Ewings sarcoma
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Ewings sarcoma is a small-round-cell tumor most common in children and young adults. Laboratory tests for patients with Ewings sarcoma typically show elevated inflammatory markers like ESR, WBC, and CRP, as well as anemia and high LDH. Biopsies of Ewings sarcoma show sheets of small round blue cells with prominent nuclei and minimal cytoplasm, and sometimes pseudorosettes. After treatment, patients are at risk for recurrence of Ewings sarcoma within the first 10 years and may develop a second malignancy like AML later. They also face toxicities to organs like the heart, kidneys, and nervous system.
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OSTEOSARCOMA
Osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that is most common in adolescents and older adults. It typically presents as a painful bone mass near the knee, upper arm, or thigh bone. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy of the tumor. Treatment consists of chemotherapy before and after surgery to remove the tumor, with the goal of complete resection. Post-treatment surveillance is important due to the risk of recurrence or metastasis, especially to the lungs. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, size, and response to initial chemotherapy.
Ewing’s sarcoma
Ewing's sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in bone or soft tissue. It is the second most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents between 10-20 years old. The cancer presents with local swelling and tenderness at the affected site, most commonly the diaphysis of long bones. Metastasis is often present at diagnosis, with the lungs being the most common site. Diagnosis is confirmed through histopathological or cytogenetic testing. Treatment involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by local tumor control through surgery or radiation therapy, along with adjuvant chemotherapy. Five-year survival rates have improved to around 70% with current multi-agent chemotherapy regimens.
Metastatic bone disease
This document discusses skeletal metastases, or bone tumors that have spread from other primary cancers. The key points are:
- The most common primary cancers that metastasize to bone are breast, prostate, lung, and kidney cancers.
- Metastases typically involve the axial skeleton and proximal long bones. Lytic lesions that destroy bone are most common, followed by sclerotic lesions with new bone formation.
- Radionuclide bone scans are very sensitive for detecting metastases, while other imaging like CT, MRI, and PET can provide additional details on location and extent of disease.
- It is important to distinguish solitary bone metastases from primary bone tumors or other bone diseases based on features like lesion size
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone tumor that occurs mostly in middle-aged and older adults. It is associated with cartilage matrix production and lacks osteoid. Risk factors include malignant transformation of osteochondromas or enchondromas. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI followed by biopsy. Treatment depends on histologic grade and location. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, while radiotherapy may be used for intermediate to high grade or unresectable tumors. Several studies have shown good local control rates with combined surgery and radiotherapy for chondrosarcoma.
EWINGS SARCOMA
Ewing sarcoma is a highly malignant bone tumor that most commonly affects children and young adults. It is characterized by small, round cancer cells of unknown origin that invade bone and sometimes spread to soft tissues or other bones. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy showing the characteristic cells. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy, surgery to remove the tumor if possible, and sometimes radiation therapy. While Ewing sarcoma has a poor prognosis if untreated, multidisciplinary treatment with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation can result in 5-year survival rates of 60-75% for patients without metastasis at diagnosis.
Chondrosarcoma
This document discusses chondrosarcoma, a type of bone cancer. It is a malignant tumor originating from cartilage that makes up 9% of primary bone cancers. The document covers the classification, most common sites in the body, clinical features, diagnosis using imaging like CT and MRI, histological examination, treatment including wide resection or amputation, and prognosis which depends on grade and size of the tumor. Chondrosarcoma can be primary, arising directly in bone, or secondary from pre-existing benign cartilage lesions. Low-grade lesions have over 90% 10-year survival while high-grade have 20-40% 10-year survival.
Bone Metastases
Bone metastases occur when cancer spreads from its original site, such as the breast, prostate, or lungs, to the bone. Common sites for bone metastases include the spine, pelvis, and ribs. Bone metastases can be either osteoblastic, causing abnormal bone growth, or lytic, creating holes in the bone. Imaging tests like MRI, bone scans, and PET scans can detect bone metastases. Radiation therapy is effective at reducing pain from bone metastases and can provide lasting symptom relief for many patients.
Metastatic bone disease
I apologize, upon further reflection my previous response was inappropriate. Let me try to provide a more thoughtful answer:
The key factors here are the patient's age, smoking history, presentation of a new painful lytic lesion in the femur. Given her risk factors for primary or secondary bone malignancy, the most appropriate first step would be to obtain a biopsy of the lesion to determine if it is metastatic cancer, primary bone tumor, or something else. Once the diagnosis is established, treatment can be tailored accordingly and discussed with the patient based on her goals of care, functional status, support system and other relevant factors. A multidisciplinary approach involving oncology, orthopedic surgery, radiation oncology, palliative care would likely be most
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OSTEOSARCOMA
Osteosarcoma is a rare bone cancer that is most common in adolescents and older adults. It typically presents as a painful bone mass near the knee, upper arm, or thigh bone. Diagnosis involves imaging and biopsy of the tumor. Treatment consists of chemotherapy before and after surgery to remove the tumor, with the goal of complete resection. Post-treatment surveillance is important due to the risk of recurrence or metastasis, especially to the lungs. Prognosis depends on tumor stage, size, and response to initial chemotherapy.
Ewing’s sarcoma
Ewing's sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in bone or soft tissue. It is the second most common primary bone cancer in children and adolescents between 10-20 years old. The cancer presents with local swelling and tenderness at the affected site, most commonly the diaphysis of long bones. Metastasis is often present at diagnosis, with the lungs being the most common site. Diagnosis is confirmed through histopathological or cytogenetic testing. Treatment involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by local tumor control through surgery or radiation therapy, along with adjuvant chemotherapy. Five-year survival rates have improved to around 70% with current multi-agent chemotherapy regimens.
Metastatic bone disease
This document discusses skeletal metastases, or bone tumors that have spread from other primary cancers. The key points are:
- The most common primary cancers that metastasize to bone are breast, prostate, lung, and kidney cancers.
- Metastases typically involve the axial skeleton and proximal long bones. Lytic lesions that destroy bone are most common, followed by sclerotic lesions with new bone formation.
- Radionuclide bone scans are very sensitive for detecting metastases, while other imaging like CT, MRI, and PET can provide additional details on location and extent of disease.
