses the
intramuscular blood vessels;
•Therefore, strong tonic muscle contractions can
cause rapid muscle fatigue.
•Because of lack of delivery of enough oxygen and
other nutrients during the continuous contraction.
15. BLOOD FLOW REGULATION IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
AT REST AND DURING EXERCISE
•Very strenuous exercise is one of the most
stressful conditions that the normal
circulatory system faces.
•This is true ! because there is such a large
mass of skeletal muscle in the body,
•all of it requiring large amounts of blood flow.
16. • Also, the CO often must increase in the
nonathletic to four to five times normal, or
•In the well-trained athlete to six to seven times
normal, to satisfy the metabolic needs of the
exercising muscles.
17. RATE OF BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE
MUSCLES
•At rest, blood flow through skeletal muscle averages 3
to 4 ml/min/100 g of muscle.
•During extreme exercise in the well-conditioned athlete,
this can increase 25- to 50-fold,
•rising to 100 to 200 ml/min/100 g of muscle.
•Peak blood flows as high as 400 ml/min/100 g of muscle
have been reported in thigh muscles of endurance -
trained athletes.
18.
19. THE ANSWER IS EQUALLY SIMPLE: TO DO THIS
WOULD REQUIRE MANY TIMES MORE BLOOD
FLOW THAN THE HEART CAN PUMP.
•One might ask the simple question:
•Why not simply allow a very large blood flow all the
time through every tissue of the body, always enough to
supply the tissue’s needs whether the activity of the
tissue is little or great?
21. REDISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD FLOW
• Tremendous ↑s in the skeletal muscle blood flow is possible
due to increased cardiac output.
Coronary blood flow -
• A continuous flow of blood to the heart is essential to maintain
an adequate supply of O2 and nutrients.
• Normal coronary blood flow at rest is about 250 mL (70
mL/100 g tissue/min), i.e. about 5% of the resting CO (5 L).
• During exercise, coronary blood flow is increased by four to
five times with 100% O2 utilization.
22. •Visceral blood flow is temporarily reduced in co-ordination
with increase in muscle blood flow.
•It is brought about by the increased sympathoadrenal
discharge.
•Splanchnic blood flow is decreased by 80% in severe
exercise.
•Renal blood flow is also decreased by 50−80% in severe
exercise.
•Cerebral blood flow at rest is about 750 mL/min and
remains unchanged during any grade of muscular exercise.
23. • Adipose tissue blood flow is increased by four times during
exercise.
• This helps to deliver fatty acids mobilized from triglyceride stores
to the working muscles.
Cutaneous blood flow at rest is about 500 mL/min.
• Decrease in beginning of exercise due to reflex vasoconstriction.
• Increase in sustained exercise when body temperature rises,
• To dissipate the heat generated during exercise, the blood flow
through
• The skin is controlled predominantly by the requirements of
temperature regulation.
26. INCREASE IN CARDIAC OUTPUT
•The interrelations among :- work output, oxygen
consumption, and cardiac output.
•The muscle work output increases oxygen
consumption,
•Increased oxygen consumption in turn dilates the
muscle blood vessels,
•Thus increasing venous return and cardiac output.
27.
28.
29. EFFECT OF TRAINING ON HEART HYPERTROPHY AND
ON CARDIAC OUTPUT.
1.Marathoners can achieve max.CO about 40 %
greater than those achieved by untrained persons.
2.The heart chambers of marathoners enlarge about
40 % along with the heart mass also ↑s 40% or
more.
3.So that heart of the marathoner is considerably
larger than that of the normal person.
4.Not only do the skeletal muscles hypertrophy
during athletic training, but so does the heart.
30. 5. Heart enlargement and ↑d pumping capacity occur in
the endurance types, not in the sprint types, of athletic
training.
6. Resting CO normal as it is, but normal CO is
achieved by a large SV at a reduced heart rate.
7. The heart-pumping effectiveness of each heartbeat is
40 to 50 % greater in the highly trained athlete than in
the untrained person,
8. But there is a corresponding decrease in heart rate at
rest.
32. ROLE OF STROKE VOLUME AND HEART RATE IN
INCREASING THE CARDIAC OUTPUT.
•changes in SV and HR as the CO ↑s from its resting
level of about 5.5 L/min to 30 L/min in the marathon
runner.
•The stroke volume ↑ses from 105 to 162 milliliters, an
increase of about 50%, whereas the heart rate ↑ses from
50 to 185 beats/min, an increase of 270 percent
33.
34. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO TACHYCARDIA DURING
EXERCISE ARE:
1.Increased sympathetic discharge.
2.Peripheral reflexes originating from the
exercising muscles (muscle spindles, muscle-
tendon receptors and organ of Corti) and joints.
3.Local metabolic factors - Muscle tissue has free
nerve endings which are stimulated by the
LA,K+ ions and other metabolites contribute to
the sustained ↑ in HR during prolonged exercise.
