Cubitus valgus
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Cubitus valgus is a deformity where the forearm is abnormally abducted in relation to the upper arm, causing a visible defect. It is rarely seen and can result as a complication from a fractured lateral humerus condyle. Causes include previous fractures or injuries to the lower humerus that result in malunion, interference with epiphyseal growth on the lateral side, or Turner's syndrome. Left untreated, it can lead to a secondary tardy nerve palsy from friction neuritis of the ulnar nerve. Treatment options range from no intervention for mild cases, to a medial closed wedge osteotomy for moderate to severe cases, or anterior transposition surgery for any tard
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Cubitus varus deformity
Cubitus varus, or gunstock deformity, is caused by malunion of supracondylar fractures and results in the forearm being deviated inward at the elbow with loss of the carrying angle. It is a triplanar deformity involving varus, hyperextension, and internal rotation. Treatment options include observation for young children, hemiepiphysiodesis to alter growth, and corrective osteotomy. The lateral closing wedge osteotomy is commonly used to safely correct the varus deformity through removal of a lateral wedge. Other techniques include medial opening wedge, oblique, dome, and step-cut osteotomies. Postoperative management focuses on immobilizing the arm in extension
Cubitus varus
Cubitus varus is a deformity of the elbow where there is a decreased carrying angle, causing the forearm to deviate medially when extended. It is commonly caused by malunion of a supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. Corrective options include observation with expected remodeling, hemiepiphysiodesis to alter growth, and corrective osteotomy. The French osteotomy technique involves a lateral closed wedge osteotomy held with screws or wires and remains a popular surgical approach. Complications can include stiffness, nerve injuries, recurrent deformity, nonunion and malunion.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
This document provides information on slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), including:
- SCFE involves slippage of the femoral epiphysis posteriorly and inferiorly due to weakness of the growth plate.
- It most commonly affects obese adolescent boys and girls during periods of rapid growth.
- Clinical features include pain in the groin or knee and limited range of motion of the hip.
- Treatment involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation using pins or screws to stabilize the slip.
- The goals of treatment are to prevent further slippage and allow healing to occur without complications like avascular necrosis.
Ctev.ppt by krr
This document provides an overview of clubfoot (congenital talipes equinovarus), including:
1. The definition, incidence, causes, and typical deformities seen in clubfoot.
2. Evaluation methods like the Pirani scoring system and radiographic assessment.
3. Treatment approaches like the Ponseti method of serial casting and bracing, as well as surgical options like the McKay procedure when non-operative treatment fails.
4. Post-operative casting protocols and complications that can arise from treatment.
Torticollis
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Recurrent shoulder dislocation
This document discusses different types of shoulder dislocations including acute, recurrent, anterior, posterior, and inferior dislocations. It covers the anatomy of the shoulder joint, mechanisms of injury, clinical presentation, treatment including closed and open reduction techniques, and complications. Recurrent dislocations are more common in younger patients. Posterior dislocations are rare but the diagnosis is often missed on initial x-ray. Inferior dislocations involve severe abduction forces and risk neurovascular injury.
Congenital talipes equinovarus (club foot/ctev) ppt by Dr Pratik
ctev (club foot) with its aetiology, pathological anatomy, classification, non surgical and surgical treatment
Dupuytrens Contracture
Apply gentle pressure proximally
Surgeon: Check distal pulses and capillary refill
If no improvement:
Consider temporary arteriotomy or venous shunt
Delay closure and observe
Flap or graft may be needed
Recommended
Cubitus varus deformity
Cubitus varus, or gunstock deformity, is caused by malunion of supracondylar fractures and results in the forearm being deviated inward at the elbow with loss of the carrying angle. It is a triplanar deformity involving varus, hyperextension, and internal rotation. Treatment options include observation for young children, hemiepiphysiodesis to alter growth, and corrective osteotomy. The lateral closing wedge osteotomy is commonly used to safely correct the varus deformity through removal of a lateral wedge. Other techniques include medial opening wedge, oblique, dome, and step-cut osteotomies. Postoperative management focuses on immobilizing the arm in extension
Cubitus varus
Cubitus varus is a deformity of the elbow where there is a decreased carrying angle, causing the forearm to deviate medially when extended. It is commonly caused by malunion of a supracondylar fracture of the humerus in children. Corrective options include observation with expected remodeling, hemiepiphysiodesis to alter growth, and corrective osteotomy. The French osteotomy technique involves a lateral closed wedge osteotomy held with screws or wires and remains a popular surgical approach. Complications can include stiffness, nerve injuries, recurrent deformity, nonunion and malunion.
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis
This document provides information on slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE), including:
- SCFE involves slippage of the femoral epiphysis posteriorly and inferiorly due to weakness of the growth plate.
- It most commonly affects obese adolescent boys and girls during periods of rapid growth.
- Clinical features include pain in the groin or knee and limited range of motion of the hip.
- Treatment involves closed or open reduction and internal fixation using pins or screws to stabilize the slip.
- The goals of treatment are to prevent further slippage and allow healing to occur without complications like avascular necrosis.
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This document provides an overview of clubfoot (congenital talipes equinovarus), including:
1. The definition, incidence, causes, and typical deformities seen in clubfoot.
2. Evaluation methods like the Pirani scoring system and radiographic assessment.
3. Treatment approaches like the Ponseti method of serial casting and bracing, as well as surgical options like the McKay procedure when non-operative treatment fails.