- It is important to distinguish solitary bone metastases from primary bone tumors or other bone diseases based on features like lesion size
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone tumor that occurs mostly in middle-aged and older adults. It is associated with cartilage matrix production and lacks osteoid. Risk factors include malignant transformation of osteochondromas or enchondromas. Diagnosis involves imaging like CT or MRI followed by biopsy. Treatment depends on histologic grade and location. Surgical excision is the primary treatment, while radiotherapy may be used for intermediate to high grade or unresectable tumors. Several studies have shown good local control rates with combined surgery and radiotherapy for chondrosarcoma.
EWINGS SARCOMA
Ewing sarcoma is a highly malignant bone tumor that most commonly affects children and young adults. It is characterized by small, round cancer cells of unknown origin that invade bone and sometimes spread to soft tissues or other bones. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and biopsy showing the characteristic cells. Treatment typically involves chemotherapy, surgery to remove the tumor if possible, and sometimes radiation therapy. While Ewing sarcoma has a poor prognosis if untreated, multidisciplinary treatment with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation can result in 5-year survival rates of 60-75% for patients without metastasis at diagnosis.
Chondrosarcoma
This document discusses chondrosarcoma, a type of bone cancer. It is a malignant tumor originating from cartilage that makes up 9% of primary bone cancers. The document covers the classification, most common sites in the body, clinical features, diagnosis using imaging like CT and MRI, histological examination, treatment including wide resection or amputation, and prognosis which depends on grade and size of the tumor. Chondrosarcoma can be primary, arising directly in bone, or secondary from pre-existing benign cartilage lesions. Low-grade lesions have over 90% 10-year survival while high-grade have 20-40% 10-year survival.
Bone Metastases
Bone metastases occur when cancer spreads from its original site, such as the breast, prostate, or lungs, to the bone. Common sites for bone metastases include the spine, pelvis, and ribs. Bone metastases can be either osteoblastic, causing abnormal bone growth, or lytic, creating holes in the bone. Imaging tests like MRI, bone scans, and PET scans can detect bone metastases. Radiation therapy is effective at reducing pain from bone metastases and can provide lasting symptom relief for many patients.
Metastatic bone disease
I apologize, upon further reflection my previous response was inappropriate. Let me try to provide a more thoughtful answer:
The key factors here are the patient's age, smoking history, presentation of a new painful lytic lesion in the femur. Given her risk factors for primary or secondary bone malignancy, the most appropriate first step would be to obtain a biopsy of the lesion to determine if it is metastatic cancer, primary bone tumor, or something else. Once the diagnosis is established, treatment can be tailored accordingly and discussed with the patient based on her goals of care, functional status, support system and other relevant factors. A multidisciplinary approach involving oncology, orthopedic surgery, radiation oncology, palliative care would likely be most
Osteosarcoma ppt
This document discusses osteosarcoma, including its classification, clinical presentation, investigations, and treatment techniques. It notes that osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer and often occurs in teenagers. The main investigations discussed are plain X-rays, MRI, CT scan, bone scan, and biopsy. Treatment involves preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection with wide margins (either amputation or limb-sparing surgery), and postoperative chemotherapy. Limb-sparing techniques like rotationplasty are described. The role of chemotherapy in improving outcomes is also summarized.
Giant cell tumor
This document provides an overview of giant cell tumor, a type of benign bone tumor. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigations, grading, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Giant cell tumor commonly involves the ends of long bones and is locally aggressive, destroying bone tissue. While benign, it can occasionally metastasize. Treatment typically involves curettage with the use of adjuvants like phenol or bone cement to reduce the high risk of recurrence. Reconstruction of residual defects is often done with bone grafts or cement.
Bone tumours
The document discusses bone tumors. It begins by stating that the most common bone tumor is secondary tumors from other sites, while the most common primary bone tumor is multiple myeloma. It then covers the WHO classification of bone tumors including bone-forming, cartilage-forming, marrow, vascular, and other tumors. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging like radiographs, CT, MRI and bone scans, as well as laboratory tests and biopsy. Staging is discussed including the Enneking system based on aggressiveness and spread. Management depends on staging and includes wide excision for low grade lesions and more radical resection or palliative treatment for high grade or metastatic tumors.
Malignant bone tumours
This document provides information on various types of malignant bone tumors. It classifies tumors based on the WHO classification and discusses bone-forming tumors, cartilage-forming tumors, giant cell tumor, marrow tumors, vascular tumors, and other connective tissue tumors. It provides details on osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and primary lymphoma of bone including areas of involvement, clinical presentation, radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Osteosarcoma Radiology Review
Osteosarcomas are malignant bone-forming tumors that typically occur in the metaphysis of long bones in young patients. They can be primary tumors or develop secondary to conditions like Paget's disease. Patients usually present with bone pain and swelling. Treatment requires aggressive surgical resection and chemotherapy, with the goal of cure. Imaging plays an important role in evaluating tumor extent, involvement of surrounding tissues, and distant staging.
BONE METS & MANAGEMENT.
Bone is commonly affected by metastasis. Radiation therapy is effective for relieving bone pain from metastases. Shorter fractionation schedules like single 8 Gy fractions provide pain relief but have higher retreatment rates compared to longer schedules like 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Newer techniques like SBRT and hemibody irradiation also effectively palliate bone pain with acceptable toxicity. Bisphosphonates combined with radiation can further improve pain relief and increase bone density. Surgery to stabilize fractures is recommended for high risk or impending fractures to allow early mobility.
benign bone tumors contd...
ITS ABOUT BENIGN BONE TUMORS, ITA A PART OF THREE DIFFERENT LECTURES ON TUMORS OF BONE WILL BE UPLOADING THE OTHER TWO LECTURES TOO.. SOON
Cartilage forming tumors
This document summarizes various cartilage forming tumors including:
1. Chondrosarcoma, which is the third most common malignant bone tumor arising in adults. The main subtypes are conventional, dedifferentiated, clear cell, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.
2. Osteochondroma, which is a benign cartilage-capped outgrowth most commonly affecting adolescents and young adults.
3. Chondroma, which is a benign tumor composed of hyaline cartilage that can occur intraosseously as enchondromas or juxtacortically.
4. Other rare tumors discussed include chondroblastoma and chondromyxoid fibroma.
Soft tissue sarcoma
General presentation regarding soft tissue sarcoma and approach to diagnosis. The presentation is not about histological subtypes.
Ewing's sarcoma
- A 12-year-old boy presented with pain and swelling in his left tibia for one month with a history of intermittent fever. Differential diagnoses included osteomyelitis, osteoid osteoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and osteosarcoma.
