The document discusses the anatomy of the femoral triangle, including its boundaries, contents such as the femoral sheath and canal, and the characteristics of femoral hernias. It explains that femoral hernias, more common in women, involve protrusion through the femoral canal and outlines types and management options for such hernias. Additionally, it includes clinical vignettes and multiple-choice questions to assess understanding of femoral hernias and their differential diagnosis.

1. FEMORAL TRIANGLE
&HERNIA

2. Objectives
Femoral triangle anatomy
Femoral sheath
Femoral canal
Femoral hernia and types
MCQs
Clinical Vignette
References
Differential diagnosis

3. Femoral triangle is depressed, intramuscular space in the anteriomedial aspect of
proximal thigh.

4. Lateral Boundary - Medial margin of Sartorius.
Medial Boundary - Medial margin of adductor
longus.
Superior Boundary- Inguinal Ligament

5. ANATOMY OF FEMORAL TRINGLE

6. Floor
Formed of four muscles from lateral to
medial
• Illacus , Psoas major, Pectinus and Adductor longus

7. Roof

9. Contents of femoral triangle

12. FEMORAL SHEATH
Also called as Curial sheath
Contained within the femoral triangle
Formed from two facia, Transverse fascia in front of femoral vessels and Iliac fascia behind.
Sheath is in the form of short funnel
Wide end is directed upwards and narrow end downwards.

16. FEMORAL SHEATH
It is strengthened by Iliotibial tract
The lateral compartment of the sheath contains Femoral artery.
Intermediate compartment contains Femoral vein
The medial and the smallest compartment is called as Femoral canal.
It contains lymph nodes called as Nodes of cloquet.

17. FEMORAL C ANAL
The major feature of the femoral canal is the Femoral sheath.
The femoral canal is a space medial to the vein that allows for venous expansion and contains a
lymph node (Node of Cloquet)
The hernia contents come out of the saphenous opening.

18. FEMORAL CANAL

19. FEMORAL CANAL

20. FEMORAL CANAL

21. Hernia
Hernia is defined as protrusion of whole or part of a viscos through the wall that contains it
Femoral hernia is a protrusion of extra peritoneal tissue, peritoneum or abdominal contents
through the femoral canal
Femoral hernias are a relatively uncommon type, accounting for only 3% of all hernias
More incidence in women due to the increased width of the female pelvis
.

22. FEMORAL HERNIA

24. FEMORAL HERNIA

25. FEMORAL HERNIA COVERINGS
Sac
Fat and lymphoid tissue
Transversals fascia
Cribriform fascia
Superficial fascia
Skin

26. Course of femoral hernia

27. ETIOLOGY OF FEMORAL HERNIA
Acquired type of hernia
More common in females, approx. 2:1
Obese
Lifting heavy objects
Persistent cough
Multiple pregnancies
Ascites
Receiving dialysis (peritoneal /haemodialysis)

28. Etiology
Wide pelvis in females and weakness of ligament after repeated pregnancies are predisposing
factors.

29. TYPES OF FEMORAL HERNIAS
REDUCIBLE
Occurs when femoral hernia can be pushed
back into the. Either spontaneously or with
manipulation.
This is the commonest of femoral hernias
and is painless.
IRREDUCIBLE
Occurs when a femoral hernia can not be
completely reduced, typically due to the
adhesions between hernia and the hernial
sac.This type of hernia causes pain.
OBSTRUCTED
Occurs when part of intestine involved in
the hernia becomes twisted , kinked or
constricted, causing an intestinal
obstruction.

30. Subtypes of femoral hernia

34. FEMORAL HERNIA AND INGUINAL
HERNIA
(Inguinal hernia)
More common in males
Hernia comes out through the superficial
inguinal ring.
Less common to be strangulated
Can be treated without surgery
Sac mainly contains bowl
(Femoral hernia)
More common in females
Hernia comes out through the femoral canal
and becomes superficial through the
saphenous opening.
More common to be strangulated
Cannot be treated without surgery
Sac mainly contains omentum.

