Cowpea is a leguminous crop commonly known as black-eyed pea. It is grown for its seeds, green pods, as animal fodder, and as a green manure crop. Cowpea fixes atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules and is high in protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrates. Worldwide, cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 million hectares with an annual production of 3 million tonnes. In India, it is grown during spring, kharif, and rabi seasons in sandy and sandy loam soils. Cowpea yields 40-70 quintals per hectare of green pods and has anti-nutritional factors like phytate, t
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Agronomic and cultural practices of black gram (soil ,climate ,seed rate ,distribution ,varieties, diseases and pest management,maturity ,harvesting, yield )
Recommendations for the farmer to get maximum yield .
Presentation on the production technology and cultivation practices of Periwinkle in India. Periwinkle is gaining more importance due to cancer treatment drugs extracted from its roots, stems and leaves.
Introduction-
Popularly known as peanut, monkey nut, goober nut, manila nut, earth nut, wonder legume and mung phali
pea :a leguminous plant
nut :because of its high nutritional value
It is crop of the world.
An seasonal annual herbaceous legume, self pollinated, autotetraploid with amphidiploid condition (2n = 4x = 40) the13th most important food crop and 4th most important oilseed
nutritional qualities-
Oil content -44-55%
Protein content- 22-32%
Soluble sugars- 8-14%
Rich in Ca, Fe, Vit. B & E
Cake : 45-50% protein- rich in all amino acids except Leucine & Methionine
Antinutritional factors- Trypsin inhibitor & Phytic acid (inactivated by boiling & roasting)
Aflatoxin (mycotoxin):
Produced by Aspergillus flavus & A. parasiticus (Facultative saprophytes)
Invades G.nut before or after harvest, during storage & transit.
Cause liver cirrosis, cancer in animals(also to human)
Upper limit of aflatoxin for human use- 30μg/kg
Origin and disribution-
The groundnut or peanut was probably first domesticated and cultivated in the valleys of Paraguay.
Cultivated groundnut originates from South America (Wiess 2000).
Grown in nearly 100 countries. Major producers are China, India, Nigeria, USA, Indonesia and Sudan.
Its cultivation is mostly confined to the tropical countries ranging from 40º N to 40º S.
Seasonal requirements:
Mainly grown mainly in rainy season (Kharif; June-September: about 80% of the total production)
In the Southern and Southeastern regions: grown in rice fallows during post-rainy season (Rabi; October to March)
If irrigation facilities are available, it can be grown during January to May as a spring or summer crop.
Monsoon variations cause major fluctuations in groundnut production.
Cropping systems : sequential, multiple and intercropping (Basu and Ghosh 1995).
Wild Proginators -
Probable ancestors of A.hypogaea are
A. duranensis (A genome)
A. ipaensis (B genome) (Smalt Itle,1978)
According to centromeric bands & RFLP data
A. villosa & A.ipaensis are diploid proginators of A. hypogaea & A. monticola
Arachis genus has more than 70 wild species existing in nature.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Agronomic and cultural practices of black gram (soil ,climate ,seed rate ,distribution ,varieties, diseases and pest management,maturity ,harvesting, yield )
Recommendations for the farmer to get maximum yield .
Presentation on the production technology and cultivation practices of Periwinkle in India. Periwinkle is gaining more importance due to cancer treatment drugs extracted from its roots, stems and leaves.
Dynamic of bruchid egg-laying in cowpea-based cropping systems: importance fo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— In West Africa, the pods of cowpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., are often infested with eggs of the main bruchid species, Callosobruchus maculatus Fab. and Bruchidius atrolineatus Pic in the fields resulting in significant post-harvest losses. An experiment was carried out from 2010 to 2011, at Gampela in central Burkina Faso, to identify the optimal period of the oophagous parasitoid (Uscana lariophaga Stef.) releases in cowpea –based intercropping systems, in order to minimize or supress the initial infestation of cowpea pods. During both years of study a relatively low number of bruchid eggs was noticed on the pods (60-130 eggs/100 pods). However, there was significantly a larger number of eggs laid in monocrops in comparison to intercrops. Natural global parasitism of bruchid eggs by Uscana lariophaga ranged 20-45% but was significantly higher in intercrops where parasitism peaks >50% were sometimes reached. Comparative analysis of bruchid egg laying and their parasitism showed that cowpea infestation gradually increased whereas parasitism decreased. Given these results we discuss and suggest that cowpea be produced in millet intercropping systems and combined with releases of U lariophaga in the fields specifically during cowpea pod setting.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Presented at the Pulses for Sustainable Agriculture and Human Health” on 31 May-1 June 2016 at NASC, New Delhi, India. The conference was jointly organised by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NAAS), TCi of Cornell University (TCi-CU) and Agriculture Today.