4. Post-operative casting protocols and complications that can arise from treatment.
Torticollis
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Recurrent shoulder dislocation
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Congenital talipes equinovarus (club foot/ctev) ppt by Dr Pratik
ctev (club foot) with its aetiology, pathological anatomy, classification, non surgical and surgical treatment
Dupuytrens Contracture
Apply gentle pressure proximally
Surgeon: Check distal pulses and capillary refill
If no improvement:
Consider temporary arteriotomy or venous shunt
Delay closure and observe
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This document discusses genu varum (bow legs), genu valgum (knock knees), and genu recurvatum (back bending knees). It covers the normal development and alignment of the lower limbs from birth through childhood. It describes the causes, presentations, and treatment options for physiological and pathological genu varum, genu valgum, and genu recurvatum, including observation, bracing, hemiepiphysiodesis (guided growth), and osteotomy. The goal of treatment is typically correction of the alignment through non-surgical or surgical means depending on the severity and cause of the deformity as well as the age and skeletal maturity of the patient.
Perthes ’ disease
This document provides information about Perthes' disease, including:
- It is characterized by avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children.
- Risk factors include being male and between ages 5-10 years old.
- Imaging studies like x-rays are used to diagnose and monitor the stages of avascular necrosis, fragmentation, ossification, and remodeling.
- Differential diagnosis depends on whether the condition is unilateral or bilateral.
- Treatment aims to prevent deformity through nonsurgical or surgical methods depending on the severity.
Cubitus varus and valgus
This document discusses cubitus varus and cubitus valgus deformities of the elbow. Cubitus varus is when the forearm is directed towards the midline, while cubitus valgus is when it is directed away from the midline. Cubitus varus is most commonly caused by malunion of a supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Treatment options include corrective osteotomies such as lateral closing wedge or medial open wedge osteotomies. Cubitus valgus is most often due to non-union of a lateral condylar fracture of the humerus and can cause tardy ulnar nerve palsy if not corrected surgically using procedures like osteotom
Bennett , rolando , tendon injuries
This document discusses several types of hand injuries including Bennett's fracture, Rolando's fracture, and tendon injuries. Bennett's fracture is a fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone that extends into the carpometacarpal joint, often accompanied by subluxation or dislocation. Rolando's fracture is an intra-articular fracture of the base of the first metacarpal bone that extends into the carpometacarpal joint. Tendon injuries can involve the flexor or extensor tendons and are classified based on the zone of injury. Treatment depends on the specific injury but may involve closed or open reduction, internal fixation, splinting, or surgery.
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This document discusses cubitus varus, which is a deformity where the forearm is deviated inward at the elbow joint, reducing the normal valgus angle. It describes the causes, types, clinical examination findings, measurements on x-rays, and treatment options. The most common treatment involves corrective osteotomy, with various techniques described such as lateral closing wedge osteotomy, medial open wedge osteotomy, oblique osteotomy, and dome osteotomy. Complications of osteotomy include stiffness, nerve injury, persistent or recurrent deformity, non-union, and skin issues.
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This document discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of rotator cuff tears. It begins by introducing the rotator cuff muscles and their function in stabilizing the shoulder joint. Common causes of tears include impingement, trauma, aging, and ischemia. Symptoms include shoulder pain that is worsened with overhead activities. Diagnosis involves physical exam maneuvers like the Neer's and Hawkins tests as well as imaging like x-rays, ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment ranges from rest, physical therapy, and injections for mild cases to surgical repair for larger or chronic tears if conservative measures fail.
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Dr. Mahak Jain presented on spondylolisthesis. Key points include:
1) Spondylolisthesis is the forward translation of one vertebra on another, commonly caused by defects in the pars interarticularis known as spondylolysis.
2) It is classified based on etiology, with dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and pathological types.
3) Treatment depends on factors like grade, symptoms, and etiology, ranging from conservative care to surgical options like decompression, fusion, and instrumentation.
4) Studies show surgery with fusion has better outcomes for pain and function than nonsurgical treatment or decompression alone for degenerative
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1) Fractures of the humeral shaft can result from a fall on an outstretched hand or direct blow to the arm.
2) Treatment involves either hanging casts or surgery depending on the severity of the fracture and any complications.
3) Complications can include injury to the radial nerve and non-union of the bone fragments, so careful assessment of nerve function is important both before and after treatment.
Coccydynia
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Radial nerve palsy
The document provides information about the radial nerve including its anatomy, course, branches and clinical presentations of radial nerve palsies. It discusses the radial nerve's origin from the brachial plexus and branches in the arm and forearm. Common causes of radial nerve palsy include fractures and entrapment in the radial tunnel. Clinical features, investigations, treatment including splinting and tendon transfers, and postoperative management are outlined. Surgical techniques for nerve repair and reconstructive procedures are also described.
Pott’s fracture
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Pott’s fracture
A Pott’s fracture is a type of ankle fracture that is characterized by a break in one or more bony prominences on the sides of the ankle known as the malleoli.
Also known as Broken Ankle, Ankle Fracture and malleolar fracture.
Pott’s fracture often occurs in combination with other injuries such as a sprained ankle or other fractures of the foot, ankle or lower leg.
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Spondylolisthesis is the forward slippage of one vertebra on another. There are several classifications including developmental, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and postsurgical types. Developmental spondylolisthesis is usually asymptomatic and rarely progresses after adulthood. Isthmic spondylolisthesis has a risk of progression over 25% slippage or in symptomatic cases. Degenerative spondylolisthesis results from sagittal facet orientation or disc degeneration and increases in older females. The natural history depends on factors like age, gender, slip severity and progression.
Volkmann¶s ischemic contracture
Volkmann's ischemic contracture is caused by compartment syndrome leading to muscle and nerve necrosis in the forearm. It is characterized by contractures and neurological deficits. The condition typically results from untreated injuries that increase forearm compartment pressure, blocking blood flow. Clinical signs include pain, paresthesia, loss of pulses, and contractures. Treatment involves urgent fasciotomy to release pressure if compartment syndrome is present. Established contractures may be treated conservatively or with muscle sliding procedures like Inglis-Cooper or Williams-Haddad to release contracted flexor muscles and tendons.
