What is Craniotomy?
What are the Indications for Craniotomy?
What are the Types of Craniotomy?
Equipment used in craniotomy?
What happen to the Bone flap?
What are the Tests Done Prior to Craniotomy?
What happens during surgery?
What are the risks?
References
Mastectomy is the removal of the whole breast. There are five different types of mastectomy: "simple" or "total" mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, partial mastectomy, and subcutaneous (nipple-sparing) mastectomy.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
i have prepared this ppt. from various Books as a refrences as well as uses of web pages and explain and modify in simplify language which are easily understand by medical or para medical personnel..thank you..
Mastectomy is the removal of the whole breast. There are five different types of mastectomy: "simple" or "total" mastectomy, modified radical mastectomy, radical mastectomy, partial mastectomy, and subcutaneous (nipple-sparing) mastectomy.
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that causes temporary or permanent changes in its function. Symptoms may include loss of muscle function, sensation, or autonomic function in the parts of the body served by the spinal cord below the level of the injury.
i have prepared this ppt. from various Books as a refrences as well as uses of web pages and explain and modify in simplify language which are easily understand by medical or para medical personnel..thank you..
Craniotomy
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated.
During open brain surgery, it is done to remove tumors, clip off an aneurysm, drain blood or fluid from an infection & remove abnormal brain tissue
Decompressive craniectomy
It is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions associated with raised intracranial pressure.
Increased intracranial pressure is defined as cerebrospinal fluid pressure greater than 15 mm Hg.
Infections
Tumors
Stroke
Aneurysm
Epilepsy
Seizures
Hydrocephalus
Hypertensive brain injury
Hypoxemia
Meningitis
Due to etiological factors
Components of ICP is disturbed- brain tissue, CSF, blood volume
An increase in the volume of ANY ONE component must be accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in one of the other components.
When this volume-pressure relationship becomes unbalanced, ICP increases.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
A burr hole technique is used in the following cases where brain surgery is needed:
• To relieve the pressure in the brain
• For the removal of a tumor or blood clot in the brain
• To treat convulsions in the brain
• To remove a foreign object inside the brain
• To place a medical device. For example may be chemotherapy wafers or a shunt
So just upload your medical reports to info@surgerica.com for treatment plan.
There are numerous types of brain surgery. The type used is based on the area of the brain and the condition being treated.
Brain surgery is a critical and complicated process. The type of brain surgery done depends highly on the condition being treated.
Intracranial surgery refers to various medical procedures that involve repairing structural problems in the brain.
Craniotomy
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated.
During open brain surgery, it is done to remove tumors, clip off an aneurysm, drain blood or fluid from an infection & remove abnormal brain tissue
Decompressive craniectomy
It is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions associated with raised intracranial pressure.
Craniotomy
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated.
During open brain surgery, it is done to remove tumors, clip off an aneurysm, drain blood or fluid from an infection & remove abnormal brain tissue
Decompressive craniectomy
It is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions associated with raised intracranial pressure.
Increased intracranial pressure is defined as cerebrospinal fluid pressure greater than 15 mm Hg.
Infections
Tumors
Stroke
Aneurysm
Epilepsy
Seizures
Hydrocephalus
Hypertensive brain injury
Hypoxemia
Meningitis
Due to etiological factors
Components of ICP is disturbed- brain tissue, CSF, blood volume
An increase in the volume of ANY ONE component must be accompanied by a reciprocal decrease in one of the other components.
When this volume-pressure relationship becomes unbalanced, ICP increases.
A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, depriving brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients. Within minutes, brain cells begin to die.
A burr hole technique is used in the following cases where brain surgery is needed:
• To relieve the pressure in the brain
• For the removal of a tumor or blood clot in the brain
• To treat convulsions in the brain
• To remove a foreign object inside the brain
• To place a medical device. For example may be chemotherapy wafers or a shunt
So just upload your medical reports to info@surgerica.com for treatment plan.
There are numerous types of brain surgery. The type used is based on the area of the brain and the condition being treated.
Brain surgery is a critical and complicated process. The type of brain surgery done depends highly on the condition being treated.
Intracranial surgery refers to various medical procedures that involve repairing structural problems in the brain.