Comparison of cowpea and groundnut haulm trading in urban and rural fodder ma...ICRISAT
Farmers grow and market Cowpea and Groundnut for food(grain) and fodder(haulm) with anecdotal evidence suggesting the latter becoming more important.To better understand these demands, trading and pricing of
cowpea and groundnut haulms were investigated in urban and rural Fodder Markets in Niger.
This slideshow summarizes preliminary results from research done on cowpea curculio in Alabama. This insect is a major insect pest of southern peas and very difficult to control to current practices. Information about insect life cycle and behavior are also included. For more IPM information or for educational videos, visit www.aces.edu/vegetableipm.
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It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
3. INTRODUCTION
•Common Names:
Cowpea; Black-eyed bean, Horse bean, Black-eyed pea,
Southern pea, Yard long bean, Asparagus bean
•Scientific Name:
Vigna unguiculata
Purpose
Grown for seeds ,green pods,
animal fodder and organic
green manure.
4. INTRODUCTION
• Leguminous crop, has the useful ability to fix atmospheric
nitrogen through its root nodules.
Morphology
Grow 15-80 cm high
• Leaves
Alternate, trifoliate, the lateral
leaflets are opposite and
asymmetrical.
Central leaflet is symmetrical.
• Flowers
White, cream, yellow, or purple.
5. Morphology
• Pods
10-23 cm long with 10-15 seeds/pod.
• Seeds
Square to oblong and variously
coloured, including white, brown,
maroon, cream and green.
7. Production
• Cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 million hectares and worldwide
production is 3 million tonnes.
• Climate:
Warm season crop, cannot stand cold weather and cannot
tolerate heavy rainfall.
• Varieties of Cowpea
Pusa Phalguni : summer crop
Pusa Barsati : rainy season crop
Pusa Dofasli : summer as well as rainy season crop.
• Soil and its Preparation
Grow very well in sandy and sandy loam soils
Give five to six ploughings before planting the cowpea seeds.
8. Production
• Seed Rate
16 to 21 kg/ha.
• Sowing season of Cowpea seeds
The time of sowing depends on type of crop.
i. Spring season Cowpea crop: February to March.
ii. Kharif season Cowpea crop: May to June
iii. Rabi season Cowpea crop: October to November
• Manures and Fertilizers in Cowpea Farming
5 tonnes of well decomposed compost (Field Yard Manure)
is used in the main fields along with basal application of
45kg urea and 120kg super phosphate per acre.
9. Production
• Water Supply in Cowpea Farming
No irrigation is given in rainy season crop. But if grown earlier,
the crop is irrigated whenever it is required. About three to
four irrigation may be given before rainfall.
• Harvesting
Ready for harvesting in 3 to 4 months for short duration crop
and 4 months to 5 months for long duration crop tender pods
should be harvested.
• Yield of Cowpea
Cowpea yield about 40 to 70 quintal green pods / ha.
10. Anti-nutritional Factors
• Phytate
Phytate can significantly influence the functional properties of
foods.
• Tannin
Tannins are complex poly phenolic compounds that have a
large influence on nutritive value of forage legumes.
• Trypsin inhibitor
It affect the nutritive value and protein digestibility.
11. Inclusion Level In different
Species
• 150 or 300 g/d cowpea haulms for sheep.
• 200 g/d is considered to be economical for ruminants.
Price Per Kg
• Cowpea (Bush types including Anaswara)= 600.00/Rs
• Cowpea (Kanakamony) =350.00/Rs
12. References
• BLADE, S. F., SHETTY, S. V. R., TERAO, T. & SINGH, B. B. (1997)
Recent developments in cowpea cropping systems research.
IN SINGH, B.B., MOHAN RAJ, D. R., DASHIELL, K. E. & JACKAI, L.
E. N. (Eds.) Advances in Cowpea Research. International
Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Japan International
Research Center for Agricultural Sciences.
• SINGH, B. B., MOHAN, D. R., DASHIELL, K. E. & JACKAI, L. E. N.
(1997) Advances in Cowpea Research, IITA, Ibadan Nigeria,
International Institutre of Tropical Agriculture
• Wikipedia
• biopublisher.ca