Hip dislocation
Isabelle, a 23-year-old woman, was in a high-speed motor vehicle accident where her car collided head-on with another vehicle going 90 km/hour. She experienced an airbag deployment and hit her head on the windshield and knees on the dashboard, resulting in a brief loss of consciousness. She was brought to the emergency department complaining of neck, knee, and hip pain. One injury that can occur in high-energy trauma like this is a hip dislocation, which will be the focus of the discussion. Hip dislocations are classified based on their location (posterior, anterior, central) and can have complications like avascular necrosis if not properly reduced. Closed reduction techniques like the Allis
perthes disease
This document provides an overview of Legg Calve Perthes disease, including its definition, demographics, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, classifications, management, and surgical procedures. Some key points:
- It is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most common in ages 4-8 years. Positive family history and low birth weight are risk factors.
- Clinical features include hip/thigh pain aggravated by movement. Imaging shows stages from avascular necrosis to fragmentation to regeneration/healing.
- Conservative management includes bracing for young/mild cases. Surgical containment is used for more severe/older cases to encourage spherical remodeling.
- Procedures
radial nerve palsy
This document discusses radial nerve injury, including its anatomy, causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and management. It describes the radial nerve's course from the brachial plexus into the arm and forearm. Radial nerve injuries can be caused by fractures, compression, or traction injuries. Clinical examination involves assessing motor function of wrist and finger extensors and sensory function on the back of the hand. Management includes nonsurgical treatment, nerve repair or grafting, and tendon transfers in chronic cases. The goal of treatment is to restore wrist and finger extension through nerve regeneration or reconstruction of function.
Sprengel’s shoulder
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Madelung deformity
Madelung deformity is an abnormality of the palmar ulnar part of the distal radial physis in which progressive ulnar and volar tilt develops at the distal radial articular surface, with dorsal subluxation of the distal ulna.
Valgus vs. Varus
This document defines and distinguishes between valgus and varus deformities by describing how the distal end of the bone is positioned relative to the body's midline. Valgus refers to when the distal end moves laterally away from the midline, while varus means it moves medially towards the midline. Examples provided are genu valgus and genu varus at the knee, as well as coxa valgus and coxa varus at the hip.
Carrying Angle
The carrying angle of the elbow is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the upper arm and forearm. It averages 13.6 degrees in females and 6.7 degrees in males. The carrying angle increases progressively from childhood to age 16 and plays an important role in activities of daily living. Abnormal carrying angles outside of 5-15 degrees can indicate conditions like cubitus valgus or varus. Repetitive overhead motions like throwing can place stress on the medial elbow ligaments and lead to injuries or tears over time. Accurate measurement and assessment of the carrying angle is important for managing elbow injuries and planning reconstructive surgeries.
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Rotator cuff injuries
This document discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of rotator cuff tears. It begins by introducing the rotator cuff muscles and their function in stabilizing the shoulder joint. Common causes of tears include impingement, trauma, aging, and ischemia. Symptoms include shoulder pain that is worsened with overhead activities. Diagnosis involves physical exam maneuvers like the Neer's and Hawkins tests as well as imaging like x-rays, ultrasound, CT, or MRI. Treatment ranges from rest, physical therapy, and injections for mild cases to surgical repair for larger or chronic tears if conservative measures fail.
Spondylolisthesis
Dr. Mahak Jain presented on spondylolisthesis. Key points include:
1) Spondylolisthesis is the forward translation of one vertebra on another, commonly caused by defects in the pars interarticularis known as spondylolysis.
2) It is classified based on etiology, with dysplastic, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and pathological types.
3) Treatment depends on factors like grade, symptoms, and etiology, ranging from conservative care to surgical options like decompression, fusion, and instrumentation.
4) Studies show surgery with fusion has better outcomes for pain and function than nonsurgical treatment or decompression alone for degenerative
Shaft of humerus fracture
1) Fractures of the humeral shaft can result from a fall on an outstretched hand or direct blow to the arm.
2) Treatment involves either hanging casts or surgery depending on the severity of the fracture and any complications.
3) Complications can include injury to the radial nerve and non-union of the bone fragments, so careful assessment of nerve function is important both before and after treatment.
Coccydynia
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Radial nerve palsy
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Pott’s fracture
A Pott’s fracture is a type of ankle fracture that is characterized by a break in one or more bony prominences on the sides of the ankle known as the malleoli.
Also known as Broken Ankle, Ankle Fracture and malleolar fracture.
Pott’s fracture often occurs in combination with other injuries such as a sprained ankle or other fractures of the foot, ankle or lower leg.
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SPONDYLOLISTHESIS: DIAGNOSIS, CLASSIFICATION, EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
Spondylolisthesis is the forward slippage of one vertebra on another. There are several classifications including developmental, isthmic, degenerative, traumatic, and postsurgical types. Developmental spondylolisthesis is usually asymptomatic and rarely progresses after adulthood. Isthmic spondylolisthesis has a risk of progression over 25% slippage or in symptomatic cases. Degenerative spondylolisthesis results from sagittal facet orientation or disc degeneration and increases in older females. The natural history depends on factors like age, gender, slip severity and progression.
Volkmann¶s ischemic contracture
Volkmann's ischemic contracture is caused by compartment syndrome leading to muscle and nerve necrosis in the forearm. It is characterized by contractures and neurological deficits. The condition typically results from untreated injuries that increase forearm compartment pressure, blocking blood flow. Clinical signs include pain, paresthesia, loss of pulses, and contractures. Treatment involves urgent fasciotomy to release pressure if compartment syndrome is present. Established contractures may be treated conservatively or with muscle sliding procedures like Inglis-Cooper or Williams-Haddad to release contracted flexor muscles and tendons.