Craniotomy
A craniotomy involves making an incision in the scalp and creating a hole known as a bone flap in the skull. The hole and incision are made near the area of the brain being treated.
During open brain surgery, it is done to remove tumors, clip off an aneurysm, drain blood or fluid from an infection & remove abnormal brain tissue
Decompressive craniectomy
It is a neurosurgical procedure in which part of the skull is removed to allow a swelling brain room to expand without being squeezed. It is performed on victims of traumatic brain injury, stroke and other conditions associated with raised intracranial pressure.
introduction, indications, types of decompressive craniectomy. brain trauma foundation 4th edition guidelines of decompressive craniectomy with revised update of 2020.
complications of decompressive craniectomy and how to avoid them. decompressive craniectomy in MCA infarct and Trauma
The placenta is formed gradually during the first three months of pregnancy, while, after the fourth month, it grows parallel to the development of the uterus. Once completed, it resembles a spongy disc 20 cm in diameter and 3 cm thick.
The external human face develops between the 4th and 6th week of embryonic development. The development of the face is completed by the 6th week.
Between the 6th and 8th week, the palate begins to develop. Consequently, this causes a distinction between the nasal and oral cavities. This development is completed by the 12th week.
Development of Female Reproductive system.pptxRahul Sharma
the female reproductive system derives from four origins: mesoderm, primordial germ cells, coelomic epithelium, and mesenchyme. The uterus forms during Mullerian organogenesis accompanied by the development of the upper third of the vagina, the cervix, and both fallopian tubes.
Your cerebellum is part of your brain that helps coordinate and regulate a wide range of functions and processes in both your brain and body. While it's very small compared to your brain overall, it holds more than half of the neurons (cells that make up your nervous system) in your whole body.
An organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell, much like an organ does in the body. Among the more important cell organelles are the nuclei, which store genetic information; mitochondria, which produce chemical energy; and ribosomes, which assemble proteins.
There are eight carpal bones in each wrist.
There are five metacarpal bones in each hand.
There are proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges in each digit except for the thumb, which lacks an intermediate phalange.
What is the cardiovascular system? Your heart and many blood vessels in your body make up your cardiovascular system or circulatory system. Your heart uses the far-reaching, intricate network of blood vessels to deliver oxygen and other necessary things to your whole body.
The femoral triangle is a hollow region located in the supero-medial part of the anterior thigh. It appears most prominently with hip flexion, abduction and internal rotation. It is an easily accessible area through which multiple neurovascular structures pass through.
The brachial plexus is the network of nerves that sends signals from the spinal cord to the shoulder, arm and hand. A brachial plexus injury occurs when these nerves are stretched, compressed, or in the most serious cases, ripped apart or torn away from the spinal cord.
The four principal types of bones are long, short, flat and irregular. Bones that are longer than they are wide are called long bones. They consist of a long shaft with two bulky ends or extremities.
The ascending tracts carry sensory information from the body, like pain, for example, up the spinal cord to the brain. Descending tracts carry motor information, like instructions to move the arm, from the brain down the spinal cord to the body.
The anterior triangles refer to bilateral anatomic subdivisions of the neck comprising the anterior surface of the neck, deep to the superficial cervical fascia and platysma muscle. Laterally, the anterior triangle is bounded by the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
The floor of the cranial cavity is divided into three distinct depressions. They are known as the anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa and posterior cranial fossa. Each fossa accommodates a different part of the brain
Microtomy is a method for the preparation of thin sections for materials such as bones, minerals and teeth, and an alternative to electropolishing and ion milling. Microtome sections can be made thin enough to section a human hair across its breadth, with section thickness between 50 nm and 100 μm
Gross appearance of cerebellum
Structure of cerebellum
The functional division of the cerebellum
Afferent & efferent pathways
Clinical
MCQ’s
Clinical Vignettes
Seven cervical vertebrae
Identified by the presence of foramen in their transverse processes called foramen transversarium
3rd to 6th are typically have common features
1st, 2nd,and 7th are atypical
Ring-shaped and has no body and no spine
Consists of:
Right and left lateral masses
Short anterior arch and a long curved posterior arch
(c) Right and left transverse processes
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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ASA GUIDELINE
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The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
2. Learning Objectives
• What is Craniotomy?