35. INGUINAL AND FEMORAL HERNIA

37. Femoral hernia

38. Inguinal hernia

39. SIGNS OF FEMORAL HERNIA
One – third patient are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis
Typically present as groin lump or bulge
: Hernial bulging localised below and lateral to the pubic tubercle
Coughing push sign
Valsalva Maneuver

40. SYMPTOMS
If small & large intestine is contained in hernia sac than symptoms are:
Abdominal Pain, may be severe in case of strangulation
Nausea
Vomiting
Decrease in bowel function ( absence of flatus & bowel movement

41. ZEIMAN’S TECNIQUE OR 3 FINGER
TECHNIQUE
Zeimans technique is applied to differentiate between Inguinal and Femoral Hernias
3 fingers Index, Middle and Ring finger are used
Placed at Deep ring , Superficial ring , and Femoral ring
Inguinal ring lies 1.25 cm above inguinal ligament
Femoral ring lies 4cm inferolateral to the pubic tubercle

42. ZEIMANS TECHNIQUE
Patient is asked to cough
Pulsations are felt
If pulses are felt in Index and Middle finger then its Inguinal Hernia
If pulses are felt on ring finger , its femoral hernia

43. ZEIMANS TECHNIQUE

44. INVESTIGATIONS
Physical examination of the groin
Ultrasonography
CT scan in obese & strangulated hernia

45. DIFFRENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
Enlarged lymph nodes: Usually multiple, solid and irreducible
Lipoma: Soft, multi lobed and irreducible
Femoral Artery Aneurysm: Compressible with increased pulsation and murmur
Abscess: Painful, hyperemic , and fever
Ectopic testis : Compact , Irreducible , Empty scrotum

46. MANAGEMENT
Repair of a femoral hernia include dissection &reduction of hernia sac & closure of defect or
obliteration of the defect with placement of a prosthetic mesh
Low operation of Lockwood-
The sac is ligated at the neck, excised and hernia is repaired (inguinal ligament is sutured to
Cooper’s ligament)
2. Inguinal operation
3. High operation of McEvedy- done in strangulated femoral hernia
4. Henry’s approach- lower midline for bilateral hernia
5. Laproscopic mesh repair-

47. MCQs
Q. 1) Which of the following is not the content of femoral triangle?
A) Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh
B) Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve
C) Ilioinguinal nerve
D) Femoral nerve
Ans . C
Reference – Textbook of Anatomy : Abdomen and Lower Limb; Vishram Singh; Vol. II;
3rd edition; Chapter 23; Page no. 334

48. MCQs
Q.2) Which of the following branch of femoral artery passes between anterior and posterior division
of femoral nerve?
A) Medial circumflex artery
B) Lateral circumflex artery
C) Superficial circumflex artery
D) Profunda femoris artery
Ans. B
Reference – Textbook of Anatomy : Abdomen and Lower Limb; Vishram Singh; Vol. II;
3rd edition; Chapter 23; Page no. 335

49. Clinical Vignette
1) A 65 years old women came in emergency department &complained of abdominal pain &
repeated vomiting. Doctor asked her about the type of pain then she said that pain was severe &
colicky in nature & more in umbilical region. On examination abdomen was distended & excessive
loud bowel sound could be heard with stethoscope. A small lemon sized swelling was also noticed on
upper medial aspect of right thigh infero lateral to pubic tubercle. She said that she is having swelling
from last 3 or 4 months. According to you what will be the diagnosis?
Ans. Femoral hernia
Reference – Textbook of Anatomy : Abdomen and Lower Limb; Vishram Singh; Vol. II;
3rd edition; Chapter 23; Page no. 340

50. Clinical Vignette
2) A 45 years old male patient visited in radiological department . He shows the OPD Slip, on slip
there was mentioned angiography of Coronary arteries. Then which structure was preferred by
Technician for angiography ?
And how this structure is located ( felt ) by him & where?
Ans . Femoral artery , below Mid point of inguinal ligament
Reference – Textbook of Anatomy : Abdomen and Lower Limb; Vishram Singh; Vol. II;
3rd edition; Chapter 23; Page no. 339

51. Clinical Vignette
3). A 2rd year medical student who was posted in surgery OPD examining a patient who has complain
of vomiting & pain in abdomen. Then his senior doctor said to him also examine for hernia. Then he
found swelling in groin region near pubic tubercle. But he was not able to tell which type of hernia
was this. Then As a senior of him how you tell him the difference between Inguinal and femoral
hernia location?
Ans . Femoral hernia – globular swelling present infero lateral to pubic tubercle
Inguinal hernia – pear shaped swelling present above & medial to pubic tubercle
Reference – Textbook of Anatomy : Abdomen and Lower Limb; Vishram Singh; Vol. II;
3rd edition; Chapter 23; Page no. 45,51

52. References
Textbook of Anatomy : Abdomen and Lower Limb; Vishram Singh; Vol. II;
3rd edition;
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK535449/ - Femoral hernia