Hip dislocation
Isabelle, a 23-year-old woman, was in a high-speed motor vehicle accident where her car collided head-on with another vehicle going 90 km/hour. She experienced an airbag deployment and hit her head on the windshield and knees on the dashboard, resulting in a brief loss of consciousness. She was brought to the emergency department complaining of neck, knee, and hip pain. One injury that can occur in high-energy trauma like this is a hip dislocation, which will be the focus of the discussion. Hip dislocations are classified based on their location (posterior, anterior, central) and can have complications like avascular necrosis if not properly reduced. Closed reduction techniques like the Allis
perthes disease
This document provides an overview of Legg Calve Perthes disease, including its definition, demographics, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical features, investigations, classifications, management, and surgical procedures. Some key points:
- It is avascular necrosis of the femoral head in children, most common in ages 4-8 years. Positive family history and low birth weight are risk factors.
- Clinical features include hip/thigh pain aggravated by movement. Imaging shows stages from avascular necrosis to fragmentation to regeneration/healing.
- Conservative management includes bracing for young/mild cases. Surgical containment is used for more severe/older cases to encourage spherical remodeling.
- Procedures
radial nerve palsy
This document discusses radial nerve injury, including its anatomy, causes, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and management. It describes the radial nerve's course from the brachial plexus into the arm and forearm. Radial nerve injuries can be caused by fractures, compression, or traction injuries. Clinical examination involves assessing motor function of wrist and finger extensors and sensory function on the back of the hand. Management includes nonsurgical treatment, nerve repair or grafting, and tendon transfers in chronic cases. The goal of treatment is to restore wrist and finger extension through nerve regeneration or reconstruction of function.
Sprengel’s shoulder
Sprengel's shoulder is a rare congenital condition where the scapula is abnormally high or elevated due to incomplete descent during development. It can cause limited shoulder movement and function. The scapular muscles are often underdeveloped or replaced by fibrous bands. Diagnosis involves physical exam and imaging like x-rays. Treatment may involve surgical procedures like Putti's procedure to detach and lower the scapula, followed by physical therapy focusing on shoulder mobility and scapular muscle strengthening. The goal is to improve function and posture while preventing complications like brachial plexus injury.
Madelung deformity
Madelung deformity is an abnormality of the palmar ulnar part of the distal radial physis in which progressive ulnar and volar tilt develops at the distal radial articular surface, with dorsal subluxation of the distal ulna.
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SPONDYLOLISTHESIS: DIAGNOSIS, CLASSIFICATION, EVALUATION AND MANAGEMENT
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Valgus vs. Varus
This document defines and distinguishes between valgus and varus deformities by describing how the distal end of the bone is positioned relative to the body's midline. Valgus refers to when the distal end moves laterally away from the midline, while varus means it moves medially towards the midline. Examples provided are genu valgus and genu varus at the knee, as well as coxa valgus and coxa varus at the hip.
Carrying Angle
The carrying angle of the elbow is the angle between the longitudinal axes of the upper arm and forearm. It averages 13.6 degrees in females and 6.7 degrees in males. The carrying angle increases progressively from childhood to age 16 and plays an important role in activities of daily living. Abnormal carrying angles outside of 5-15 degrees can indicate conditions like cubitus valgus or varus. Repetitive overhead motions like throwing can place stress on the medial elbow ligaments and lead to injuries or tears over time. Accurate measurement and assessment of the carrying angle is important for managing elbow injuries and planning reconstructive surgeries.
Supracondylar osteotomy for treatment of cubitus varus
This meta-analysis reviewed 40 studies on supracondylar osteotomy for treating cubitus varus deformity in children. It found that lateral wedge osteotomy was the most common procedure, achieving 84% excellent results in correcting the deformity and restoring carrying angle. On average, procedures corrected 27 degrees of varus deformity and improved range of motion by 20 degrees. Major complications occurred in less than 10% of cases and included residual deformity, nerve injury, infection, and loss of fixation. The study found equivalent results across treatment methods but noted k-wire fixation had a higher risk of complications compared to screws or external fixation. It recommends surgeons choose treatment based on individual case factors and discuss risks and expectations thoroughly with parents.
Genu Valgum
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Coxa Vara, Genu VArum & Valgum. Under Gradts.
This document describes several orthopedic deformities including coxa vara, genu varum, and genu valgum. Coxa vara is defined as a femoral neck-shaft angle of less than 120 degrees. It can be congenital or acquired through conditions like rickets or fractures. Genu varum and valgum refer to knock knees and bow legs, respectively. These are usually physiological in children but may require intervention if the intercondylar or intermalleolar distances are abnormally large. Treatment options include hemiepiphysiodesis, osteotomies, and joint replacements depending on the severity and underlying cause.
supracondylar fracture humerus in children
Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are the most common elbow injuries in children, making up approximately 60% of cases. They typically occur as a result of a fall onto an outstretched hand in children aged 5-7 years old. Radiographs are used to classify fractures as non-displaced (Type I), displaced with an intact posterior cortex (Type II), or completely displaced (Type III). Posteromedial displacement is more common than posterolateral. Physical examination focuses on evaluating neurovascular status and detecting any S-shaped deformity, with nerve injuries occurring in up to 16% of cases.
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This document discusses fractures around the elbow joint that commonly occur in children, including supracondylar fractures of the humerus, lateral condyle fractures of the humerus, and distal radial fractures. It provides details on the classification, epidemiology, clinical presentation, complications, and treatment options for these pediatric elbow injuries. Common fracture types are described along with approaches to nonoperative and operative management depending on the degree of displacement and integrity of the articular surface. Complications addressed include malunion, growth disturbances, and avascular necrosis.