• What are the Indications for Craniotomy?
• What are the Types of Craniotomy?
• Equipment used in craniotomy?
• What happen to the Bone flap?
• What are the Tests Done Prior to Craniotomy?
• What happens during surgery?
• What are the risks?
• References
3. Historical context and Perspective
• Dating back to 2300 years , trephination is the oldest
cranial surgical technique.
• End of 19th century self-educated surgeon Wilhelm
Wagner introduce current modern surgical technique
for a craniotomy for the final cured result.
4. What is Craniotomy?
• It is a Surgical procedure
• A part of skull is
temporarily removed to
expose the brain and
perform an intracranial
procedure.
5. Indications
Brain injury following trauma is one of commonest
indications for craniotomy.
• Craniotomy usually done for Surgical removal of a tumor
or blood clot (hematoma)
6. Clipping of an aneurysm
• Clipping of aneurysm reduces blood flow through it
and therefore decreases its size and its potential to
burst.
7. Removal of an Arteriovenous Malformation
• Abnormal communication
between an artery and a
vein
• Bleeding can result in
grave consequences.
9. Other indication can be:-
1. Decompressive by draining abscess
2. Lobectomy
3. Epilepsy surgery
4. Craniosynostosis
5. Cerebrospinal fluid leak repair
6. Other procedures like inserting deep brain
stimulators for the treatment of conditions
Parkinson’s disease, essential tremor and dystonia
10. What are the Types of Craniotomy?
• It can be classified into several types depending on
location.
Frontal craniotomy
Temporal craniotomy
Parietal craniotomy
Occipital craniotomy
Pterional craniotomy
11. Extended Bifrontal Craniotomy
• Traditional skull base
approach
• Incision given in scalp
behind the hairline
• Target difficult tumors at
frontal part of brain
• Bone remove forms
contour of orbits and
forehead
12. Principle behind bifrontal craniotomy
• Allows surgeons to work in space between and right
behind eyes without having to unnecessarily
manipulate the brain
Indication
Mainly those tumors not exposed by minimal invasive
approaches including,
• Meningiomas
• Esthesioneuroblastomas
• Malignant skull base tumors
13. Minimally Invasive Supra-Orbital “
eyebrow” Craniotomy
• Small incision made within
eyebrow
Helps to access
• Tumors in front of brain
• Pituitary gland tumor
• Tumors deeper in brain behind
nose and eyes
• Approach used instead of
endonasal endoscopic surgery
if tumor size is large or close to
optic nerve or vital arteries
14. it is a minimally invasive procedure, supra-orbital
“eyebrow” craniotomy may offer
• Less pain than open craniotomy
• Faster recovery than open craniotomy
• Minimal scarring
Mainly used for
1. Rathke’s cleft cysts
2. Skull base tumors
3. Pituitary tumors
15. Retro-Sigmoid “Keyhole” Craniotomy
• Minimally -invasive surgical
procedure
• A small incision behind the ear
• Providing access to cerebellum
and brainstem
• Approach used to reach acoustic
neuromas (vestibular
schwannomas)
16. Translabyrinthine Craniotomy
• Incision in scalp behind the
ear
• Mastoid bone and some of
the inner ear bone remove
• Considered for removal of
acoustic neuromas
• Semicircular canals of ear are
removed in order to access
tumor
• Removal of semicircular canal
reduced risk of facial nerve
injury
17. Orbitozygomatic Craniotomy
• Traditional skull base approach
used to target difficult tumors
and aneurysms
• Incision make at scalp behind
the hairline
• bone remove that forms the
contour of orbit and cheek
18. • Brain tumors that treated through Orbitozygomatic
Craniotomy includes
1. Craniopharyngiomas
2. Pituitary tumors
3. Meningiomas
20. Other types of craniotomies include:
• Keyhole Craniotomy
1. Surgery is carried out
through a small holes
2. Done for lesions that
are not immediately
just below the brain
3. Minimize collateral
damage to surrounding
scalp, brain, blood
vessels, and nerves.
