Brain surgery is performed to treat physical abnormalities in the brain caused by birth defects, disease, injury or other problems. There are several types of brain surgery that vary based on the area of the brain and condition being treated, including craniotomies to remove tumors or relieve pressure, biopsies to examine brain tissue, and deep brain stimulation using implanted devices to treat movement disorders. While brain surgery aims to correct brain issues, it carries risks like bleeding, infection, and neurological impairments that surgeons try to minimize.

1. CEREBRAL SURGERIES &
SURGICAL ANATOMY
NAME ; TENALI SAI CHANDU
GROUP ; 60

2. CEREBRAL SURGERIES
• Definition The term brain surgery refers to various medical procedures that
involve repairing structural problems in the brain .
• There are numerous types of brain surgery. The type used is based on the area of
the brain and the condition being treated. Advances in medical technology have
enabled surgeons to operate on portions of the brain without a single incision in
or near the head .

3. IS BRAIN SURGERY IMPORTANT ?
• Brain surgery is done to correct physical abnormalities in the brain. These can be
due to birth defect, disease, injury, or other problems.
• Before recommending any procedure, your doctor will take into consideration the
benefits and risks of each.
• One benefit of surgery is flexibility, in that your doctor can remove all or just part
of your tumor. Surgery can be combined with an adjunct therapy, such as Gamma
Knife radiosurgery .

4. TYPES OF BRAIN SURGERY
1. craniotomy : A piece of the skull is removed to give doctors access to the brain
to remove a brain tumor, abnormal tissue, blood or blood clots; relieve pressure
after an injury or stroke; repair a brain aneurysm or skull fractures; or treat other
brain conditions. The piece of the skull is put back in place after surgery
2.Biopsy : Biopsies are typically done after imaging has detected a potential
abnormality. The surgeon makes an incision in the skull or inserts a needle to
remove brain cells or tissue for examination by a pathologist

5. • 3 . Deep brain stimulation (DBS) : A battery-operated medical device called an
implantable pulse generator is implanted to deliver electrical stimulation to
specific areas in the brain. DBS is most commonly used for movement disorders
like Parkinson’s disease
• 4 . Neuroendoscopy : This minimally invasive technique involves threading a thin
tube called an endoscope through the mouth, nose or small incisions in the skull
to access or remove brain tissue. The endoscope has a light and camera on the
end, and the surgery is performed with tools placed through the endoscope.

6. • Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (also called endoscopic pituitary surgery) is
one type of neuroendoscopy. It involves threading the endoscope through the
nose to remove brain tumors and lesions near the pituitary gland, just behind the
bridge of the nose.
• 5 . Posterior fossa decompression : This treatment involves parts of the brain
called the cerebellum and brain stem .
• Ex : To treat a Chiari malformation, the surgeon makes an incision at the back of
the patient’s head to remove a small portion of the bone at the bottom of the skull.

7. • 6 . Thrombectomy and cerebral Aneurysm : he surgeon guides surgical
instruments such as a catheter or thin metal wires through a large blood vessel in
the patient’s groin to reach the brain vessels, using contrast dye to identify the
problematic blood vessel without opening up the skull.
• The procedure is most commonly used on patients with a blood clot in a brain
artery, a cerebral aneurysm

8. • In other Cases there is an another complicate technique called GAMMA KNIFE
• These technique is often used as radio therapy for the treatment of tumours
and lesions with cutting down of skull and reduces damage to surrounding
tissues by passing high beam of X rays and gamma rays .

9. • AWAKE brain surgery : Awake brain surgery is primarily used for operations to
treat epileptic seizures and Parkinson’s disease,
• but it is increasingly used for removal of brain tumors near portions of the brain
that can affect critical functions .

10. RISKS AND CAUTION
• All surgical procedures carry some risk. Brain surgery is a major medical event. It carries extra
risk .
• Possible risks :
• allergic reaction to anesthesia
• bleeding in the brain
• a blood clot
• brain swelling
• coma

11. • impaired speech, vision, coordination, or balance
• infection in the brain or at the wound site
• memory problems
• seizures
• stroke

12. PRECAUTIONS TO BE TAKEN
• Keep the incision clean
• Watch the incision for signs of infection or complications.
• Control Pain
• Gradually return to activity