Ulnar nerve injuries
The ulnar nerve arises from the brachial plexus and supplies sensation to the palmar side of the hand and medial 1.5 fingers as well as muscles in the forearm and hand. It is most commonly injured at the elbow or wrist, which can cause sensory loss, muscle weakness or wasting, and deformities like claw hand. Surgical exploration and repair or nerve transposition are often used to treat ulnar nerve injuries.
Dupuytrens contracture presentation
Dupuytren's contracture is characterized by abnormal thickening of the fascia in the palm, which forms nodules and cords that cause fingers to bend into the palm. It is most common in Caucasian males over 50. The contracture is caused by an excess of myofibroblasts that synthesize collagen and contract tissues. The disease follows the anatomical planes of the palmar fascia. Treatment involves surgical release of the tightened fascia.
Congenital anamolies upper limb - Dr.KK
This document discusses congenital anomalies of the upper limb, including definition, incidence, embryology, classification, and specific anomalies such as club hand, Madelung deformity, Apert's syndrome, cleft hand, and thumb abnormalities. Upper limb anomalies can occur due to arrest of development during crucial embryonic stages between 4-8 weeks. Common types include transverse or longitudinal arrest of parts, failure of differentiation, duplication, and overgrowth/undergrowth. Radial and ulnar club hands are described in detail along with associated syndromes and treatment approaches.
8 fogle down syndrome Dermatolgyphics
The document describes a laboratory exercise for students to analyze fingerprint patterns, total ridge counts, and angles of triradii deviation (ATD) among classmates and individuals with Down Syndrome to study the genetics underlying these dermatoglyphic traits. Students will take fingerprints and palm prints, classify patterns, count ridges, measure ATD angles, and compare results within and between groups to explore polygenic inheritance and developmental influences on these quantitative traits.
Kline & Turner Alternative Presentatio
Klinefelter's syndrome affects only males with a 47, XXY karyotype, is caused by nondisjunction during meiosis, and results in enlarged breasts, minimal facial/body hair, and wide hips in patients. Turner's syndrome affects only females with a 45, X karyotype, also caused by nondisjunction during meiosis, and symptoms include short stature, edema of the hands/feet, and an abnormal spine curvature. While there is no known cure for either syndrome, symptoms can be managed through hormonal injections, anabolic steroids, or potential future gene therapy.
Physiology: Scoliosis
The document discusses scoliosis, a condition where the spine curves abnormally to the side. It begins by providing a brief history of scoliosis and defines different types including congenital, idiopathic, neuromuscular, postural, and syndromic scoliosis. Signs and symptoms of scoliosis include uneven shoulders/hips and muscles on one side of the spine. Diagnosis involves exams like Adams Forward Bend Test and x-rays. Causes may include genetics or structural issues. Effects can include breathing problems if severe. Treatment options are monitoring, bracing to prevent worsening, or surgery for curves over 40 degrees.
CRPS I (RSD) with pictures. Differential Diagnosis
This presentation is a summary of several lectures given by the past president of the Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy of America. The Power Point presents the appropriate way to diagnose CRPS (RSD), and has pictures of CRPS compared to nerve entrapment syndromes, mistakenly diagnosed as CRPS. A list of appropriate medical testing is included, as is an explanation of the pathophysiology. See www.DiagnoseMyPain.com to take a test to clarify the diagnosis.
Myositis ossificans
Myositis ossificans is a benign condition characterized by heterotopic bone formation in muscles, tendons, and fascia. There are three main types: progressive (MO-congenita), post-traumatic (MO-circumscripta), and paraplegic myositis. Progressive type is autosomal dominant and seen in boys within the first year, causing ossification of soft tissues and bone anomalies. Post-traumatic type usually follows trauma, forming a painful soft tissue mass that ossifies over weeks. Paraplegic myositis develops heterotopic ossification around joints below the level of paralysis within 3-4 weeks.
Dupuyterene contracture
Dupuytren's contracture is a fibroproliferative disease affecting the palmar fascia that can cause finger joint contractures. It is caused by an increase in fibroblasts and collagen deposition in the palmar fascia. Surgical treatment involves fasciectomy to release contracted fascia. Postoperative therapy focuses on maintaining correction and regaining range of motion. Complications can include poor wound healing, nerve damage, and recurrence of contractures.
Crps ppt
The document summarizes the assessment and treatment approaches for complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). It describes CRPS as an abnormal neurologic processing of pain that causes disproportionate pain to the initial injury. Symptoms may include allodynia, hyperalgia, swelling and abnormal hair/nail growth. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach between occupational therapy and physical therapy, focusing on reducing pain and swelling, improving range of motion and function through desensitization and stress loading techniques. While no single protocol works for all patients, early intervention generally leads to quicker improvement. Further research is still needed to determine the most effective CRPS treatments.
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Ewings sarcoma is a small-round-cell tumor most common in children and young adults. Laboratory tests for patients with Ewings sarcoma typically show elevated inflammatory markers like ESR, WBC, and CRP, as well as anemia and high LDH. Biopsies of Ewings sarcoma show sheets of small round blue cells with prominent nuclei and minimal cytoplasm, and sometimes pseudorosettes. After treatment, patients are at risk for recurrence of Ewings sarcoma within the first 10 years and may develop a second malignancy like AML later. They also face toxicities to organs like the heart, kidneys, and nervous system.
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Supracondylar osteotomy for treatment of cubitus varus
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Joint Dislocation
Dislocations involve the complete loss of congruency between articulating joint surfaces. The document discusses the definition, types, clinical presentation, treatment, and complications of dislocations for several major joints including the shoulder, elbow, and hip. Key points include that shoulder dislocations are most common, usually anterior, and require closed reduction. Hip dislocations also typically require closed reduction and splinting, and can cause neurovascular injury or avascular necrosis if not reduced promptly. Elbow dislocations commonly involve the posterior joint and may be associated with fractures.