- Ewing's sarcoma most commonly affects children and young adults between 5-25 years old and presents with pain, swelling, and sometimes pathological fractures. Definitive diagnosis is based on histology, immunohistochemistry, and detection of specific gene fusions.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy with VACA/IE cycles alternating every 2-3 weeks for 17 cycles along with possible surgery and/or radiation therapy based on response and margins. The goal is
Malignant bone tumours
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare cancers that can develop in bones. The accurate determination of the type and extent of the tumor is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. Imaging modalities like radiography, CT, and MRI play key roles in detecting bone tumors, determining their nature, assessing their size and spread, and monitoring patients over time. Different bone tumors are more common in different age groups and can originate from different areas of bones.
Giant cell tumor of bone
Giant cell tumor of bone is a locally aggressive bone tumor that typically affects young adults near the epiphysis of long bones. It appears lytic and expansile on imaging. Treatment has shifted from intralesional curettage, which has a high recurrence rate, to more extensive curettage with adjuvants like PMMA to fill the defect. For more advanced cases, en bloc resection is preferred but can require reconstruction. Close follow up is important due to the risk of local recurrence and rare pulmonary metastasis.
Osteosarcoma ppt
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by production of osteoid by malignant cells. It most commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults. Common symptoms include pain and swelling. Imaging shows an aggressive bone lesion with permeative borders. Biopsy is required for diagnosis and helps determine tumor grade and stage. Prognosis depends on tumor size, grade, and presence of metastases, with wide resection and chemotherapy offering the best chance of survival.
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of cartilage producing cells. It is the third most common primary bone malignancy, accounting for about 9% of primary bone cancers. There are several types of chondrosarcoma including primary, secondary, periosteal, dedifferentiated, clear cell, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Diagnosis is based on clinical features, radiographic findings of calcification patterns, and histological grading. Treatment involves wide surgical resection with clear margins. For high grade tumors, amputation may be required while low grade tumors can sometimes be treated with curettage and adjuvants. Long term follow up is important due to risk of local recurrence and late pulmonary metastases.
An approach to malignant bone tumors
This document provides an overview of malignant bone tumors, including their classification, occurrence, imaging appearance, and examples. It discusses several primary malignant bone tumors in detail, including osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma. Osteosarcoma most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, presents as aggressive bone destruction with periosteal reaction on x-ray, and has variable appearances on MRI/CT. Multiple myeloma commonly affects older adults, causes lytic lesions scattered throughout the skeleton appearing as "punched out" areas on x-ray, and MRI is most sensitive for detecting its bone involvement. The document outlines radiographic features that can help characterize and differentiate various malignant bone tumors.
Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor Like Conditions
Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
The document discusses various benign bone tumors and tumor-like conditions. It describes their histology, locations, imaging appearance and distinguishing characteristics. Some of the key tumors mentioned include osteochondroma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma and chondroblastoma. Plain radiography, CT and MRI are important imaging modalities to evaluate the location, margins, matrix and other characteristics to arrive at a proper diagnosis of benign bone lesions.
Osteochondroma (dr. mahesh)
Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that projects from the external surface of bones. It consists of a bony projection capped with cartilage. The majority of osteochondromas are solitary lesions that present during childhood in long bones like the femur or humerus. Multiple or hereditary osteochondromas can occur as part of genetic syndromes. Osteochondromas are usually asymptomatic but can cause pain or neurological symptoms from local effects. Malignant transformation is rare in solitary lesions but higher in hereditary forms. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosis and follow up, with plain radiographs, CT and MRI used to characterize lesions. Surgical excision is reserved for symptomatic osteochondromas.
GCT of bone presentation by prof.Ahmad shaheen,M.D. prof.of orthopedic surger...
GCT is one of the most common benign bone tumors,characterized by high incidence of local recurrence.
the pathogenesis,pathology,clinical presentation and treatment options will be discussed.
Bone tumor final
- Bone tumors can be benign, intermediate, or malignant lesions. They are classified based on factors like aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and histological grade.
- Imaging tools like x-rays, CT, MRI, and radionuclide scanning are used to evaluate bone tumors and detect any metastases. Biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis.
- Treatment depends on the type and stage of the bone tumor. It may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. The goal is to make the patient disease-free while preserving function and limb salvage when possible.
Malignant bone tumors
This document discusses different types of malignant bone tumors. It describes chondrosarcoma, which arises from cartilage and most commonly affects men in their fourth and fifth decades. Primary chondrosarcoma occurs in tubular bones and shows radiolucent areas with central calcification on X-rays. Secondary chondrosarcoma arises from osteochondromas that have been present since childhood. Osteosarcoma is another type of malignant bone tumor that most commonly involves long bone metaphyses in children and adolescents. It appears as hazy osteolytic areas alternating with dense areas on X-rays. Treatment for these tumors involves wide resection or prosthetic replacement followed by chemotherapy.
Ewings sarcoma - Dr. Vandana
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
Ewings sarcoma- BONE TUMORS
Ewing sarcoma is a rare cancer that develops in bone or soft tissue. It is most common in children and young adults between ages 10-20. The cancer cells are small, round cells and are usually found in the bones of the legs, pelvis, ribs, or spine. Ewing sarcoma is treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, location, and whether the cancer has spread. With current multi-agent chemotherapy regimens, long-term survival rates are around 60-70%.
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Osteosarcoma ppt
This document discusses osteosarcoma, including its classification, clinical presentation, investigations, and treatment techniques. It notes that osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone cancer and often occurs in teenagers. The main investigations discussed are plain X-rays, MRI, CT scan, bone scan, and biopsy. Treatment involves preoperative chemotherapy, surgical resection with wide margins (either amputation or limb-sparing surgery), and postoperative chemotherapy. Limb-sparing techniques like rotationplasty are described. The role of chemotherapy in improving outcomes is also summarized.
Giant cell tumor
This document provides an overview of giant cell tumor, a type of benign bone tumor. It discusses the definition, epidemiology, clinical presentation, investigations, grading, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Giant cell tumor commonly involves the ends of long bones and is locally aggressive, destroying bone tissue. While benign, it can occasionally metastasize. Treatment typically involves curettage with the use of adjuvants like phenol or bone cement to reduce the high risk of recurrence. Reconstruction of residual defects is often done with bone grafts or cement.