35. 4. Humoral factors - such as release of adrenaline
and noradrenaline and possibly TH during exercise.
5. Intrinsic factors - Stimulation of SA node due to
↑d venous return, which ↑s the HR during exercise.
This is known as Bainbridge reflex.
6. Increased temperature in the myocardium due
to ↑d activity of the heart during exercise may
directly ↑s the rhythmicity of the pacemaker.
36. INCREASE IN STROKE VOLUME
Mechanisms responsible for increase in stroke volume
- It has been stated that an increase in the stroke
volume during exercise occurs due to gearing up of both
the control mechanisms,
•i.e.
•Intrinsic autoregulation or Frank–Starling mechanism
•Extrinsic regulation or autonomic and neural mechanism
38. BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGES DURING
EXERCISE
In systemic circulation
•Systolic blood pressure is always raised by exercise
since it depends upon the cardiac output which is
increased in exercise.
•The BP remains elevated during exercise and
•It is not reflexly corrected by baroreceptor reflex.
•The fact that the neurons descending from the
hypothalamic defense Centre inhibit the baroreceptor
afferents.
39. •Diastolic blood pressure which primarily depends upon
the PR may mildly ↑ or ↓ or remain unchanged
depending upon the change in total peripheral
resistance.
•Mostly, the vasodilatation in the skeletal muscles
balances the vasoconstriction in other tissues,
•so diastolic blood pressure is usually not changed much.
40. IN PULMONARY CIRCULATION
•Systolic blood pressure in the pulmonary artery
may rise during heavy exercise to 25−30 mm Hg
from 15−20 mm Hg at rest,
• Diastolic blood pressure may rise from 5−8 mm
Hg at rest to 8−10 mm Hg and
• Mean blood pressure may reach to 15 mm Hg
from 8–12 mm Hg at rest.
42. CHANGES IN BLOOD VOLUME DURING
EXERCISE
•Blood volume during exercise is decreased by 15%
resulting in haemoconcentration.
•Blood volume is decreased due to more plasma loss at the
capillary level due to following reasons:
1. Increased hydrostatic pressure in capillaries and
2.Increased tissue fluid osmotic pressure due to
accumulation of osmotically active metabolites in tissue
spaces such as potassium, phosphate and lactic acid.
43. • Relation of Cardiovascular Performance to Vo2 Max.
44. EFFECT OF HEART DISEASE AND OLD AGE
ON ATHLETIC PERFORMANCE.
•One can readily understand that any type of heart
disease that reduces maximal cardiac output
•will cause an almost corresponding decrease in
achievable total body muscle power.
•Therefore, a person with congestive heart failure
frequently has difficulty achieving even the muscle
power required to climb out of bed, much less to walk
across the floor
45. •The maximal CO of older people also decreases
considerably.
•There is as much as a 50 % decrease between ages 18
and 80.
•Also, there is even more decrease in maximal breathing
capacity.
•For these reasons, as well as reduced skeletal muscle
mass,
•The maximal achievable muscle power is greatly
reduced in old age.
Isotonic muscular contraction.- eg – cycling , swimming, walking etc ****subdivided into – concentric isotonic (where muscle shortens and produces movement e.g – flexion of elbow) and eccentric isotonic where muscle gradually lengthens (e.g . Gradually lowering the weight)
external work, which is the shortening of muscle fibers against load
Mild and moderate exercise carried out long period than severe because severe carried out only short period.
Sprinting where one run to fast tht one does not take a breath.
Body obtains energy by burning glycogen stored in the muscles without oxygen hence it is called anaerobic exercise.
Burning glycogen without oxygen liberates lactic acid. Accumulation of lactic acid leads to fatigue.
Therefore, this type of exercise cannot be performed for longer period. And a recovery period is essential before
going for another burst of anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic exercise helps to increase the muscle strength.
Examples of anaerobic exercise:
1. Pull-ups
2. Push-ups
3. Weightlifting
4. Sprinting
5. Any other rapid burst of strenuous exercise.
The muscle blood flow can increase max of abt 25folds during the most strenuous exercise.
Relation between cardiac output and work output (solid line) and between oxygen consumption and work output (dashed line) during different levels of exercise.
Under normal conditions, the average stroke volume is about 80 mL/beat and
1. Frank–Starling law of heart can be stated as, within physiological limits the force of cardiac contraction is proportional to its EDV
2. Left ventricular failure causes accumulation of blood within the left ventricle, thereby decreases blood supply to the vital organs. Soon, accumulation of
blood in the left ventricle, increases the initial length of muscle fibres leading to greater cardiac output according to Frank–Starling mechanism. However, when accumulation of blood is too great, the Frank–Starling law will fail to operate leading to decrease in the blood supply to the vital organs and ultimately death may occur.