Spinal cord lession localisation
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord, including sensory and motor functions. It describes the ascending tracts that carry sensory information in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral white columns. Several spinal cord syndromes are summarized, including complete transverse cord lesion, Brown-Sequard syndrome, central spinal cord lesion, posterior column syndrome, and anterior spinal syndrome. Causes and features of each syndrome are provided. Treatment options for spinal cord injuries are mentioned, such as glucocorticoids, neurotrophins, stem cell implantation, and future brain computer interface devices.
Anatomy and Examination of Ulnar & Sciatic Nerves
The ulnar nerve supplies sensation to the palmar and dorsal surfaces of the little and half of the ring fingers. It can be injured at different levels - high injury near the elbow results in paralysis of all muscles supplied and sensory loss in the hand. Low injury in the forearm causes clawing of the hand. Tardy ulnar palsy occurs later in life due to ischemic changes. Combined low median and ulnar nerve palsy results in intrinsic minus hand. The sciatic nerve supplies the lower limb and injury can cause paralysis and drop foot.
Soft tissue lesion .prof g s patnaik
This document discusses soft tissue lesions, including tennis elbow, carpal tunnel syndrome, and trigger finger. For tennis elbow, it describes the causes as overuse or repetitive stress injuries, clinical features such as lateral epicondyle pain aggravated by certain motions, and treatments including rest, bracing, injections and surgery. Carpal tunnel syndrome is defined as median nerve entrapment at the wrist. It lists causes such as medical conditions and repetitive stress. Clinical features include numbness and tingling in the median nerve distribution. Trigger finger is caused by thickening of the tendon sheath which results in the finger getting trapped and snapping on motion. Injection of steroids or surgery to divide the pulley may treat trigger finger.
orthoseminar-170117221729.pptx
This document summarizes common nerve injuries in the upper and lower extremities. In the upper limb, it describes injuries to the axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves, including their sensory and motor functions, common causes of injury, and clinical manifestations. For the lower limb, it discusses femoral, sciatic, and common peroneal nerve injuries, noting signs and symptoms such as sensory loss, muscle weakness or deformities like drop foot. The document provides an overview of peripheral nerve injuries and their presentations to help clinicians properly diagnose different conditions.
Peripheral nerve injuries
This document summarizes common nerve injuries in the upper and lower extremities. In the upper limb, it describes injuries to the axillary, radial, median, and ulnar nerves, including their sensory and motor functions, common causes of injury, and clinical manifestations. For the lower limb, it outlines femoral, sciatic, and common peroneal nerve injuries, providing details on causes and symptoms such as sensory loss, motor weakness, and deformities. The document serves as a reference for healthcare practitioners to understand the presentations of various peripheral nerve injuries.
Trauma_lecture_7.pdf
The document discusses various types of upper limb injuries including brachial plexus lesions, shoulder dislocations, and impingement syndromes. Brachial plexus lesions can occur from trauma or difficult births and may cause Erb's palsy (C5/6 paralysis) or Klumpke's palsy (C7-T1 paralysis). Shoulder dislocations are most commonly anterior and can damage the axillary nerve. Impingement syndromes involve entrapment of soft tissues in the subacromial space and cause shoulder pain, especially with overhead motions.
Soft tissue lesions .a perspective g s patnaik
Soft tissue lesions .a perspective g s patnaikNarayan Medical College, Gopal Narayan Singh University
1. Soft tissue injuries like periarthritis shoulder (frozen shoulder), supraspinatus tendinitis, plantar fascitis, and Dupuytren's contracture were discussed along with their definitions, etiologies, clinical features, investigations, and treatment approaches.
2. Conservative treatments include rest, NSAIDs, physical therapy, local steroid injections, while surgical options were mentioned for more severe cases like manipulation under anesthesia or fasciectomy.
3. The document provided an overview of these common soft tissue conditions seen in clinical practice.Introduction to Upper limb trauma
1) The document discusses various types of upper limb trauma including fractures and dislocations of the shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist and hand.
2) Signs and symptoms, mechanisms of injury, clinical evaluation including relevant tests and imaging, complications and treatment options are described for conditions like shoulder dislocation, humeral fractures, supracondylar humerus fractures, forearm fractures and wrist fractures.
3) Common fractures discussed include Colles fracture of distal radius, supracondylar humerus fractures in children, lateral condyle humerus fracture and Bennett's and Rolando fractures of the thumb.
4) Different types of splints used for immobilization like K wire splint,
5. Supra Condylar fracture of Humerus
Dear all,
This ppt contains the cause, types, clinical and radiological features, treatment and complication of supra Condylar fracture of Humerus. I hope this is useful to you.
Thank you
Spinal cord lession localisation-ppt.pdf
This document discusses the anatomy and functions of the spinal cord, including sensory and motor functions. It describes the ascending tracts that carry sensations in the spinal cord and various spinal cord syndromes that can result from lesions in different areas of the spinal cord, such as complete transverse cord lesions, Brown-Sequard syndrome, central spinal cord lesions, posterior column syndrome, and anterior spinal syndrome. It also discusses disorders like multiple sclerosis and subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Complications from spinal cord injuries are outlined as well as current treatment approaches.