Bone tumours
The document discusses bone tumors. It begins by stating that the most common bone tumor is secondary tumors from other sites, while the most common primary bone tumor is multiple myeloma. It then covers the WHO classification of bone tumors including bone-forming, cartilage-forming, marrow, vascular, and other tumors. Diagnosis involves clinical examination, imaging like radiographs, CT, MRI and bone scans, as well as laboratory tests and biopsy. Staging is discussed including the Enneking system based on aggressiveness and spread. Management depends on staging and includes wide excision for low grade lesions and more radical resection or palliative treatment for high grade or metastatic tumors.
Malignant bone tumours
This document provides information on various types of malignant bone tumors. It classifies tumors based on the WHO classification and discusses bone-forming tumors, cartilage-forming tumors, giant cell tumor, marrow tumors, vascular tumors, and other connective tissue tumors. It provides details on osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, chondrosarcoma, and primary lymphoma of bone including areas of involvement, clinical presentation, radiological features, diagnosis, and treatment options.
Osteosarcoma Radiology Review
Osteosarcomas are malignant bone-forming tumors that typically occur in the metaphysis of long bones in young patients. They can be primary tumors or develop secondary to conditions like Paget's disease. Patients usually present with bone pain and swelling. Treatment requires aggressive surgical resection and chemotherapy, with the goal of cure. Imaging plays an important role in evaluating tumor extent, involvement of surrounding tissues, and distant staging.
BONE METS & MANAGEMENT.
Bone is commonly affected by metastasis. Radiation therapy is effective for relieving bone pain from metastases. Shorter fractionation schedules like single 8 Gy fractions provide pain relief but have higher retreatment rates compared to longer schedules like 30 Gy in 10 fractions. Newer techniques like SBRT and hemibody irradiation also effectively palliate bone pain with acceptable toxicity. Bisphosphonates combined with radiation can further improve pain relief and increase bone density. Surgery to stabilize fractures is recommended for high risk or impending fractures to allow early mobility.
benign bone tumors contd...
ITS ABOUT BENIGN BONE TUMORS, ITA A PART OF THREE DIFFERENT LECTURES ON TUMORS OF BONE WILL BE UPLOADING THE OTHER TWO LECTURES TOO.. SOON
Cartilage forming tumors
This document summarizes various cartilage forming tumors including:
1. Chondrosarcoma, which is the third most common malignant bone tumor arising in adults. The main subtypes are conventional, dedifferentiated, clear cell, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma.
2. Osteochondroma, which is a benign cartilage-capped outgrowth most commonly affecting adolescents and young adults.
3. Chondroma, which is a benign tumor composed of hyaline cartilage that can occur intraosseously as enchondromas or juxtacortically.
4. Other rare tumors discussed include chondroblastoma and chondromyxoid fibroma.
Soft tissue sarcoma
General presentation regarding soft tissue sarcoma and approach to diagnosis. The presentation is not about histological subtypes.
Ewing's sarcoma
- A 12-year-old boy presented with pain and swelling in his left tibia for one month with a history of intermittent fever. Differential diagnoses included osteomyelitis, osteoid osteoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and osteosarcoma.
- Ewing's sarcoma most commonly affects children and young adults between 5-25 years old and presents with pain, swelling, and sometimes pathological fractures. Definitive diagnosis is based on histology, immunohistochemistry, and detection of specific gene fusions.
- Treatment involves chemotherapy with VACA/IE cycles alternating every 2-3 weeks for 17 cycles along with possible surgery and/or radiation therapy based on response and margins. The goal is
Malignant bone tumours
Primary malignant bone tumors are rare cancers that can develop in bones. The accurate determination of the type and extent of the tumor is important for diagnosis and treatment planning. Imaging modalities like radiography, CT, and MRI play key roles in detecting bone tumors, determining their nature, assessing their size and spread, and monitoring patients over time. Different bone tumors are more common in different age groups and can originate from different areas of bones.
Giant cell tumor of bone
Giant cell tumor of bone is a locally aggressive bone tumor that typically affects young adults near the epiphysis of long bones. It appears lytic and expansile on imaging. Treatment has shifted from intralesional curettage, which has a high recurrence rate, to more extensive curettage with adjuvants like PMMA to fill the defect. For more advanced cases, en bloc resection is preferred but can require reconstruction. Close follow up is important due to the risk of local recurrence and rare pulmonary metastasis.
Osteosarcoma ppt
Osteosarcoma is a malignant bone tumor characterized by production of osteoid by malignant cells. It most commonly affects the metaphysis of long bones in children and young adults. Common symptoms include pain and swelling. Imaging shows an aggressive bone lesion with permeative borders. Biopsy is required for diagnosis and helps determine tumor grade and stage. Prognosis depends on tumor size, grade, and presence of metastases, with wide resection and chemotherapy offering the best chance of survival.
Chondrosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of cartilage producing cells. It is the third most common primary bone malignancy, accounting for about 9% of primary bone cancers. There are several types of chondrosarcoma including primary, secondary, periosteal, dedifferentiated, clear cell, and mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. Diagnosis is based on clinical features, radiographic findings of calcification patterns, and histological grading. Treatment involves wide surgical resection with clear margins. For high grade tumors, amputation may be required while low grade tumors can sometimes be treated with curettage and adjuvants. Long term follow up is important due to risk of local recurrence and late pulmonary metastases.
An approach to malignant bone tumors
This document provides an overview of malignant bone tumors, including their classification, occurrence, imaging appearance, and examples. It discusses several primary malignant bone tumors in detail, including osteosarcoma and multiple myeloma. Osteosarcoma most commonly affects teenagers and young adults, presents as aggressive bone destruction with periosteal reaction on x-ray, and has variable appearances on MRI/CT. Multiple myeloma commonly affects older adults, causes lytic lesions scattered throughout the skeleton appearing as "punched out" areas on x-ray, and MRI is most sensitive for detecting its bone involvement. The document outlines radiographic features that can help characterize and differentiate various malignant bone tumors.
Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor Like Conditions
Benign Bone Tumors and Tumor-Like Conditions
The document discusses various benign bone tumors and tumor-like conditions. It describes their histology, locations, imaging appearance and distinguishing characteristics. Some of the key tumors mentioned include osteochondroma, osteoid osteoma, osteoblastoma, enchondroma and chondroblastoma. Plain radiography, CT and MRI are important imaging modalities to evaluate the location, margins, matrix and other characteristics to arrive at a proper diagnosis of benign bone lesions.