21. Potential advantages of keyhole brain
• Smaller incisions and bony openings (or no incision
is performed through the nostrils – endonasal)
• Less exposure to normal brain structures
• No use of brain retraction with less manipulation of
the brain itself
• Less pain and lower need for narcotics
• Rapid recovery, mobilization, and return to normal
activities
• Discharge from hospital typically within 1 to 2 days
post-surgery
22. Stereotactic Craniotomy
• Uses tiny markers, called fiducials,
instead of a head frame
• MRI or CT scans are taken
• 3D computer model created
• Helps to locate problem area that
needs surgery and display on
computer model
23. Awake Craniotomy
• Patient can be woken up during surgery
• Commonly done for epilepsy surgeries
• lesion is close to a critical area of brain
Indications
• Mass lesion residing motor
and language cortex
• Cortex responsible for other
functions
Benefits
Maximize tumor resection while preserving neurological
function.
26. • What happen to the Bone flap?
In some cases, depending on etiology and indication for
the procedure,
• Bone can be discarded
• Stored in the abdominal subcutaneous space
• Cryopreserved under cold storage conditions
27. Craniectomy
• Bone flap is discarded or not
placed back into the skull
during same operation
• It is usually performed after
a traumatic brain injury.
28. • Decreases intracranial
pressure (ICP),
• Intracranial
hypertension (ICHT)
• Heavy bleeding (also
called haemorrhaging)
inside skull
INDICATION
30. What are the Tests Done Prior to
Craniotomy?
• Tests is required to diagnose the pathology
• Helps to locate precisely within the skull
• Routine tests done before any surgery
1. Imaging Tests
CT scan (most common)
MRI
Angiography
31. Routine Tests which are done before any surgery
include:
• Blood tests like hemoglobin levels, blood group
• Liver and kidney function tests
• Blood coagulation test ( Prothromibin time test)
• Urine tests
• ECG
32. Consent form and complete paperwork
• Helps to give medical history
• Inform about any allergies, medicine going on,
previous surgeries
What things patient should take care ?
• Discontinue all NSAIDS(Naproxin, Advil etc)
• Blood thinners ( coumadin, aspirin, etc) 1 week
before surgery
• Stop smoking, chewing tobacco and drinking alcohol
1 week before surgery and 2 week after surgery
33. What happens during Surgery?
• 6 main steps during craniotomy
1. Preparing patient
2. Make a skin incision
3. Perform a craniotomy
4. Expose the brain
5. Correct the problem
6. Close the craniotomy
34. Preparing patient
• No drink & food is allowed
past midnight before surgery
• General anaesthesia
administered
• Head is shaved
• Head is placed in 3 –pin skull
fixation device
• Lumbar drain to remove CSF
fluid
35. Make a skin incision
• Skin is prepared with
antiseptic
• Skin incision marked
• Entire incision area may be
shaved
• Either, Hair –sparing
technique used
36. Perform a craniotomy
• Skin and muscle lifted off and
folded back
• One or more small burr holes
made with drill
• Craniotome to cut outline of
bone flap
• Bone flap lifted and dura mater
exposed
37. Expose the brain
• Opening dura with surgical
scissors
• Folds it back to expose brain
• Retractors placed on brain
• Gently open a corridor to
area needing repair or
removal
38. Correct the problem
• Neurosurgeons use special
magnification glasses called
loupes
• Neurosurgeon used variety of
small tools to cut open and
repair brain tissue
• Some time computer image
guidance system is used
• Used evoked potential
monitoring used to stimulate
specific cranial nerves
39. Close the craniotomy
• Problem removed or repaired
• Retractors holding the brain
are removed
• Dura is closed with sutures
• Bone flap is replaced back by
titanium screws and plates
40. What are the risks?
General complication
1. Bleeding
2. Infection
3. Blood clots
4. Reactions to anesthesia
Specific complications
1. Stroke
2. Seizures
3. swelling of brain, which
may require a second
craniotomy
4. Nerve damage result in
muscle paralysis or
weakness
5. CSF leak
6. Loss of mental functions
7. Permanent brain damage
with associated disabilities
No surgery is without risks
41. Summary
• Craniotomy is a cut that opens the cranium
• A craniotomy may be small or large depending on the
problem.
Indication
• Various neurological diseases
• injuries or conditions such as brain tumors
• Hematomas (blood clots)
• Aneurysms or AVMs
• Skull fractures
• Other reasons for a craniotomy may include foreign
objects (bullets), swelling of the brain, or infection.