Ulnar Nerve Injury.pptx
This document provides an overview of ulnar nerve injury, including:
- Anatomy of the ulnar nerve and the muscles it innervates
- Common causes of ulnar nerve injury such as trauma, compression neuropathies like cubital tunnel syndrome
- Clinical signs of ulnar nerve injury including clawing of the ring and little fingers
- Surgical management options like nerve repair, grafting, decompression for compression neuropathies, and tendon transfers to restore hand function
- Specific procedures for cubital tunnel syndrome and ulnar tunnel syndrome decompression
Diseases of the spinal cord.pptx
This document provides an overview of diseases of the spinal cord including symptoms, signs, and specific syndromes associated with lesions at different spinal cord levels. It discusses both compressive and non-compressive myelopathies. Compressive causes include tumors, abscesses, hematomas, and herniated disks. Non-compressive causes include infarction, autoimmune disorders, infections, and demyelinating diseases. Chronic myelopathies such as spondylosis, vascular malformations, and nutritional deficiencies are also reviewed. The document provides detailed information on localizing spinal cord lesions and distinguishing features of various spinal cord syndromes.
Elbow Pain
This document summarizes common conditions that affect the elbow joint. It describes the anatomy of the elbow joint and its major muscles, ligaments and nerves. It then discusses specific conditions like olecranon bursitis, tennis elbow, golfer's elbow, cubital tunnel syndrome, and elbow dislocations. For each condition, it provides details on symptoms, examinations, and treatment options both conservative and surgical.
shaft of humerus fracture orthopedics ppt
The document summarizes fractures of the humerus shaft. It can occur in patients of any age from indirect twisting or bending forces. The humerus has a cylindrical upper shaft that flattens in the lower half. Fractures can be of any pattern from transverse to spiral and can be closed or open. Displacements vary but lateral angulation is most common due to the pull of the deltoid muscle. Diagnosis is usually clinical but x-rays can confirm the fracture and assess displacement and angulation.
Hand splinting in common orthopedic & neurological condition 1
This Presentation is about role of splinting in orthopedic condition and neurological condition. This presentation can be benefitted for Orthotist, Occupational therapist, phyiotherapist and Physical medicine and rehabilitation specialist.
Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome (Cubital Tunnel Syndrome).pptx
Ulnar tunnel syndrome, also known as cubital tunnel syndrome, involves compression or irritation of the ulnar nerve at the elbow, causing tingling, numbness, and pain in the forearm and fingers. It is most often caused by repetitive elbow flexion or trauma. Physical therapy focuses on ulnar nerve gliding exercises, manual therapy, splinting the elbow at 45 degrees for 4-6 weeks, heat, stretching, and strengthening exercises to relieve symptoms while avoiding aggravating activities. Conservative treatment is effective for most acute cases.
Soft tissue conditions
This present power point presentation on soft tissue conditions, is an orthopedic topic useful for a quick glance of the conditions mostly of UL and LL. Physiotherapists and other health professionals will be benefited.
BRACHIAL PLEXUS INJURY EDITED.pptx
The document discusses brachial plexus injuries, which involve damage to the network of nerves that control the arm and hand. It describes the anatomy of the brachial plexus and the mechanisms, classifications, signs and symptoms, investigations, and management of both adult and obstetric brachial plexus injuries. Specific injuries like Erb's palsy and Klumpke's palsy are also explained. The prognosis depends on the level and severity of the injury, with upper plexus injuries having a better prognosis than lower plexus or total plexus lesions. Early surgical intervention may be needed for severe injuries or root avulsions.
Spinal cord disorders.pptx
This document provides information on spinal cord lesions, including:
1. It defines spinal cord lesions as insults resulting in changes to normal motor, sensory, or autonomic function, which can be temporary or permanent.
2. It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord and its relation to vertebrae, as well as markers for sensory levels.
3. It discusses the classification of spinal cord injuries as complete or incomplete, listing several types of incomplete injuries including central cord syndrome, anterior cord syndrome, and Brown-Sequard syndrome.
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Hand splinting in common orthopedic & neurological condition 1
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protein energy malnutrition
Moderate to severe malnutrition presents with different clinical features depending on whether the child has marasmus or kwashiorkor. Marasmus is characterized by marked wasting of fat and muscle without edema. Children with marasmus appear alert despite their condition and have less mortality and infection risk than kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor mainly affects children ages 1-4 and is identified by pitting edema along with flaky skin, loss of hair pigmentation and curls, and mental changes like apathy. Recovery from kwashiorkor tends to be slower than from marasmus.
Precocious and delayed puberty
This document discusses precocious and delayed puberty. It defines precocious puberty as the development of sexual characteristics before age 8 or menstruation before age 10. Causes can be idiopathic, an intracranial lesion, or disorders like McCune-Albright syndrome. Treatment aims to slow bone maturation and reduce gonadotropin secretion, using medications like GnRH agonists. Delayed puberty is defined as lack of breast or pubic hair development by ages 13-14 or menarche after 16. Causes include hypogonadism, chronic illness, or eugonadism. Treatment depends on the underlying cause and may involve cyclic or combined estrogen therapies.
Chronic pelvic pain
This document defines chronic pelvic pain as noncyclic pain lasting at least 6 months in the pelvis, lower abdomen, or lower back that causes functional disability requiring medical or surgical treatment. Potential causes of chronic pelvic pain include endometriosis, adenomyosis, uterine prolapse, fibroids, ovarian cysts, and pelvic adhesions. Symptoms may include intermenstrual pain, dysmenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, and pelvic congestion syndrome. Diagnostic tests include blood tests, endometrial biopsy, transvaginal ultrasound, cystoscopy, and laparoscopy. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary approach including removing identifiable pathology, medications like NSAIDs, TCAs, and
Complications of contracted pelvis
A contracted pelvis can lead to complications during pregnancy, labor, and for the fetus. During pregnancy, a retroverted gravid uterus is more likely to become incarcerated in a flat pelvis. Labor is slowed, and there is an increased risk of premature rupture of membranes, cord prolapse, prolonged labor, obstructed labor, shock, excessive bleeding, and infection. Babies are at higher risk of intracranial hemorrhage, asphyxia, and skull fractures.