Osteochondroma (dr. mahesh)
Osteochondroma is a benign bone tumor that projects from the external surface of bones. It consists of a bony projection capped with cartilage. The majority of osteochondromas are solitary lesions that present during childhood in long bones like the femur or humerus. Multiple or hereditary osteochondromas can occur as part of genetic syndromes. Osteochondromas are usually asymptomatic but can cause pain or neurological symptoms from local effects. Malignant transformation is rare in solitary lesions but higher in hereditary forms. Imaging plays a key role in diagnosis and follow up, with plain radiographs, CT and MRI used to characterize lesions. Surgical excision is reserved for symptomatic osteochondromas.
GCT of bone presentation by prof.Ahmad shaheen,M.D. prof.of orthopedic surger...
GCT is one of the most common benign bone tumors,characterized by high incidence of local recurrence.
the pathogenesis,pathology,clinical presentation and treatment options will be discussed.
Bone tumor final
- Bone tumors can be benign, intermediate, or malignant lesions. They are classified based on factors like aggressiveness, metastatic potential, and histological grade.
- Imaging tools like x-rays, CT, MRI, and radionuclide scanning are used to evaluate bone tumors and detect any metastases. Biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis.
- Treatment depends on the type and stage of the bone tumor. It may involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. The goal is to make the patient disease-free while preserving function and limb salvage when possible.
Malignant bone tumors
This document discusses different types of malignant bone tumors. It describes chondrosarcoma, which arises from cartilage and most commonly affects men in their fourth and fifth decades. Primary chondrosarcoma occurs in tubular bones and shows radiolucent areas with central calcification on X-rays. Secondary chondrosarcoma arises from osteochondromas that have been present since childhood. Osteosarcoma is another type of malignant bone tumor that most commonly involves long bone metaphyses in children and adolescents. It appears as hazy osteolytic areas alternating with dense areas on X-rays. Treatment for these tumors involves wide resection or prosthetic replacement followed by chemotherapy.
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GCT of bone presentation by prof.Ahmad shaheen,M.D. prof.of orthopedic surger...
GCT of bone presentation by prof.Ahmad shaheen,M.D. prof.of orthopedic surger...
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Ewings sarcoma - Dr. Vandana
Identified in 1921 by James Ewing
2nd most common bone tumor in children
Ewing’s Sarcoma Family of tumors:
Ewing’s sarcoma (Bone –87%)
Extraosseous Ewing’s sarcoma (8%)
Peripheral PNET(5%)
Askin’s tumor
Ewings sarcoma- BONE TUMORS
Ewing sarcoma is a rare cancer that develops in bone or soft tissue. It is most common in children and young adults between ages 10-20. The cancer cells are small, round cells and are usually found in the bones of the legs, pelvis, ribs, or spine. Ewing sarcoma is treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, location, and whether the cancer has spread. With current multi-agent chemotherapy regimens, long-term survival rates are around 60-70%.
Ewing sarcoma
Ewing's sarcoma is the third most common primary malignant bone tumor that arises from endothelial cells of bone marrow. It commonly affects males in their first two decades of life, presenting with pain in the diaphysis of long bones like the femur and tibia. Diagnostic tests include blood tests showing anemia and elevated markers, x-rays revealing moth-eaten bone destruction and onion peel periosteal reaction, and MRI or CT scans assessing tumor extent and staging. Treatment involves a combination of chemotherapy, surgery if possible for debulking or limb preservation, and radiotherapy, with chemotherapy being the mainstay. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor site, stage, size, and response to initial chemotherapy.
Ewing sarcoma
Ewing's sarcoma is a rare cancer that affects bones or soft tissue. It is characterized by small, round cancer cells and commonly affects children and young adults. Treatment involves induction chemotherapy, followed by local therapy with surgery or radiation if possible, along with additional maintenance chemotherapy. The multimodal approach has improved survival rates in recent decades, though long-term outcomes remain challenging due to the risk of recurrence or secondary cancers.
Ewings sarcoma_UTSAV
1) Ewing's sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that develops in bones or soft tissue. It is considered a high-grade malignancy and most commonly affects children and young adults between 5-30 years old.
2) The cancer is characterized by small, blue round cells visible under the microscope. It is diagnosed through biopsy and often involves chromosomal translocations.
3) Treatment involves chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy depending on the stage and location of the cancer. The goal is to eliminate the tumor mass while preserving function through either curative or palliative treatments.
Ewings Sarcoma
Ewing's sarcoma is a rare type of cancer that affects bone or soft tissue. It was first described by Dr. James Ewing in the early 20th century. Ewing's sarcoma is considered to be radiosensitive, with radiation therapy historically being a primary treatment option. More recently, surgery has emerged as an important local treatment approach, especially with improvements in surgical techniques allowing for limb-sparing procedures. Current guidelines recommend a multi-disciplinary approach using a combination of radiation therapy, surgery, and chemotherapy depending on the specific factors of each case.
Ewing's sarcoma
1. Ewing's sarcoma is a rare cancer that was first described in 1921 by James Ewing, who believed it originated from blood vessels in bone tissue.
2. It most commonly affects children and young adults under 20, with males being affected more often than females. The most common symptoms are pain and swelling near the tumor.
3. While the exact cause is unknown, it is defined by a specific chromosomal translocation. Treatment involves chemotherapy, sometimes with radiation therapy or surgery. Prognosis depends on factors like metastasis and response to treatment.
Osteosarcoma ppt
This document provides an overview of osteosarcoma, including its definition, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, evaluation, classification, investigations, treatment, and prognosis. Some key points are:
- Osteosarcoma is a highly malignant bone tumor arising from bone-forming cells. It produces malignant bone and most commonly affects adolescents and young adults. The most common sites are the distal femur, proximal tibia, and proximal humerus.
- Evaluation involves imaging like X-rays, CT, MRI and bone scans. Biopsy is needed to confirm diagnosis. Staging uses the Enneking system. Treatment typically involves neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgical resection with wide margins, and reconstruction with
Bone tumour seminar ,ewing sarcoma, chordoma,
1. Giant cell tumor is an epiphyseal neoplasm composed of stromal cells and giant cells, most commonly affecting people over 20 years old in the lower femur, radius, and upper tibia. Microscopically it shows giant cells with similar nuclei to mononuclear stromal cells.
2. Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant undifferentiated sarcoma most common in children ages 5-20 that typically involves long bones, pelvis and ribs. Microscopically it shows a diffuse growth pattern with monotonous cytology.
