1. The document discusses the electrical changes that occur in muscles during contraction, known as the resting membrane potential and action potential.
2. The resting membrane potential is the voltage difference across the cell membrane at rest, around -70mV for nerves and -80mV to -90mV for muscles. It results from ion gradients established by the sodium-potassium pump and diffusion of sodium and potassium ions.
3. When a muscle is stimulated, an action potential occurs through depolarization and repolarization phases, resulting in a rapid change in membrane potential. The action potential propagates the signal along the membrane.
Action potential By Dr. Mrs. Padmaja R Desai Physiology Dept
To study the Concept of Action Potential and describe the stages of action potential.
Ionic basis of Action Potential & its Propogation.
Properties of Action Potential.
Types action Potential
Action potential By Dr. Mrs. Padmaja R Desai Physiology Dept
To study the Concept of Action Potential and describe the stages of action potential.
Ionic basis of Action Potential & its Propogation.
Properties of Action Potential.
Types action Potential
these slides contain a brief introduction of neurons and its classification as well as details of generation of action potential, resting potential and eletrotonic potential.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
these slides contain a brief introduction of neurons and its classification as well as details of generation of action potential, resting potential and eletrotonic potential.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
The Action and resting potential of the body are discussed. The working of body cell, tissue and how the electrical activity of body cell done? are discussed.
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...Pandian M
Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve fibres
3.2.1 Classify nerve fibres
3.2.2 Classify nerve fibres based on the diameter & conduction velocity
3.2.3 Describe the salient features of Erlanger & Gasser
classification of nerve fibres
3.2.4 State the functions of type A, B & C nerve fibres
3.2.5 Compare & contrast the numerical classification with the
Erlanger & Gasser classification in the sensory nerve fibres
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
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This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
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Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Changes during
Muscular Contraction
The muscle contracts when it is stimulated. Contraction of the
muscle is a physical or mechanical event. In addition, several other
changes occur in the muscle.
Changes taking place during muscular contraction:
1. Electrical changes
2. Physical changes
3. Histological (molecular) changes
4. Chemical changes
5. Thermal changes.
3. ELECTRICAL CHANGES DURING MUSCULAR
CONTRACTION
Electrical events occur in the muscle during resting condition as
well as active conditions.
Electrical potential Changes during muscular Contraction in the
muscle during resting condition is called resting membrane potential.
Electrical changes that occur in active conditions, i.e. when the
muscle is stimulated are together called action potential.
Electrical potentials in a muscle (or any living tissue) are measured
by using a cathode ray oscilloscope or computerized polygraph.
4. „RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (RMP)
Resting membrane potential is defined as the electrical
potential difference (voltage) across the cell membrane under
resting condition.
It is also called membrane potential, transmembrane
potential.
Sodium and potassium ions play an important role in the
generation of RMP
In the motor nerve, RMP is about -70mV.
It means that the intracellular fluid has an excess of negative
charge.
The potential difference across the membrane has a magnitude
of 70 mV. In the muscle RMP ranges from -80mV to -90mV
5. Molecular basis for RMP
The conc. Of Na+ ions is greater outside the cell (150 mmol/L
outside and 15 mmol/L inside)
The conc. Of K+ ions is greater inside the cell (150 mmol/L
inside and 5.5 mmol/L outside)
There is a natural conc. Gradient for Na+ ions directed inward
and for K+ outward.
In the resting state, permeability of membrane is greater for K+
ions. Hence K+ move out of the cell. This takes away the positive
charge from within the cell
Na-K ATPase pump. It pumps 3 Na ions to exterior for 2 K+
ions pumped in. this differential pumping makes inside of the cell
more negative.
A pump that moves net charges across the membrane and helps
in the genesis of membrane potential is called “Electrogenic
pump”
6. Development of resting membrane potential by sodium potassium (Na+ K+)
pump and diffusion of ions.
7. ACTION POTENTIAL
Action potential is defined as a series of electrical changes that occur
in the membrane potential when the muscle or nerve is stimulated.
Action potential occurs in two phases:
1. Depolarization
2. Repolarization
Depolarization
Depolarization is the initial phase of action potential in which inside
of the muscle becomes positive and outside becomes negative.
Repolarization
Repolarization is the phase of action potential in which the muscle
reverses back to the resting membrane potential.
8. Properties of action potential
It is propagative in nature
It has long distance signal
Both depolarization and repolarization are found
It obeys all or none law
Summation is not possible in it
It has refractory period
9. ACTION POTENTIAL CURVE
Action potential curve is the graphical registration of electrical
activity that occurs in an excitable tissue such as muscle after
stimulation.
It shows three major parts:
1. Latent period
2. Depolarization
3. Repolarization.
Resting membrane potential in skeletal muscle is –90 mV and it is
recorded as a straight baseline
1. Latent Period
Latent period is the period when no change occurs in the electrical
potential immediately after applying the stimulus. It is a very short
period with duration of 0.5 to 1 millisecond.
10. 2. Depolarization
Depolarization starts after the latent period. Initially, it is very
slow and the muscle is depolarized for about 15 mV.
After the initial slow depolarization for 15 mV (up to –75 mV),
the rate of depolarization increases suddenly. The point at which,
the depolarization increases suddenly is called firing level
11. 3. Repolarization
When depolarization is completed (+55 mV), the repolarization
starts. Initially, the repolarization occurs rapidly and then it becomes
slow.
Spike potential
Rapid rise in depolarization and the rapid fall in repolarization are
together called spike potential. It lasts for 0.4 millisecond.
After depolarization or negative after potential
Rapid fall in repolarization is followed by a slow repolarization.
It is called after depolarization or negative after potential. Its
duration is 2 to 4 milliseconds.
After hyperpolarization or positive after potential After reaching the
resting level (–90 mV), it becomes more negative beyond resting
level. This is called after hyperpolarization or positive after
potential. This lasts for more than 50 milliseconds. Aft er this, the
normal resting membrane potential is restored slowly
12. Action potential in a
skeletal muscle
A = Opening of few
Na+ channels
B = Opening of many
Na+ channels
C = Closure of Na+
channels and opening
of K+ channels
D = Closure of K+
channels
13. Types of Action Potential
1. Monophasic Action Potential
Monophasic action potential is the series of electrical changes that
occur in a stimulated muscle or nerve fiber, which is recorded by
placing one electrode on its surface and the other inside. It is
characterized by a positive deflection. The action potential in the
muscle discussed above belongs to this category.
2. Biphasic Action Potential
Biphasic or diphasic action potential is the series of electrical
changes in a stimulated muscle or nerve fiber, which is recorded by
placing both the recording electrodes on the surface of the muscle or
nerve fiber. It is characterized by a positive deflection followed by
an isoelectric pause and a negative deflection.
14. 3. Compound Action Potential
Compound action potential (CAP) is the algebraic summation of all the
action potentials produced by all the nerve fibers. Each nerve is made
up of thousands of axons. While stimulating the whole nerve, all the
nerve fibers are activated and produce action potential. The compound
action potential is obtained by recording all the action potentials
simultaneously.
GRADED POTENTIAL
Graded potential is a mild local change in the membrane potential that
develops in receptors, synapse or neuromuscular junction when
stimulated. It is nonpropagative and characterized by mild
depolarization or hyperpolarization.
Graded potential is distinct from the action potential In most of the
cases, it is responsible for the generation of action potential. However,
in some cases the graded potential hyperpolarizes the membrane
potential (more negativity than resting membrane otential) and inhibits
the generation of action potential