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The document describes the steps for a total thyroidectomy surgery. The surgeon makes an incision in the neck and retracts the strap muscles to expose the thyroid gland. The middle thyroid vein, superior pedicle, and inferior thyroid artery are ligated. The recurrent laryngeal nerves and parathyroids are identified and preserved. The entire thyroid gland is removed. Potential complications include hemorrhage, respiratory obstruction, recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, and hypoparathyroidism. The patient may undergo neck node dissection and receive lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy as well as radioactive iodine treatment after surgery.
Developmental disease of spinal cord
This document discusses spina bifida, a developmental disease of the spinal cord caused by the incomplete closure of the neural tube during early embryonic development. It begins by describing the normal embryological development of the nervous system. There are two main types of spina bifida - spina bifida cystica (open type) and spina bifida occulta (closed type). Diagnosis involves prenatal testing and imaging. Treatment involves surgical closure of the opening and may include installation of a shunt. Complications can include neurological issues that are monitored and treated.
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This document summarizes the various systemic manifestations of rheumatoid arthritis. It discusses how rheumatoid nodules can form on areas of friction and rheumatoid vasculitis can cause skin ulceration and necrosis. It also outlines potential involvement of major organ systems like the eyes, heart, lungs, blood, muscles and bones. Key diagnostic tests like rheumatoid factor, anti-CCP antibodies and radiography are mentioned. Common disease-modifying drugs for treatment as well as general measures and surgery are briefly covered.
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This document discusses various radiological views of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the Water's view, Caldwell view, lateral view, submentovertical view, and right and left vertical views. For each view, it provides details on the positioning of the patient and structures that can be seen. The Water's view shows the maxillary sinuses best while the Caldwell view shows the frontal sinuses best. X-rays are useful for examining nasal fractures, though modern digital imaging provides better resolution of bone and soft tissues.
National nutritional programmes
The document outlines several national nutritional programmes and schemes in India, including:
1) A vitamin A prophylaxis programme administered every 6 months to preschool children to control blindness.
2) A programme to provide iron and folic acid tablets to pregnant women, young children, and adolescents to prevent nutritional anemia.
3) The National Goitre Control Programme and later the IDD Control Programme to distribute iodized salt and reduce iodine deficiency disorders.
4) The Special Nutrition Programme providing supplementary food to vulnerable groups like young children and pregnant/lactating mothers.
5) The Balwadi Nutrition Programme and ICDS Programme which also provide supplementary nutrition, vitamin A, and iron/
Poliomyelitis
This document discusses poliomyelitis (polio), including its epidemiology, clinical presentation, prevention through vaccination, and strategies for eradication. It notes that polio is caused by an enterovirus, spreads primarily through the fecal-oral route, and can cause paralysis in a small percentage of cases. The inactivated Salk vaccine and live oral Sabin vaccine are used globally to prevent polio through routine immunization and supplemental National Immunization Days. Surveillance of acute flaccid paralysis is crucial for monitoring eradication efforts and certifying countries as polio-free. India has made significant progress through pulse polio immunization campaigns but must sustain high routine vaccination coverage to fully eradicate the
Effects of tumor on host
Tumors can cause both local and systemic effects on the host. Locally, tumors may cause compression of adjacent structures, mechanical obstruction, tissue destruction through infiltration, and issues like infarction, ulceration and hemorrhage. Systemically, tumors can cause hormonal effects if they produce hormones, and systemic effects like cancer cachexia. Cancer cachexia is defined as the progressive loss of body weight and muscle mass accompanied by weakness, anorexia and anemia. It is thought to be related to cytokine production by the tumor and host rather than reduced food intake, and current treatments focus on improving appetite but have limited effectiveness.
Investigations of gangrene
This document discusses the diagnostic approach for investigating gangrene. It begins by differentiating between ischemic and infectious gangrene. A thorough history, physical exam, laboratory tests, and imaging studies are usually required. Laboratory tests can help identify risk factors like diabetes or hypercoagulable states. Imaging options include X-ray, ultrasound, angiography, CT angiography, and MR angiography to locate blockages, assess blood flow, and rule out conditions causing poor circulation. The goal is to determine whether the gangrene has an ischemic or infectious etiology to guide appropriate treatment.
Infectious cutaneous manifestation of HIV
This document discusses cutaneous manifestations of HIV infection that can be caused directly by HIV or opportunistic infections due to immune deficiency. It classifies the manifestations into viral (such as herpes, molluscum contagiosum, EBV), fungal (candidiasis, cryptococcosis), bacterial (mycobacteria, syphilis, Staphylococcus), and parasitic (scabies, leishmaniasis). Recognizing these cutaneous signs is important for diagnosing HIV infection and providing appropriate antiretroviral therapy.
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Cubitus valgus
- 2. • When carrying angle is increased so that the forearm abducted excessively in relation to the upper end the deformity is known as cubitus valgus • Rare • Seen as a complication of fracture of lateral condyle of humerus
- 4. Causes • Previous fracture of lower end of humerus or capitulum with malunion • Interference with epiphyseal growth on lateral side from injury or infection • Turners syndrome
- 5. Clinical features • Visible defect-cosmetic • Secondary-tardy nerve palsy
- 7. Tardy nerve palsy • Also called traumatic ulnar neuritis • Because of friction neuritis ulnar nerve moves over the medial epicondyle every time the elbow is flexed and extended • C/f-tingling and numbness in the distribution of ulnar nerve • In complete lesion there may be paralysis of intrinsic muscles supplied by ulnar nerve
- 8. Treatment • Mild deformity-no treatment • Moderate to severe-medial closed wedge osteotomy • Tardy nerve palsy-Anterior transposition of ulnar nerve