3. Fibrous dysplasia is a benign bone tumor resulting from local developmental arrest, seen as abnormal bone formation with tra
Treatment of ewing’s sarcoma
This document discusses the treatment of Ewing's sarcoma. It begins with an introduction to Ewing's sarcoma, describing its identification in 1921 and its characteristics. It then discusses the pathology, genetics, clinical presentation, routes of spread, diagnostic workup, staging, and prognostic factors. The bulk of the document focuses on treatment options, including induction chemotherapy, local therapy options of surgery or radiation, maintenance chemotherapy, and surveillance. It also covers treatment of metastatic and recurrent disease. The document provides detailed information on chemotherapy regimens, radiation techniques, and ongoing research directions.
Ewing's sarcoma - case scenario
An 11-year-old boy presented with pain and swelling in his right fibula for one month. He also had intermittent fever and redness at the site. Differential diagnoses included Ewing's sarcoma, osteosarcoma, osteomyelitis, and osteoid osteoma. Features favoring Ewing's sarcoma included the boy's age, location in the diaphysis, and symptoms of pain, swelling, and fever over weeks to months. Treatment for Ewing's sarcoma involves high-dose radiotherapy to control the local tumor and lengthy chemotherapy to control metastasis.
General principles of tumour management.
This document provides guidance on evaluating and diagnosing bone tumors based on imaging findings, histology, and other factors. It discusses:
1. The role of plain x-rays, CT, MRI, bone scans, and other imaging in characterizing bone lesions and determining if they are benign or malignant.
2. Guidelines for biopsy based on the location and characteristics of the lesion seen on imaging to obtain adequate tissue for diagnosis while minimizing risk.
3. Principles of staging and treatment for primary bone cancers and metastatic bone lesions, including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and considerations between limb salvage versus amputation.
Protrusio acetabuli
This document discusses protrusio acetabuli, a hip joint deformity where the medial wall of the acetabulum invades into the pelvic cavity. It can be caused by primary or secondary factors like infections, tumors, inflammation, trauma or genetics. The first case was described in 1824. Diagnosis involves clinical exams and radiological imaging. Treatment depends on the patient's age and bone maturity, and may include surgical closure of growth plates in children, bone grafting in adolescents, or total hip arthroplasty in older adults. Placement of the hip prosthesis component is important to avoid loosening.
Bone tumours
This document discusses bone tumors. It defines bone tumors and divides them into primary and secondary tumors. Primary bone tumors are rare, accounting for 0.2% of adult and 5% of childhood cancers. The document describes the typical characteristics, locations, and most common types of both primary bone tumors and secondary bone metastases. It outlines the clinical features, diagnostic imaging, laboratory investigations, biopsy, staging, and management of bone tumors.
Dlc by peripheral smear comparison with automated differential
This document compares differential leukocyte counts obtained from peripheral blood smears to those from an automated cell counter. Ten blood samples were analyzed using both methods. The results showed little difference between the two methods. This suggests that automated cell counters provide accurate readings and can be preferred over manual counts from smears to save time. Factors that could cause errors in differential counts include improper sample collection, staining issues, and calculation mistakes. Taking proper precautions in sample collection and analysis can help avoid errors.
EWINGS SARCOMA & RADIOTHERAPY
Ewing sarcoma is the second most common bone tumor in children. Radiotherapy plays an important role in the treatment of both localized and metastatic Ewing sarcoma. For localized disease, radiotherapy is recommended for patients who cannot undergo surgery or have unresectable tumors. It is also used post-operatively if there is residual disease. For metastatic disease, radiotherapy can help control the primary tumor and reduce pulmonary metastases when combined with chemotherapy. Advances in radiotherapy planning and techniques have improved outcomes while reducing long-term side effects.
Cubitus valgus
Cubitus valgus is a deformity where the forearm is abnormally abducted in relation to the upper arm, causing a visible defect. It is rarely seen and can result as a complication from a fractured lateral humerus condyle. Causes include previous fractures or injuries to the lower humerus that result in malunion, interference with epiphyseal growth on the lateral side, or Turner's syndrome. Left untreated, it can lead to a secondary tardy nerve palsy from friction neuritis of the ulnar nerve. Treatment options range from no intervention for mild cases, to a medial closed wedge osteotomy for moderate to severe cases, or anterior transposition surgery for any tard
Osteochondroma
A 19-year-old male presented with a swelling on his left shoulder that had grown slowly over 5 years. X-rays and MRI identified an osteochondroma. The benign bone tumor was surgically excised to confirm the diagnosis and prevent complications. Histopathology of the removed tissue was consistent with osteochondroma. Osteochondromas are common benign bone tumors that form when pieces of growing bone break through the periosteum.
Clinical testing ulnar nerve
The ulnar nerve is a mixed nerve that supplies muscles in the hand and provides sensory innervation. It can be compressed or injured at several points along its path - in the arm above the elbow, at the elbow in the cubital tunnel, in the forearm, at the wrist, or in the hand. Common symptoms of ulnar nerve injury include clawing of the fingers, weakness of finger abduction and adduction, and sensory loss. The site of injury determines which specific muscles are affected. Cubital tunnel syndrome is the most common type of ulnar nerve injury, caused by compression at the elbow.
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leukemia
introductio to leukemia , type of leukemia ,, and symtoms of leukemia , ect ...
detail and explanation inside slides ...
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Lesson 4 chronic myeloid leukemia - CML.ppt
1) The Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders (CMPDs) are a group of malignant stem cell disorders characterized by clonal proliferation of one or more myeloid cell lineages.
2) CMPDs include Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML), Polycythemia Vera (PV), Essential Thrombocythemia (ET), and Myelofibrosis.
3) CML is caused by the Philadelphia chromosome, a translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that produces the BCR-ABL fusion gene and its constitutively active tyrosine kinase, and progresses through chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis phases if left untreated.
Ppt biol316 presentation
1) The document discusses presentation on leukemia by Qinying Wang. It provides an overview of leukemia including a survey of statistics on prevalence, new cases, deaths and survival rates.
2) The presentation introduces the different types of leukemia, their symptoms, risk factors, methods of testing and stages of progression. Common treatments for leukemia including chemotherapy, biological therapy, targeted therapy and radiation therapy are discussed along with their side effects.
3) Supportive treatments to manage side effects from cancer therapies are also covered. The presentation provides hope by noting that survival rates have improved for some types of leukemia through advances in treatments like stem cell transplants.
AML ALL HL NHL.pptx
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow characterized by increased proliferation of immature blast cells. It results from mutations that affect the common myeloid progenitor cell. Symptoms include fatigue, fever, bleeding, and infections. Diagnosis involves blood and bone marrow tests showing elevated white blood cell counts with immature blasts. Standard treatment is 7-day continuous cytarabine with 3-day daunorubicin induction chemotherapy, with hematopoietic stem cell transplant for high risk cases. Prognosis depends on risk factors like age and genetic abnormalities.
Chronic myeloid leukemia
This presentation provides information about chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It begins by outlining 8 learning objectives about CML, including defining it, describing its subtypes and epidemiology, explaining its pathophysiology and genetic alterations, comparing its clinical signs in different phases, and more. It then covers CML's introduction, pathogenesis involving the Philadelphia chromosome and BCR-ABL fusion gene, epidemiology and risk factors, clinical features in chronic and advanced phases, diagnosis methods including cytogenetics, and reference books for further information. The goal is for students to understand CML and be able to answer questions about classifying, detecting, diagnosing, and comparing its various aspects.
Chronic myeloid leukemia
This presentation provides information about chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It begins by outlining 8 learning objectives about CML, including defining it, describing its subtypes and epidemiology, explaining its pathophysiology and genetic alterations, comparing its clinical signs in different phases, and more. Key points covered include that CML is characterized by overproduction of myeloid cells due to the Philadelphia chromosome and BCR-ABL fusion gene. It progresses through chronic, accelerated, and blast crisis phases and is typically diagnosed through blood tests, bone marrow biopsy, and genetic testing. Treatment involves targeting the BCR-ABL fusion protein to control symptoms and slow disease progression.
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. It has an average incidence of 2.7 per 100,000 people in the US and is more common in older men. CLL accounts for about 0.8% of all cancers and 30% of leukemias. The neoplastic cells are typically B-cell lymphocytes. Farming exposure and hepatitis C may play a role in etiology. CLL has various genetic abnormalities that affect prognosis. Clinical features include lymphadenopathy, fatigue, infections. Diagnosis requires a sustained lymphocytosis above 5000/uL. Treatment is indicated for symptomatic disease, doubling time under 6 months, or disease complications. Prognostic factors
Hodgkins & Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas
Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and usually involves the lymph nodes above the diaphragm. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be of B-cell or T-cell origin and often spread beyond the lymph nodes to other organs. Staging investigations are used to determine the extent of disease, which guides treatment, which may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation or watchful waiting. Prognosis depends on disease stage and other risk factors.
Medicine 5th year, 4th lecture/part one (Dr. Abdulla Sharief)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in adults. It is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes that are immuno-incompetent. CLL typically presents insidiously and is often diagnosed incidentally on routine blood tests. The diagnosis is based on blood tests showing mature lymphocytosis with characteristic cell markers. Prognosis depends on disease stage - stage A patients have a normal life expectancy while stage C patients have a median survival of 2-3 years. Initial treatment typically involves oral chemotherapy such as chlorambucil for patients requiring treatment.
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All ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA BY DR MAGDI SASI
1. The document provides information about acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), the most common type of cancer in children. It describes the symptoms, signs, classification, and risk factors of ALL.
2. Common symptoms of ALL include fever, fatigue, easy bruising, frequent infections, and bone/joint pain. Physical signs may include pallor, organ enlargement, and lymphadenopathy.
3. ALL is classified according to the type of lymphocytes involved (B-cell vs T-cell lineage) and cellular features. The vast majority of ALL cases involve B-cell lymphocytes. Risk factors for ALL are generally unknown for most people.
Myelodysplastic syndromes
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of stem cell disorders characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis and a risk of transforming to acute myeloid leukemia. MDS can be primary or secondary to chemotherapy/radiation. The bone marrow shows dysplastic changes in the myeloid lineages. MDS is diagnosed based on blood and bone marrow morphology and cytogenetics. Prognosis depends on blast count, cytopenias, and chromosomal abnormalities, with higher risk features indicating worse outcomes like shorter survival times or faster progression to AML. Treatment options are limited and include stem cell transplantation in younger patients or supportive care in older patients.
Leukemia , causes, clinical features, raktarbud
Leukemia is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of immature white blood cells. There are several types classified by how quickly the disease develops (acute or chronic) and the affected blood cell type (lymphoid or myeloid). Common types include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and chronic myeloid leukemia. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplantation and varies depending on the leukemia type and stage.
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of disorders where the bone marrow produces too many red or white blood cells. The presentation outlines the history, classification, signs and symptoms, causes related to genetic mutations like JAK2, diagnosis through blood and bone marrow tests, and treatments including medications, radiation, surgery, and stem cell transplant. MPNs include chronic myeloid leukemia, polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, myelofibrosis, and rare disorders like chronic neutrophilic leukemia and mast cell disease.
Pediatrics 5th year, 4th lecture/part one (Dr. Jamal)
The document discusses paediatric oncology and acute leukemia. It notes that acute leukemia is the most common childhood malignancy, representing 35% of cases, with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) making up 27% specifically. ALL is most common in children aged 2-6 years old and presents with pallor, bruising, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Proper treatment can cure approximately 70% of children with ALL. Treatment involves induction of remission, consolidation therapy, and 2-3 years of maintenance therapy to eliminate remaining leukemia cells.
LEUKEMIA.pptx
Leukemia are neoplastic disorders of the hematopoietic system characterized by aberrant or arrested differentiation. There are two main types - acute and chronic leukemias. Acute leukemias are further classified as myeloid or lymphoid based on the lineage of the malignant cells. Chromosomal abnormalities are detected in the majority of acute leukemia cases and correlate with specific disease subtypes and clinical outcomes. Treatment involves induction chemotherapy followed by consolidation therapy and stem cell transplantation for eligible patients, with cure rates varying based on disease risk factors.
What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
What is Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia?
Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), is a cancer that starts from white blood cells called lymphocytes in the bone marrow (the soft inner part of the bones, where new blood cells are generated).
http://www.bmthospitalindia.com/Adult-Acute-Lymphoblastic-Leukemia.html
Neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma
This document discusses neuroblastoma and nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor). Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children, arising from the sympathetic nervous system. It presents heterogeneously from spontaneous regression to aggressive forms. The causes are largely unknown. Nephroblastoma (Wilms tumor) is the most common malignant renal tumor of childhood. Both tumors are diagnosed through imaging and urine/blood tests. Prognosis and treatment varies depending on tumor histology and staging. Aggressive forms of neuroblastoma and anaplastic Wilms tumor remain difficult to treat.
Brain tumors Bs Nursing and sign and symptoms
This document provides information on brain tumors, including:
1. It discusses the epidemiology and classification of primary and secondary brain tumors, noting that primary tumors account for about half to three-fourths of brain tumors.
2. It describes some of the most common types of brain tumors - gliomas (astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, ependymomas), noting that astrocytomas are the most common glioma and are further classified based on grade.
3. It provides details on the morphology, clinical features, treatment and prognosis for some of the main glioma subtypes like diffuse astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma,
Hodgkins lymphoma kiran
This document summarizes Hodgkin lymphoma, including:
1. Epidemiology, risk factors, and association with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Hodgkin lymphoma incidence peaks between ages 25-30 and 75-80 and is more common in males. Risk is increased with a history of infectious mononucleosis.
2. Presentation, staging, pathology, and prognostic factors. Hodgkin lymphoma typically presents with painless lymphadenopathy and B symptoms. Staging uses the Ann Arbor system and prognostic factors include age, stage, ESR, and albumin levels.
3. Management involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or combined modality treatment depending on stage and risk factors. Standard first-line
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Instability following thr
Most hip dislocations occur within the first 3 months after surgery. Risk factors for dislocation include surgical approach, soft tissue tension, component malposition, and femoral head size. Treatment depends on the cause but may include closed reduction, bracing, modular components, larger heads, constrained liners, or soft tissue reinforcement. Surgeon experience also impacts dislocation rates.
Fungal osteomylitis and septic arthritis
The document discusses fungal osteomyelitis and septic arthritis. It covers the common fungal pathogens including Candida, Aspergillus, Coccidioides, Histoplasma, Blastomyces, and Cryptococcus. It discusses risk factors, routes of spread, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment of different fungal infections affecting bone and joints. Prosthetic joint infections are also covered. Management involves antifungal therapy as well as surgical debridement and hardware removal in some cases. Outcomes depend on the causative organism, presence of hardware or concurrent bacterial infection.
Post polio residual paralysis of foot and ankle
This document discusses various foot and ankle deformities and their treatments. It covers deformities including claw toes, cavus deformity, dorsal bunions, talipes equinus, talipes equino varus, and talipes equino valgus. It describes classifications of deformities and discusses tendon transfers, osteotomies, and arthrodesis procedures to correct different types of deformities based on the underlying muscle imbalances. Key considerations for surgical timing and approach are also outlined.
Electric properties of bone and its applications
This document discusses different methods of electric stimulation to enhance bone healing, including treatment of non-unions and failed fusions. It describes direct electric current stimulation, capacitive coupling, and inductive coupling techniques. Direct current involves implanting cathodes into the bone and placing an anode on the skin. Capacitive coupling uses external electrodes to create an electric field, while inductive coupling uses a pulsed electromagnetic field generator. All three methods are said to increase calcium influx, cell proliferation, and growth factor production to augment the body's natural bone healing processes.
thoracic outlet syndrome
This document provides information on thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). It begins with a brief history and defines TOS as abnormal compression of the neurovascular bundle in the thoracic outlet. It describes the relevant anatomy and compartments of the thoracic outlet. The document discusses the causes, types, symptoms, and diagnostic approaches for the neurogenic, venous, and arterial forms of TOS. It provides details on conservative and surgical treatment options.
Diabetes mellitus, musculoskeletal manifestations
This document discusses musculoskeletal manifestations and preoperative considerations for orthopedic surgeons in patients with diabetes mellitus. It covers how diabetes affects the nervous, vascular, immune and musculoskeletal systems. Common conditions seen in diabetics include limited joint mobility, Dupuytren's contracture, adhesive capsulitis, diabetic foot complications like Charcot neuroarthropathy and ulceration. Evaluation involves assessing neuropathy, vascular status and foot deformities. Management requires careful glycemic control and wound care, with surgical interventions like debridement and joint fusion if needed.
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This document discusses Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including types (community-acquired and hospital-acquired), resistance mechanisms, infections it commonly causes, and treatment guidelines. MRSA is resistant to many antibiotics. Recommended treatments include vancomycin, daptomycin, linezolid, clindamycin, and combining antibiotics with rifampin. For infections like osteomyelitis and implant infections, guidelines recommend antibiotics along with surgical debridement and drainage. Duration of treatment depends on infection type and severity but is typically several weeks.
Abc case powerpoint
A 14-year-old girl presented with pain and swelling in her right leg for 4 months. Imaging showed an expansile lytic lesion in her tibia consistent with an aneurysmal bone cyst. She underwent surgery involving curettage of the lesion and fixation with a fibular bone graft and plate. Histopathology of the removed tissue confirmed the diagnosis of aneurysmal bone cyst. Her post-operative recovery was uneventful and follow-up showed good healing of the bone.
Bone structure and clinical importance
Bone is a mineralized connective tissue that forms the endoskeleton of vertebrates. It has both compact and spongy structures and develops through either membranous or endochondral ossification. Bone is made up of osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone tissue while osteoclasts resorb old or damaged bone. The intricate blood supply through nutrient arteries is essential for bone growth and healing. Fractures heal through the formation of a hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus, bony callus, and remodeling into secondary bone.
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- 11. Lab investigations ESR is elevated WBC is elevated CRP is elevated. anemia is common lactic dehydrogenase
- 17. Biopsy Gross appearance may have liquid consistency mimicking pus. Characteristic findings: 1.sheets of monotonous small round blue cells. 2.prominent nuclei and minimal cytoplasm. 3.may have pseudorosettes (circle of cells with necrosis in center)
- 18. DD Small-round-cell tumor differential (by age) < 5 yrs: Neuroblastoma or leukemia 5-10 yrs: Eosinophilic granuloma 5-30 yrs: Ewing's sarcoma >30 yrs: lymphoma > 50 yrs: myeloma
- 33. Post-treatment considerations Recurrence of primary disease is the major risk in the first 10 years after diagnosis. A second malignancy occurs in approximately 1-2% of patients beginning 5 years after diagnosis; the most common second malignancy is Acute myeloid leukemia. Therapeutic toxicities to the heart and kidneys, to the nervous and endocrine systems.